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While a large body of literature exists related to discrimination in schools and the school-to-prison pipeline, few studies connect this literature to perceptions of school climate. The purpose of this study is to examine middle and high school students’ perceptions of school climate using an intersectional theoretical framework. Participants include 812 middle and high school students across the United States. Exploratory principal axis factor analysis included four subscales: perceptions of attachment to school staff, perceptions of school environment, perceptions of school belonging, and perceptions of effective school staff. Linear regressions for each subscale were performed, and gender, racial, sexuality, and ability comparisons were established. Findings suggest that students diagnosed by a mental health professional, students placed in special education, and students that have been suspended and or expelled are more likely to perceive their school climate as unfavorable across the school climate subscales and school-to-prison pipeline demographic variables.

The purpose of this study is to understand how African-American males enrolled in middle school in Los Angeles County experienced and understood the application of the California educational code regarding discipline. Disproportionate numbers of African-American students are being suspended and expelled from public schools. This overreliance on exclusionary punishment has led to the School-to-Prison Pipeline, and the statistics related to suspension rates from school mirror that of the criminal justice system. This study captures the voices of students who are consistently referred to the office by classroom teachers in order to understand how they perceive and articulate their experiences with the school disciplinary process and how those experiences impact their academic and personal lives. Findings indicate that participants want to do well in school. The participants described many of the behaviors that triggered an office referral as trivial, such as being tardy to class, talking, or not doing their work. When their infractions were more serious, students stated that they acted out because the teacher had disrespected or antagonized them. More than anything, participants want teachers to listen to them and to respect them, and they want to be active participants in their learning.

The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) obligate that depends on sagebrush habitats for food and cover throughout its life cycle. Invasive species, frequent fires, overgrazing, conversion of land to agriculture, energy development, and many other factors have contributed to recent declines in both quantity and quality of sagebrush-steppe habitats required by pygmy rabbits. Because of the many threats to these habitats and the believed decline of pygmy rabbit populations, there is a need to further understand habitat requirements for this species and how they respond to disturbance. This study evaluated habitat selection by pygmy rabbits in Utah and assessed response of this small lagomorph to construction of a large-scale pipeline (i.e. Ruby pipeline) in Utah. We collected habitat data across Utah at occupied sites (pygmy rabbit occupied burrows) and compared these data to similar measurements at unoccupied sites (random locations within sagebrush habitat where pygmy rabbits were not observed). Variables such as horizontal obscurity, elevation, percent understory composed of sagebrush and other shrubs, and sagebrush decadence best described between occupied (active burrow) and unoccupied (randomly selected) sites. Occupied sites had greater amounts of horizontal obscurity, were located at higher elevations, had greater percentage of understory comprised of sagebrush and shrubs, and had less decadent sagebrush. When considering habitat alterations or management these variables should be considered to enhance and protect existing habitat for pygmy rabbits. The Ruby pipeline was a large-scale pipeline project that required the removal of vegetation and the excavation of soil in a continuous linear path for the length of the pipeline. The area that was disturbed is referred to as the right of way (ROW). From our assessment of pygmy rabbit response to construction of the Ruby pipeline, we found evidence for habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of this disturbance. The size of pygmy rabbit space-use areas and home ranges decreased post construction, rabbits shifted core-use areas away from the ROW, and there were fewer movements of collared rabbits across the ROW. Mitigation efforts should consider any action which may reduce restoration time and facilitate movements of rabbits across disturbed areas.

[pt] Este trabalho aborda uma análise do problema de interação solo-duto através de modelagem em centrífuga da movimentação lateral e axial de dutos em modelos de areia submersa. Foi quantificada a resposta do solo ante a movimentação do duto em termos de mobilização das resistências pico (breakout), da evolução das forças resistentes durante a formação das bermas, e das trajetórias de forças vertical-lateral/axial combinadas que definem uma possível envoltória de fluência. Foi adotada uma simplificação básica dos cenários encontrados comumente na prática offshore. Para tanto, foram realizadas duas séries de ensaios em centrífuga geotécnica, aplicando deslocamentos laterais e axiais controlados em dutos com células de carga horizontal e vertical. Analisou-se históricos de carregamento plausíveis de acontecer no processo de lançamento do duto. Avaliou-se a influência do relaxamento das forças verticais decorrentes do enterramento do duto na mobilização das resistências lateral e axial. Resultados típicos dos ensaios são apresentados. Foi identificada a variação da resistência mobilizada, em termos de forças de breakout e forças máximas nas bermas, em função à relação entre as forças verticais de enterramento e as forças verticais no início da movimentação do duto. Os resultados revelam superfícies de fluência parabólicas em condições de carregamento vertical e lateral/axial combinado. Foi observado que as distâncias de mobilização das resistências axiais de breakout aumentaram em relação à porcentagem de enterramento do duto (w/D) divergindo de valores estimados na prática offshore que propõem distâncias constantes. / [en] This study concerns the analysis of soil-pipeline interaction through centrifuge modelling of cyclic lateral and axial of pipeline movement in submerged sand models. Soil response related to pipeline movement was quantified in terms of breakout, evolution of resistance forces during berm formation, combined vertical-lateral/axial trajectories of forces that define a possible yield envelope. A simplification of common offshore scenarios was adopted. Two series of geotechnical centrifuge tests were accomplished by applying controlled lateral and axial movements to assess load history possible to occur in the process of pipeline laying. The influence of vertical stress relaxation due to pipeline embedment was assessed relative to vertical forces in the instance of the movements. Typical assay results are related. The variation of the mobilized resistance was identified in terms of breakout forces and maximum forces in the berms relative to vertical force history due to pipeline embedment. The results revealed parabolic yield surface in combined vertical-lateral/axial loading conditions. The mobilized distances of the breakout axial resistance increased in relation to pipeline embedment percentage (w/D) diverging from values estimated in offshore practice that propose constant distances.

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