Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Stockholm Exergi is a Stockholm based company with combined heat and power (CHP) plants in various places around the city and are currently investigating the possibilities to implement CCS on their CHP plant Högdalenverket. The captured CO2 is required to be transferred from the facility to a harbour for further transport to its injection site. This report investigates the optimal means of transportation from the facility to harbour. The methods considered are pipeline and trucks.From the frame of reference, it is concluded that the shortest distance possible is preferable, so the harbour alternative is set to be Värtan. For pipelines the cheapest alternative of the state of form, for the specific case, is gas. For trucks the best alternative is liquid since a larger amount can fit in each load. For the cost estimation the method from (Piessenset al., 2008) is used to calculate the price estimate of pipelines, and (Marufuzzaman, 2015) is used for the trucks. Parameters such as the diameter of the pipe, pressure drop and power requirement are of high importance for the pipeline. For truck road regulations, CO2’s density and operation time is essential. The results from the implementation shows the pipelines to be the more beneficial option in regards to price, stability and robustness. The NPV for the pipeline is calculated, with the lifetime of theproject as 25 years, to be 75 million €, which is the cheaper alternative compared to the truck, which has a NPV of 95 million €. The optimal inlet pressure for the pipes is calculated to be 3.5MPa and the temperature to be 57.5°C due to an implemented heat exchange operation before the inlet. Future work and recommendations are to continue creating a more detailed design over the pipelines and to discard the truck transport alternative. / Infångning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) är en metod för att minska utsläppen av CO2 i atmosfären. Stockholm Exergi är ett energibolag i Stockholm med diverse kraftvärmeverk runtom i staden. En undersökning pågår där företaget forskar kring möjligheterna att implementera CCS på kraftvärmeverk Högdalenverket. Den uppfångade koldioxiden ska transporteras från anläggning till hamn, där den sedan ska vidare med skepp till sin injektionsplats. Denna rapport studerar vilken den optimala metoden för transport från anläggning till hamn är. Metoderna som berörs är rörledningar och lastbilar. Från bakgrundstudien var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om att det kortaste möjliga avståndet är optimalt, så den valda hamnen är Värtahamnen. För rörledningarna är det billigaste alternativet på substansen gas för det behandlade fallet i rapporten. För lastbilsalternativet är den optimala formen vätska då det får plats mer volym per last. För uppskattningen av priserna används metoden från (Piessenset al., 2008) för rörledningarna och (Marufuzzaman, 2015) för lastbilarna. Parametrar såsom diametern på rören, tryckfall och effektkrav är viktiga för rörledningarna. För lastbilarna är vägkrav, CO2 s densitet och operationstid essentiella. Resultaten från implementationen visar att transport med rörledningar är det optimala alternativet i avseende av pris och stabilitet. Nuvärdet på investeringen av rörledningarna är beräknade till 75miljoner €, som är billigare jämfört med 95 miljoner € för lastbilsalternativet. Det optimala trycket för inloppet till rörledningarna är beräknat till 3.5 MPa och inloppstemperaturen till 57.5°C som resultat av en implementerad värmeväxlaroperation precis före starten på rörledningen. Framtida arbete och rekommendationer är att fortsätta utveckla en mer detaljerad design överrörledningen och att avfärda alternativet med transport av lastbilar.

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) converts time or spatial information into the frequency domain. The FFT is one of the most widely used digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. DSPs are used in a number of applications from communication and controls to speech and image processing. DSPs have also found their way into toys, music synthesizers and in most digital instruments. Many applications have relied on Digital Signal Processors and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) for most of the signal processing needs. DSPs provide an adequate means of performance and efficiency for many applications as well as robust tools to ease the development process. However, the requirements of important emerging DSP applications have begun to exceed the capabilities of DSPs. With this in mind, system developers have begun to consider alternatives such as ASICs and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Although ASICs can provide excellent performance and efficiency, the time, cost and risk associated with the design of ASICs is leading developers towards FPGAs. A number of significant advances in FPGA technology have improved the suitability of FPGAs for DSP applications. These advances include increased device capacity and speed, DSP-oriented architectural enhancements, better DSP-oriented tools, and increasing availability of DSP-oriented IP libraries. The thesis research focuses on the design of a single precision floating-point radix-4 FFT FPGA using VHDL for real time DSP applications. The paper will go into further detail pertaining to the FFT algorithm used, the description of the design steps taken as well as the results from both simulation and synthesis. / Electrical and Computer Engineering

It is widely known that the racial and ethnic composition of the United States is diverse and it is predicted that this diversity will become more pronounced in the decades ahead. Conversations about diversity and its effect on public health and the healthcare system are underway and likely to continue in the future. Enhancing the diversity of the healthcare workforce has the potential to make a positive difference as race/ethnicity and language concordance improves the provider-patient interaction. Across all racial and ethnic backgrounds, there are individuals with the desire and ability to become highly skilled healthcare providers providing access to care for an increasingly diverse population, but many lack knowledge of how to navigate the required path to accomplish their goal. Fortunately, educational institutions can enhance social capital through their ability to provide a network of diverse, learned individuals who can provide access to information, resources and educational opportunities to students who desire the knowledge of how to advance through the educational system and become a healthcare provider. For decades, pipeline programs have been designed and offered with the intent to inspire and prepare students to pursue careers as healthcare providers by affording opportunities to link educational experiences and guidance from learned individuals to careers in the healthcare professions. The Professional Studies Enhancement Program (PSEP) is a pre-matriculation pipeline program that began in the 1970s and was offered annually during the summer until 2015. The intent of the PSEP was to recruit and retain students from underrepresented minority (URM) backgrounds for the profession of optometry by promoting a successful transition from the undergraduate educational experience to the healthcare educational experience. The purpose of this qualitative research is to gain a deep understanding of the experiences of participants in the PSEP. Three fundamental goals guided this study. First, to understand the personal lived-experiences of the participants during the PSEP. Second, to understand if the PSEP influences the professional development of the participants. Third, to understand if the PSEP contributes to the creation of social capital for the participants. Twenty-four optometrists who completed the PSEP prior to entering their optometry program volunteered to participate in a one-on-one semi-structured interview that was audio recorded. The audio interviews were converted into transcripts and coded using qualitative analysis software. A secondary coder provided clarity checks by independently reviewing portions of the interview transcripts in conjunction with the coding schema created by the primary coder. The study findings reveal that the personal experiences of the participants are rooted in the connections made with individuals associated with the PSEP, the attributes of the program and the successful personal growth and personal commitment needed to complete the program. Additionally, the findings illustrate that the PSEP influenced the professional development of the participants including academic success in professional school, setting personal career goals and creating awareness about the personal and professional responsibilities of being a URM healthcare provider. Finally, the findings illustrate how participants currently value the PSEP as professionals, notable influencers from the PSEP are acknowledged, valued organizations and activities, along with perspectives on the value of mentoring are also shared. Interwoven throughout the findings are valuable insights about the PSEP contributes to the creation of social capital. Analysis of the findings reveals the answer to each of the three research questions posed in this study. First, the overall lived-experiences of the 24 PSEP participants interviewed for this study are characterized by the creation of deep and enduring interpersonal relationships and the realization of the academic rigor of the doctor of optometry program. Second, the experiences reported by the 24 participants for this study indicate that the PSEP influences and guides the participants to assume the role of a professional-in-training through meaningful interactions with notable influencers. These influencers inspire these burgeoning professionals to be conscious of and purposeful in their individual development. This conscious and purposeful individual development leads to the creation of outstanding professionals who provide eye care to the public and concurrently engage in personally valued professional organizations and activities. Third, for these 24 participants the PSEP creates social capital through quality collective interactions with peers, upper class students, faculty members and program leaders allowing accepted norms and available resources to be known to the participants. This transfer of knowledge allows these PSEP participants to successfully navigate the rigor of the optometry program and graduate to become optometrists and members of the profession, ultimately increasing the number of URM optometrists available to serve patients and shape healthcare policy. Additionally, the interviewees personal, lived-experiences reveal attributes of the PSEP that closely align with those of a particular HBCU recognized for its success in creating social capital for its students and graduates. / Educational Leadership

School exclusion during adolescence, namely suspension, expulsion, and drop out, has a number of immediate and long-term consequences for youth. Among these consequences are an increased likelihood of engaging in delinquency and risk of incarceration. Recent research has coined this process the “school-to-prison pipeline,” and while substantial evidence portraying the negative effects of school exclusion exists, much of this evidence overlooks important antecedents to exclusionary school punishment. Employing a developmental life course (DLC) framework, this dissertation applies a social control model across adolescence to evaluate how youths’ bonds to school influence school misbehavior and delinquency and contribute to suspension, expulsion, and drop out. It also expands on prior research that considers the consequences of school exclusion by evaluating this experience’s effects on employment, postsecondary education, and romantic relationships as youth transition into young adulthood, and considers how these age-graded sources of social control contribute to continued offending and incarceration. Importantly, using a diverse sample of 1,216 first-time juvenile offenders, this dissertation explores how these processes differ across race/ethnicity through multi-group structural equation modeling. Findings reveal partial support for the application of a social control model to the school-to-prison pipeline. Bonds formed to mothers in early adolescence are shown to positively influence the formation of a strong bond to school. Strong school bonds, in turn, reduce the likelihood that youth engage in school misbehavior and delinquency. Bonds to school are indirectly related to school exclusion and dropout through school misbehavior and delinquency. These negative events—school exclusion and dropout—increase the likelihood that youth offend in young adulthood, with dropout also increasing the risk of incarceration. While support for prosocial bonds in young adulthood acting as turning points is limited, individuals who are employed are less likely to experience incarceration. The multigroup model indicates that these relationships do not vary across race. Examining the school-to-prison pipeline under a unified lens allows for multiple intervention points. Implications for policy are discussed at each stage of the model and include targeting youths’ relationships with parents early in adolescence, engaging youth in school to promote strong bonds and discourage school misbehavior and delinquency, and implementing strategies to reengage youth who are excluded from or drop out of school. / Criminal Justice

The current study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of the Rowan University-School of Osteopathic Medicine - Summer Pre-Medical Research and Education Program (Summer PREP), a postsecondary medical sciences enrichment pipeline program for under-represented and disadvantaged students. Thirty-four former program participants were surveyed (Male=11; Female=23) regarding their current vocational status, undergraduate experience, attributions of success, aspirations for advancement and satisfaction with their professional outcomes and Summer PREP experience. The 5-year undergraduate graduation rate and post-baccalaureate enrollment rate was higher than a national reference population of young adults. The group's average GPA and average MCAT score were comparable to those of other minority applicants and matriculants to osteopathic medical schools nationally. Female respondents reported lower levels of satisfaction with the program and their current academic and professional attainments (p<.05) relative to male participants. They also reported much lower expectations for remaining or advancing in their chosen fields (p<.003). Students rated the contribution of medical specialty area seminars, interactions with interns, residents, medical and graduate students, and faculty mentoring highest among the program's components. The study demonstrated that Summer PREP had a significant impact at the student level and was valued by former participants. The results were similar to other successful models of undergraduate pipeline programs designed to help prepare minority and disadvantaged students for entry into medical and graduate school. Implications for policy, future research, and program practice and administration at the postsecondary and professional school level are addressed. The value of the discourse is rooted in the need for supplemental education and training programs designed to improve postsecondary success among minority and disadvantaged students, their representation among healthcare professionals, and the expected increase in healthcare demands within minority, rural and underserved areas resulting from implementation of the Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act. / Educational Leadership

Yes / This paper presents the results from laboratory experiments to investigate the protection of scour around submarine pipelines under unidirectional flow using a rubber plate placed underneath the pipes. The pressure difference on the two sides of the pipeline is the driving force to initiate the movement of sediment particles and can be obtained by force balance analysis. Experiments covering a wide range of incoming flow velocity, pipe diameter and plate length show that there exists a critical pressure difference over which the movement of sediment and, thus, scour takes place. Analysis of the experimental results demonstrates that this critical pressure difference is related to the pressure difference of the axial points between upstream and downstream of the pipe, which can be easily determined. This critical pressure difference is used to develop an empirical formula for estimating the critical length of the rubber plate, over which the sediment movement and scour will not take place. Good agreement between the experiments and calculated critical plate length using the proposed formula is obtained. / National High-Tech Research and Development program of China (863 Program, Grant No.2008AA09Z309), National Nature Science Fund of China (Grant No.50879084, 51279071 and 51279189), the Open Funding from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University (SKLH-OF-1306)

Yes / Laboratory experiments are presented to investigate the effect of different piggyback pipeline configurations on the morphology of local scour under wave conditions. Scour depth and width around the pipelines under regular and irregular waves are measured and analyzed for a range of pipeline and wave conditions; such as the spacing between two pipes (G), gap between the main pipe and seabed (e), pipe diameter (D), wave height (H) and period (T). Experimental results reveal that both the scour depth and width around piggyback pipeline is much larger than those around single pipe under the same wave conditions. Scour depth increases with the increase of the Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number and decreases with increase of G and e. When e exceeds 0.5D, scour depth tends to approach 0.When spacing G is greater than 0.4D, the destabilization from small pipe to large one is greatly reduced, resulting in scour depth around piggyback pipeline being close to that around single pipe. Similar to scour depth, scour width broadens with the increase of KC number increasing and decreases with the increase of G. Experiments also show that the effect of e on scour depth is greater than that of G under the same test conditions, while their impact on scour width is opposite. Furthermore, scour width under irregular waves is extended slightly compared with regular wave for otherwise the identical conditions. / National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51279189).

Yes / In nearshore regions, bidirectional tidal flow is the main hydrodynamic factor, which induces local scour around submarine pipelines. So far, most studies on scour around submarine pipelines only consider the action of unidirectional, steady currents and little attention has been paid to the situation of bidirectional tidal currents. To deeply understand scour characteristics and produce a more accurate prediction method in bidirectional tidal currents for engineering application, a series of laboratory scale experiments were conducted in a bidirectional current flume. The experiments were carried out at a length scale of 1:20 and the tidal currents were scaled with field measurements from Cezhen pipeline in Hangzhou Bay, China. The experimental results showed that under bidirectional tidal currents, the scour depth increased significantly during the first half of the tidal cycle and it only increased slightly when the flow of the tidal velocity was near maximum flood or ebb in the following tidal cycle. Compared with scour under a unidirectional steady current, the scour profile under a bidirectional tidal current was more symmetrical, and the scour depth in a bidirectional tidal current was on average 80% of that under a unidirectional, steady current based on maximum peak velocity. Based on previous research and the present experimental data, a more accurate fitted equation to predict the tidally induced live-bed scour depth around submarine pipelines was proposed and has been verified using field data from the Cezhen pipeline.

Corrosion of drinking water distribution systems can cost water utilities and homeowners tens of billions of dollars each year in infrastructure damage, adversely impacting public health and causing water loss through leaks. Often, seemingly innocuous choices made by utilities, plumbers, and consumers can have a dramatic impacts on corrosion and pipeline longevity. This work demonstrated that brass pipe connectors used in partial lead service line replacements (PLSLR) can significantly influence galvanic corrosion between lead and copper pipes. Galvanic crevice corrosion was implicated in a fourfold increase in lead compared to a traditional direct connection, which was previously assumed to be a worst-case connection method. In field sampling conducted in two cities, a new sampling method designed to detect particulate lead risks demonstrated that the choice of flow rate has a substantial impact on lead-in-water hazards. On average, lead concentrations detected in water at high flow without stagnation were at least 3X-4X higher than in traditional regulatory samples with stagnation, demonstrating a new 'worst case' lead release scenario due to detachment of lead particulates. Although galvanized steel was previously considered a minor lead source, it can contain up to 2% lead on the surface, and elevated lead-in-water samples from several cities were traced to galvanized pipe, including the home of a child with elevated blood lead. Furthermore, if both galvanized and copper pipe are present, as occurs in large buildings, deposition corrosion is possible, leading to both increased lead exposure and pipe failures in as little as two years. Systematic laboratory studies of deposition corrosion identified key factors that increase or decrease its likelihood; soluble copper concentration and flow pattern were identified as controlling factors. Because of the high copper concentrations and continuous flow associated with mixed-metal hot water recirculating systems, these systems were identified as a worst-case scenario for galvanic corrosion. Deposition corrosion was also confirmed as a contributing mechanism to increased lead release, if copper pipe is placed before a lead pipe as occurs in partial service line replacements. Dump-and-fill tests confirmed copper solubility as a key factor in deposition corrosion impacts, and a detailed analysis of lead pipes from both laboratory studies and field tests was consistent with pure metallic copper deposits on the pipe surface, especially near the galvanic junction with copper. Finally, preliminary experiments were conducted to determine whether nanoparticles from novel water treatment techniques could have a negative impact on downstream drinking water pipeline infrastructure. Although increases in the corrosion of iron, copper, and stainless steel pipes in the presence of silver and carbon nanomaterials were generally small or non-existent, in one case the presence of silver nanoparticles increased iron release from stainless steel by more than 30X via a localized corrosion mechanism, with pitting rates as high as 1.2 mm/y, implying serious corrosion consequences are possible for stainless steel pipes if nanoparticles are present. / Ph. D.

The computer science community needs simpler mechanisms to achieve the performance potential of accelerators, such as graphics processing units (GPUs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and co-processors (e.g., Intel Xeon Phi), due to their increasing use in state-of-the-art supercomputers. Over the past 10 years, we have seen a significant improvement in both computing power and memory connection bandwidth for accelerators. However, we also observe that the computation power has grown significantly faster than the interconnection bandwidth between the central processing unit (CPU) and the accelerator. Given that accelerators generally have their own discrete memory space, data needs to be copied from the CPU host memory to the accelerator (device) memory before computation starts on the accelerator. Moreover, programming models like CUDA, OpenMP, OpenACC, and OpenCL can efficiently offload compute-intensive workloads to these accelerators. However, achieving the overlapping of data transfers with computation in a kernel with these models is neither simple nor straightforward. Instead, codes copy data to or from the device without overlapping or requiring explicit user design and refactoring. Achieving performance can require extensive refactoring and hand-tuning to apply data transfer optimizations, and users must manually partition their dataset whenever its size is larger than device memory, which can be highly difficult when the device memory size is not exposed to the user. As the systems are becoming more and more complex in terms of heterogeneity, CPUs are responsible for handling many tasks related to other accelerators, computation and data movement tasks, task dependency checking, and task callbacks. Leaving all logic controls to the CPU not only costs extra communication delay over the PCI-e bus but also consumes the CPU resources, which may affect the performance of other CPU tasks. This thesis work aims to provide efficient directive-based data pipelining approaches for GPUs that tackle these issues and improve performance, programmability, and memory management. / Doctor of Philosophy / Over the past decade, parallel accelerators have become increasingly prominent in this emerging era of "big data, big compute, and artificial intelligence.'' In more recent supercomputers and datacenter clusters, we find multi-core central processing units (CPUs), many-core graphics processing units (GPUs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and co-processors (e.g., Intel Xeon Phi) being used to accelerate many kinds of computation tasks. While many new programming models have been proposed to support these accelerators, scientists or developers without domain knowledge usually find existing programming models not efficient enough to port their code to accelerators. Due to the limited accelerator on-chip memory size, the data array size is often too large to fit in the on-chip memory, especially while dealing with deep learning tasks. The data need to be partitioned and managed properly, which requires more hand-tuning effort. Moreover, performance tuning is difficult for developers to achieve high performance for specific applications due to a lack of domain knowledge. To handle these problems, this dissertation aims to propose a general approach to provide better programmability, performance, and data management for the accelerators. Accelerator users often prefer to keep their existing verified C, C++, or Fortran code rather than grapple with the unfamiliar code. Since 2013, OpenMP has provided a straightforward way to adapt existing programs to accelerated systems. We propose multiple associated clauses to help developers easily partition and pipeline the accelerated code. Specifically, the proposed extension can overlap kernel computation and data transfer between host and device efficiently. The extension supports memory over-subscription, meaning the memory size required by the tasks could be larger than the GPU size. The internal scheduler guarantees that the data is swapped out correctly and efficiently. Machine learning methods are also leveraged to help with auto-tuning accelerator performance.