The first topic of this thesis is a mixed radix-16/8/4/2 64b/32b integer divider which uses a variety of techniques, including operand scaling, table partitioning, and table sharing, to increase performance without paying the cost of increasing complexity. The second topic is a noise immune address transition detector¡]ATD¡^circuit. We employ a simple feedback loop to stabilize the generated CS¡]chip select¡^signal and two delay cells to dynamically adjust the width of the CS strobe.

Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2017-02-13T12:39:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATO HARTWIG NEUENFELD.pdf: 1118711 bytes, checksum: 8e3e693c9c6a6328935397f57a1da60c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-13T12:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATO HARTWIG NEUENFELD.pdf: 1118711 bytes, checksum: 8e3e693c9c6a6328935397f57a1da60c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / In the FFT computation, the butterflies play a central role, since they allow calculation of complex terms. In this calculation, involving multiplications of input data with appropriate coefficients, the optimization of the butterfly can contribute for the reduction of power consumption of FFT architectures. In this work, different and dedicated structures for the 16 bit-width radix- 2, radix-4 and split-radix DIT butterflies are implemented, where the main goal is to minimize the number of arithmetic operators in order to produce power-efficient structures. Firstly, we improve a radix-2 butterfly previously presented in literature, reducing one adder and one subtractor in the structure. After, part of this optimized radix-2 butterfly is used to reduce the number of real multipliers in both radix-4 and split-radix butterflies. In this work, multi-operands addition schemes were exploited in order to improve the efficiency of the FFT butterflies. Combinations of simultaneous addition of 3, 5 and 7 operands are inserted in the structures of the butterflies in order to produce power-efficient structures. For the multi-operand additions, Carry Save Adder (CSA), and adder compressors are used. The main results show that the use of part of the optimized radix-2 into the radix-4 and split-radix leads to the reduction of power consumption for these structures. Moreover, the use of Carry Save Adder reduces still more the power dissipation of the optimized butterflies structures / No cálculo da Transformada Rápida de Fourier (FFT - Fast Fourier Transform), as borboletas desempenham um papel principal, uma vez que elas permitem o cálculo dos termos complexos. Neste cálculo, envolvendo multiplicações de dados de entrada com coeficientes apropriados, a otimização da borboleta pode contribuir para a redução da dissipação de potência em arquiteturas FFT. Nesse trabalho são implementadas estruturas dedicadas de borboletas radix-2, radix-4 e split-radix com decimação no tempo, para dados de 16 bits de largura, onde o objetivo principal é reduzir o número de operadores aritméticos, a fim de produzir estruturas mais eficientes em termos de dissipação de potência. Primeiramente foi otimizada a estrutura da borboleta radix-2 apresentada na literatura, reduzindo um circuito somador e um subtrator nessa estrutura. Após, parte desta borboleta radix-2 otimizada foi usada para reduzir o número de multiplicadores reais nas borboletas radix-4 e split-radix. Neste trabalho também foram explorados esquemas de adição simultânea de vários operandos, a fim de melhorar a eficiência dessas borboletas FFT. Combinações de somas simultâneas de 3, 5 e 7 operandos são inseridos nas estruturas das borboletas, a fim de produzir estruturas de baixa dissipação de potência. Para tal, foram utilizadas arquiteturas de somadores do tipo Carry Save Adder (CSA) e somadores compressores. Os principais resultados mostram que o uso de parte da borboleta radix-2 otimizada nas borboletas radix-4 e split-radix, leva à redução da dissipação de potência nessas estruturas. Além disso, a utilização de somadores do tipo Carry Save reduz ainda mais a dissipação de potência nas estruturas das borboletas otimizadas. Palavras-chave: FFT. radix-2. radix-4. split

A high level model of HSIPHY mode of IEEE 802.15.3c standard has been constructedin Matlab to optimize the wordlength to achieve a specific bit error rate (BER) depending on the application, and later an FFT has been implemented for different wordlengths depending on the applications. The hardware cost and power is proportional to wordlength. However, the main objective of this thesis has been to implement a low power, low area cost FFT for this standard. For that the whole system has been modeled in Matlab and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and wordlength of the system have been studied to achieve an acceptable BER. Later an FFT has been implemented on 65nm ASIC for a wordlength of 8, 12 and 16 bits. For the implementation, a Radix-8 algorithm with eight parallel samples has been adopted. That reduce the area and the power consumption significantly compared to other algorithms and architectures. Moreover, a simple control has been used for this implementation. Voltage scaling has been done to reduce thepower. The EDA synthesis result shows that for 16bit wordlength, the FFT has 2.64 GS/s throughput, it takes 1.439 mm2 area on the chip and consume 61.51mW power.

Network topologies play a vital role in chip design; they largely determine the cost of the network and significantly impact performance in many-core architectures. We propose a novel set of on-chip networks, dodecs, and illustrate how they reduce network diameter with randomized low-radix router connections. In addition, we design an adaptive routing algorithm for dodec networks to achieve high throughput. By introducing randomness, dodec networks exhibit more uniform message latency. By using low-radix routers, dodec networks simplify the router microarchitecture and attain 20% area and 22% power reduction compared to mesh routers while delivering the same overall application performance for PARSEC. We compare our dodec network to alternative low-radix network topologies and show that at the same cost, dodec networks increase the throughput up to 50% while reducing average latency by 10% compared to a mesh.

Network topologies play a vital role in chip design; they largely determine the cost of the network and significantly impact performance in many-core architectures. We propose a novel set of on-chip networks, dodecs, and illustrate how they reduce network diameter with randomized low-radix router connections. In addition, we design an adaptive routing algorithm for dodec networks to achieve high throughput. By introducing randomness, dodec networks exhibit more uniform message latency. By using low-radix routers, dodec networks simplify the router microarchitecture and attain 20% area and 22% power reduction compared to mesh routers while delivering the same overall application performance for PARSEC. We compare our dodec network to alternative low-radix network topologies and show that at the same cost, dodec networks increase the throughput up to 50% while reducing average latency by 10% compared to a mesh.

Natural history is a cornerstone of both theoretical and applied ecology, and provides the context for comparative and experimental studies. I studied the natural history of the Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) near the northern limit of its range in Miquelon Lake Provincial Park. Alberta, Canada. As is typical of garter snakes, T. radix at Miquelon were sexually dimorphic as adults - females grew faster, reached larger sizes and had relatively shorter tails than males. Mating occurred in spring and females gave birth in August; litter size ranged from 8-50 and was correlated with size of female. These snakes were generalist predators, but fed mainly on anurans when small, adding mammals and other prey as they grew. Despite sexual size dimorphism, I found no difference in diet between adult males and females. Feeding frequency was low overall (22%). especially in gravid females. In summer, snakes were found mainly near cover on south-facing field edges or in marshes, but not in forests, and moved relatively little. However, movement distances increased in fall as snakes sought hibernating sites. Snakes hibernated for up to eight months, either individually or in pairs, in rodent burrows. This study also revealed the importance of radiotelemetry when studying movements of small, secretive animals, as there were significant differences between the results obtained through opportunistic captures versus telemetry: habitat descriptions from opportunistic captures therefore were biased, although they still captured some elements of microhabitat use by T. radix. The data from this study will be important for comparative studies of the ecology of garter snakes and for the management of this species on the human-altered landscape surrounding Miquelon Lake.

Les médicaments sont fréquement retrouvés dans les effluents de STEP relargués dans l’environnement aquatique. Dans le but de prévenir et de mieux comprendre les impacts des médicaments sur les écosystèmes aquatiques, il semble pertinent d’évaluer les perturbations comportementales, physiologiques et transcriptomiques des psychotropes sur les organismes aquatiques. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de cette étude a été d’évaluer les perturbations induites par 4 psychotropes (oxazépam, carbamazépine, cyamémazine et sertraline) chez deux organismes, Radix balthica et Schmidtea polychroa. Pour ce faire, des embryons de Radix au stade trochophore et des planaires adultes ont été exposés à chaque psychotrope (du μg/L jusqu’à 100 μg/L). Il en ressort que les psychotropes allongent la durée du développement embryonnaire du Radix et perturbent le déplacement, la reproduction et la digestion, mais pas la régénération de la planaire. D’un point de vue transcriptomique, nous avons réalisé le séquençage du transcriptome en conditions différentielles chez le Radix. Ainsi, nous avons obtenu d’une part les séquences du transcriptome et d’autre part, après analyse en différentiel, 144 contigs différentiellement exprimés par l’oxazépam parmi lesquels 94 ont été vérifiés en RT-qPCR chez des Radix exposés à chaque psychotrope. Il ressort de cette analyse que les psychotropes impactent principalement la voie de signalisation Notch, mais aussi les voies de biosynthèse des polyamines et des catécholamines. Les psychotropes modulent aussi l’expression de gènes codant des protéines de la Matrice Extra Cellulaire (MEC), comme la Matriline ou encore la Dentine sialophosphoprotéine. Chez la planaire, nous avons analysé l’expression de 87 gènes impliqués dans différentes fonctions. Il ressort de cette étude que les 4 psychotropes modulent l’expression de nombreux gènes impliqués dans la mobilité ciliaire et musculaire et dans les systèmes nerveux, reproducteur, excréteur et digestif. / Pharmaceuticals are often found in WWTP effluents realesed in surface water. In order to prevent and to understand the pharmaceuticals impact on aquatic ecosystems, it seems relevant to evaluate behavioural, physiological and transcriptomic disturbances of psychotropics on freshwater organisms. The aim of this study was thus to analyse disturbances of 4 psychotropics (oxazepam, carbamazepine, cyamemazine and sertraline) on 2 freshwater organisms, Radix balthica and Schmidtea polychroa. In our experiments, both Radix embryos at the trochophore stage and mature planarian were exposed to each psychotropic (from 1 to 100 μg/L). This psychotropic exposure results in an increase of the duration of Radix embryonic development and a disturbance of the mobility, the reproduction and the digestion but not the regeneration of planarian. Regarding the transcriptomic impact, we performed RNA sequencing in differential conditions of Radix embryos exposed or not to oxazepam. On one hand, this analysis allowed us to obtain the transcriptome sequences and, on the other hand, 144 contigs differentially expressed among which 94 genes were verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed that psychotropics impact mainly the Notch signalling pathways, but also the biosynthetic pathways of polyamines and catecholamines. Psychotropics also disturb the gene expression encoding some Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) protein such as Matrilin and Dentin sialophosphoprotein. Regarding the molecular study of the psychotropics impact on planarian, we analysed the expression of 87 genes involved in different functions. The results showed that the 4 psychotropics modulate expression of genes involved in ciliary and muscular motility and in the nervous, reproductive and excretory systems. Genes from the digestive system are also impacted by the psychotropics. All the observed impacts on the 2 organisms suggest a possible disturbance on the population fitness and therefore on the freshwater ecosystems.

In digital communication systems, satellites give us world wide services. These satellites should effectively use the available bounded frequency spectrum and, therefore, to carry out flexible frequency-band reallocation (FFBR), on-board signal processing implementation on FFBR network is needed. In the future, to design desired dynamic communication systems, very flexible digital signal processing structures will be needed. The hardware, in the system, shall not be changed as simple changes in the software will be made. The purpose of this thesis is to implement an N-channel FFBR network, where N=20. A 20-channel FFBR network consists of different blocks, e.g., DFT, IDFT, complex multipliers, input/output commutators and polyphase components. The whole 20-channel FFBR network will be implemented in VHDL. In a 20-channel FFBR network, it is a 20-point FFT/IFFT required. This 20-point FFT/IFFT is built by a combination of radix-4 and radix-5 butterflies. The Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm is chosen to build the 20-point FFT/IFFT. The main aim is to build 20-point FFT/IFFT. There are 20 complex multipliers before the IFFT block and 20 complex multipliers after the IFFT block. In the same way, 20 complex multipliers are used before the FFT block and 20 complex multipliers are used after the FFT block. At the input/output to this FFBR network, 20 FIR filters (polyphase components) are used, respectively.

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation auf der Grundlage von in international anerkannten Zeitschriften mit Fachgutachtersystem (Peer-review-Verfahren) veröffentlichten Publikationen verfasst. Mit Hilfe eines neuen integrativen Ansatzes aus Morphologie und Molekulargenetik wurden Studien zur intraspezifischen Variabilität einzelner Vertreter der Familie Lymnaeidae (Schlammschnecken) durchgeführt, die Schlussfolgerungen darüber zulassen, welche Wertigkeit den in dieser Gruppe bisher für Taxonomie und Systematik verwendeten morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen überhaupt zugemessen werden sollte. Ein weiteres Ziel der Analysen war herauszufinden, inwiefern eigene Rekonstruktionen phylogenetischer Bäume, basierend auf Kern- und Mitochondrienmarkern, bisher bestehende Hypothesen zur Taxonomie und Systematik der Lymnaeidae bestätigen oder widerlegen. Erste eigene molekulargenetisch überprüfte morphologische Analysen bei paläarktischen Vertretern der Gattung Radix zeigen, dass die zur Artdifferenzierung etablierten Merkmale Gehäuseform, Mantelpigmentierung, Längenverhältnis der beiden Abschnitte des männlichen Kopulationsapparates (Praeputium und Phallotheca), Länge des Bursaductes und Form der Bursa copulatrix eine höhere innerartliche Variabilität aufweisen als eigentlich für die einzelnen Arten angenommen wurde. Sie sind, entgegen bisheriger Annahmen, zu einem großen Teil nicht artspezifisch. Molekulargenetisch deutlich unterscheidbare Arten können die gleiche Gehäuseform und Mantelpigmentierung aufweisen und sind oft auch mittels anatomischer Merkmale nicht eindeutig unterscheidbar. Es kann, auch anhand erster eigener Studien an anderen Vertretern der Familie Lymnaeidae, geschlussfolgert werden, dass von den meisten Malakologen bisher in diese Merkmale innerhalb der Schlammschnecken eine Bedeutung für Taxonomie und Systematik hineininterpretiert wurde, die sie offensichtlich auf Grund ihrer hohen Plastizität nicht besitzen. Die molekulargenetischen Methoden eröffnen hier neue Perspektiven für ihre Beurteilung sowie für die objektivere Abgrenzung von Arten und Gattungen. Auf der Basis der neuen Erkenntnisse über die Variabilität morphologischer Merkmale wurde für die mitteleuropäischen Vertreter der Gattung Radix ein neuer Bestimmungsschlüssel erarbeitet, der mehr Radix-Formen als bisher berücksichtigt. Bei molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen an Vertretern der Gattung Stagnicola konnte ein relativ hoher Prozentsatz an Hybridisierung festgestellt werden, was in der Praxis Konsequenzen für die Anwendung des Barcoding mit mitochondrialen Markern (COI und Cytochrom b) hat. / This work was written as cumulative doctoral thesis based on publications in peer reviewed international journals. Aim of the studies was to analyse the range of the intraspecific variability of some representatives of the family Lymnaeidae as well as to find out which value should be given to the morphological and anatomical characters used for taxonomy and systematics at all. For this a new integrative approach of morphology and molecular genetics was sought. It was also important to find out how own reconstructions of phylogenetic trees based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers confirm or refute existing views on taxonomy and systematics of the Lymnaeidae. First own morphological analyses of Palaearctic representatives of the genus Radix checked by molecular genetics reveal that shell morphology, mantle pigmentation, length ratio of Praeputium to penial sheath, length of the duct of the bursa copulatrix and shape of the bursa show more variability in this characteristics as recognised for these species in literature. They are, contrary to previous assumptions, to a large extent not specific for single species. With molecular genetic methods clearly distinguishable species may have the same shell morphology and mantle pigmentation and could be not clearly differentiated by anatomical characters in many cases. It can be concluded, also on the basis of own studies of other representatives of the family Lymnaeidae, that to these characters was given an importance for taxonomy and systematics by most of the malacologists that they obviously do not have because of their high plasticity. Molecular genetic methods allow a new interpretation of the importance of morphological and anatomical characters and a more objective definition of species and genera. Based on the new findings on variability of morphological characters a new determination key for the representatives of the genus Radix in central Europe was elaborated. It enables the determination of more Radix forms than it was previously possible with determination tools. Molecular genetic analyses of representatives of the genus Stagnicola revealed a high percentage of hybridisation. In practise, this has consequences for the application of barcoding on the base of mitochondrial markers (COI and cyt-b).

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation auf der Grundlage von in international anerkannten Zeitschriften mit Fachgutachtersystem (Peer-review-Verfahren) veröffentlichten Publikationen verfasst. Mit Hilfe eines neuen integrativen Ansatzes aus Morphologie und Molekulargenetik wurden Studien zur intraspezifischen Variabilität einzelner Vertreter der Familie Lymnaeidae (Schlammschnecken) durchgeführt, die Schlussfolgerungen darüber zulassen, welche Wertigkeit den in dieser Gruppe bisher für Taxonomie und Systematik verwendeten morphologischen und anatomischen Merkmalen überhaupt zugemessen werden sollte. Ein weiteres Ziel der Analysen war herauszufinden, inwiefern eigene Rekonstruktionen phylogenetischer Bäume, basierend auf Kern- und Mitochondrienmarkern, bisher bestehende Hypothesen zur Taxonomie und Systematik der Lymnaeidae bestätigen oder widerlegen. Erste eigene molekulargenetisch überprüfte morphologische Analysen bei paläarktischen Vertretern der Gattung Radix zeigen, dass die zur Artdifferenzierung etablierten Merkmale Gehäuseform, Mantelpigmentierung, Längenverhältnis der beiden Abschnitte des männlichen Kopulationsapparates (Praeputium und Phallotheca), Länge des Bursaductes und Form der Bursa copulatrix eine höhere innerartliche Variabilität aufweisen als eigentlich für die einzelnen Arten angenommen wurde. Sie sind, entgegen bisheriger Annahmen, zu einem großen Teil nicht artspezifisch. Molekulargenetisch deutlich unterscheidbare Arten können die gleiche Gehäuseform und Mantelpigmentierung aufweisen und sind oft auch mittels anatomischer Merkmale nicht eindeutig unterscheidbar. Es kann, auch anhand erster eigener Studien an anderen Vertretern der Familie Lymnaeidae, geschlussfolgert werden, dass von den meisten Malakologen bisher in diese Merkmale innerhalb der Schlammschnecken eine Bedeutung für Taxonomie und Systematik hineininterpretiert wurde, die sie offensichtlich auf Grund ihrer hohen Plastizität nicht besitzen. Die molekulargenetischen Methoden eröffnen hier neue Perspektiven für ihre Beurteilung sowie für die objektivere Abgrenzung von Arten und Gattungen. Auf der Basis der neuen Erkenntnisse über die Variabilität morphologischer Merkmale wurde für die mitteleuropäischen Vertreter der Gattung Radix ein neuer Bestimmungsschlüssel erarbeitet, der mehr Radix-Formen als bisher berücksichtigt. Bei molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen an Vertretern der Gattung Stagnicola konnte ein relativ hoher Prozentsatz an Hybridisierung festgestellt werden, was in der Praxis Konsequenzen für die Anwendung des Barcoding mit mitochondrialen Markern (COI und Cytochrom b) hat. / This work was written as cumulative doctoral thesis based on publications in peer reviewed international journals. Aim of the studies was to analyse the range of the intraspecific variability of some representatives of the family Lymnaeidae as well as to find out which value should be given to the morphological and anatomical characters used for taxonomy and systematics at all. For this a new integrative approach of morphology and molecular genetics was sought. It was also important to find out how own reconstructions of phylogenetic trees based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers confirm or refute existing views on taxonomy and systematics of the Lymnaeidae. First own morphological analyses of Palaearctic representatives of the genus Radix checked by molecular genetics reveal that shell morphology, mantle pigmentation, length ratio of Praeputium to penial sheath, length of the duct of the bursa copulatrix and shape of the bursa show more variability in this characteristics as recognised for these species in literature. They are, contrary to previous assumptions, to a large extent not specific for single species. With molecular genetic methods clearly distinguishable species may have the same shell morphology and mantle pigmentation and could be not clearly differentiated by anatomical characters in many cases. It can be concluded, also on the basis of own studies of other representatives of the family Lymnaeidae, that to these characters was given an importance for taxonomy and systematics by most of the malacologists that they obviously do not have because of their high plasticity. Molecular genetic methods allow a new interpretation of the importance of morphological and anatomical characters and a more objective definition of species and genera. Based on the new findings on variability of morphological characters a new determination key for the representatives of the genus Radix in central Europe was elaborated. It enables the determination of more Radix forms than it was previously possible with determination tools. Molecular genetic analyses of representatives of the genus Stagnicola revealed a high percentage of hybridisation. In practise, this has consequences for the application of barcoding on the base of mitochondrial markers (COI and cyt-b).