Certain urban public spaces seem to embody the cities in which they are found, helping to make those cities the vibrant places they are. This project explores how urban public spaces can be created to reflect the vitality of the city by embracing the culture and the people who reside in it. Through literature review and case studies, a framework is developed focusing on the areas of identity and use in the design of public spaces. Identity is looked at in terms of place attachment, spatial identity, and how surrounding uses affect the identity of a space. Use is explored in terms of designing a public space to encourage a diversity of uses at different times. Identity and use are inevitably linked: much of a space's identity depends on the uses that take place there and whether or not the space meets the needs of its users. In the same way, a space will not be used unless potential users can identify with it and feel a connection to it. A design project is carried out in an urban neighborhood based on this framework to create a space that is connected to its users and its city. / Master of Landscape Architecture

本研究的主題包含了兩組重要的詞語：「重現」和「鄉土」。前者是一個歷史教師的教學行動，而後者則為本研究的重要概念。在過去十三年的教學經驗中，我發現香港歷史課程千篇一律是「小漁村到大都市」的經濟發展論述，戰後南移新界的農村社群一直消失在歷史課程之中，縱使新界農村是香港的重要構成部份，有其自身的發展模式。於是，「重現」作為一種教學行動，是要填補農村社群的歷史故事。本研究的另一組重要詞語是「鄉土」。本研究要重現的「鄉土」，並不單指農村，而是指一個與居住者有親密關係、並充滿意義的地方（place）。「鄉土」是中國文化之中人與土地、並土地上其他社群親密關係的代名詞。要有這種親密的關係，牽涉兩個重要概念：鄉土意識和鄉土感情。鄉土意識指人識覺到自身與生活地和周遭社群彼此依存，甚至將生活地和在其上生活的人視為命運的共同體。由於人對生活地與周遭的社群有充份的認知，並識覺到自身、土地與社群有密切的關係，對生活地產生了主觀的情感投射，關懷生活地的地景和生態、社群生活、文化傳統，這種對地方的愛，便是鄉土感情。 / 本研究的教學行動集中在粉嶺馬屎埔村，在一段尋找本地史教學的嘗試之中，我在馬屎埔農村中感受到和城市不一樣的社群關係，那種異地為鄉、落地生根的情感充滿在馬屎埔村民的生命故事中，那些回憶喚起我曾經與生活地有過的親密感。身為歷史教師，我也希望學生能在村民的生命故事中反思鄉土價值，並思考「發展主義」導致的社會疏離。我相信本地史教學能夠恢復人與生活地、人與社群的密切關係，歷史教育能夠重現香港的「鄉土」故事，學生亦能在社群的生命故事中札根在生活地，從而建立一種植根於香港的「鄉土意識」和「鄉土感情」。 / 口述歷史教學是不斷互動的歷程，所以口述歷史課程必須保持靈活動，讓教師、學生和敘事者共同建構本地史圖像。此外，口述歷史教學讓學生走入地方和社群，發掘社群成員的生命故事，建構多元的小歷史圖像，並對大歷史保持批判意識。口述歷史教學始終將「人」放在學習的中心，除了理性的思維能力外，也強調歷史學習的情感向度。當歷史扣連生活，充滿回憶的地景及社群就是鄉土意識和感情的搖籃。 / The theme of this research includes two terms: ‘representation’ and ‘homeland’. Over the past 13 years of my teaching experience, I have noticed that the ‘fishing village─metropolis’ discourse has predominated the Hong Kong history curriculum. Though post-war migrant farmers made a great contribution to the development of the New Territories, their histories have long been absent in the school history curriculum. Thus, the purpose of ‘representation’ is to fill the missing puzzles and to construct different historical images with students. The term ‘homeland’ in this research not only means a village, but also a place filled with meanings and intimacy by its inhabitants. In order for these intimate relationships to exist, two other concepts are involved, namely ‘the sense of place’ and ‘place attachment’. ‘Sense of place’ means one’s awareness of the intradependence between community members on the same place. ‘Place attachment’ refers to one’s projection of emotion towards a place, involving a care for its environment and ecology, community life and traditional culture. / This action research is conducted mainly on Masipo Village in Fanling, where community relationship distinct from that in the urban area is identified. The stories told by the post-war migrant villagers reveal their senseof rootedness. As a history teacher, I hope students can appreciatethe value of ‘homeland’ and reflect upon the influence of developmentalism through the life stories of villagers. I believe that teaching local history can constructa distinct ‘sense of place’ and ‘place attachment’, under which Hong Kong will become a homeland for those who live in this place. / Oral history is the interplay between teachers, students and narrators, so oral history curriculum should be subject to the construction of multiple local images. When students walk through their communities and discover local stories, they might be more critical to the grand narrative of school history. Human values are the center of oral history teaching. Students not only think about historical events but also feel towards the actors in histories. When a place filled with memories, it becomes our homeland. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 朱耀光. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ed.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-286). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhu Yaoguang.

Chan, Hoi Ling Anne. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-206). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.iv / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.vi / Acknowledgement --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / List of Figures --- p.XV / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Maps --- p.xix / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Situation in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions and Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Theoretical approach --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research Significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of Study --- p.7 / Chapter 1.7 --- Thesis Structure --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Place and Landscape --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- From Place to Landscape / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Underpinning of the Concept of Landscape / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Landscape Interfaces / Chapter 2.2 --- Cultural Heritage and Landscape --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Values and Functions / Chapter 2.2.2 --- “Reading´ح the Cultural Landscape / Chapter 2.3 --- Conceptualizing a Sense of Place --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Place and Placelessness / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Multidimensionality of Sense of Place / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Measurement of Sense of Place / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion - Gap of Knowledge --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Mixed Method Approach --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Framework --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4 --- Research Design --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Site Selection / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Documentary Research / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Field Observation / Chapter 3.4.4 --- In-Depth Interview / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Questionnaire / Chapter 3.5 --- Data Analysis --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Qualitative Data / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Quantitative Data / Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA / Chapter 4.1 --- Geographical Context --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Location of Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Demographic Structure of Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Spatial Distribution of Built Heritage and Street Culture in Yau Ma Tei / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Temporal Distribution of Activities / Chapter 4.2 --- Historical Context --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Built Heritage / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Street Culture / Chapter 4.3 --- Opportunities and Challenges --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- PLACE DEPENDENCE / Chapter 5.1 --- Importance of Place Dependence --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2 --- Historical and Familial Linkages --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Historical Linkagese / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Familial Linkages / Chapter 5.3 --- Material Linkages --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Economical Dependence / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Lack of Choice / Chapter 5.4 --- Social and Cultural Significance of Heritage in Yau Ma Tei --- p.114 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Social Networking and Interactions / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Daily Life / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Personal Experience Reflection / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Cultural Representation / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.120 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- PLACE ATTACHMENT / Chapter 6.1 --- Conceptualizing Place Attachment --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Factors Determining Place Attachment / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Narratives / Chapter 6.2 --- How do the Locals attach to the Place through Heritage? --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Residents / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Shop Owners / Chapter 6.3 --- Conclusion --- p.140 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- PLACE IDENTITY / Chapter 7.1 --- Conceptualizing Place Identity --- p.141 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Symbolism and Place Identity / Chapter 7.2 --- Heritage as Place Icons in Yau Ma Tei --- p.143 / Chapter 7.3 --- Place Icon in Yau Ma Tei --- p.145 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Icons of Yau Ma Tei: Insiders vs. Outsiders / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Icons of Yau Ma Tei: Short Residency vs. Long Residency / Chapter 7.4 --- Meanings of the Icons --- p.152 / Chapter 7.5 --- Conclusion --- p.159 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSE OF PLACE AND HERITAGE LANDSCAPE / Chapter 8.1 --- Forces Shaping the Landscape in Yau Ma Tei --- p.160 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- External Force - Role of Government Policies / Chapter 8.1.2 --- External Force - Role of Experts / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Internal Force - Role of Local Community / Chapter 8.1.4 --- Internal Force - Role of District Council / Chapter 8.2 --- Application of Modified Cultural Values Model --- p.177 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Enrichment / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Accumulation / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Identification / Chapter 8.3 --- Conclusion --- p.182 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSIONS / Chapter 9.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.183 / Chapter 9.2 --- Limitations --- p.187 / Chapter 9.3 --- Future Research - Cultural Tourism --- p.189 / References --- p.191 / Appendices --- p.207

Local opposition to town planning applications creates time delays for developers, town planners, and municipal authorities, while also increasing financial costs associated with development. For local communities, opposition means considerable time and financial investment to protect the place they live in from unwanted development. Place attachment, which develops as a result of experiences with or in a place, is one of the reasons why local communities oppose land development – this reaction towards proposed land changes is often considered NIMBYist. Although disciplines such as natural resource management already trained its focus on the influence of place attachment as a motivating factor in participatory planning intentions internationally, it is not clear whether there exists a relationship between place attachment and public participation in South African town planning processes. As such, the aim of this research is to explore the relationship between place attachment and public participation in a South African town planning process. This research focuses on the lived experience of place attachment of residents of the Bult area of the Tlokwe Local Municipality in the North West Province of South Africa, and the role that place attachment experiences played in their participation in a town planning process. The research design is qualitative, using archival data, located participant interviews, and supportive photographic data to explore the lived experiences of 18 participants from three case studies. The data was analysed thematically. The data indicated the link between actual or potential incremental changes through town planning actions in an urban environment and the impact these changes had on the well-being of the residents of that place. The effect of incremental urban changes, actual or potential, motivated participants to participate in the public participation process of rezoning applications in order to oppose the environmental changes. These potential and/or actual environmental changes also led to place protective actions outside the formal participation process. This research indicates that due consideration should be given to opposition to town planning applications, as it can in fact be driven by deeper emotional reasons that cannot be expressed in the legal and technical language associated with the town planning discipline. These reactions should not be considered in a negative light by developers, town planners, and municipal authorities, as they can provide insight on what types of land use changes can implemented successfully in a place. To this effect, a life cycle relationship between place attachment and public participation in a town planning process (as it happened in the three case studies) is proposed as a point of departure for future research. A suggestion is made to incorporate place attachment in urban planning practice. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Local opposition to town planning applications creates time delays for developers, town planners, and municipal authorities, while also increasing financial costs associated with development. For local communities, opposition means considerable time and financial investment to protect the place they live in from unwanted development. Place attachment, which develops as a result of experiences with or in a place, is one of the reasons why local communities oppose land development – this reaction towards proposed land changes is often considered NIMBYist. Although disciplines such as natural resource management already trained its focus on the influence of place attachment as a motivating factor in participatory planning intentions internationally, it is not clear whether there exists a relationship between place attachment and public participation in South African town planning processes. As such, the aim of this research is to explore the relationship between place attachment and public participation in a South African town planning process. This research focuses on the lived experience of place attachment of residents of the Bult area of the Tlokwe Local Municipality in the North West Province of South Africa, and the role that place attachment experiences played in their participation in a town planning process. The research design is qualitative, using archival data, located participant interviews, and supportive photographic data to explore the lived experiences of 18 participants from three case studies. The data was analysed thematically. The data indicated the link between actual or potential incremental changes through town planning actions in an urban environment and the impact these changes had on the well-being of the residents of that place. The effect of incremental urban changes, actual or potential, motivated participants to participate in the public participation process of rezoning applications in order to oppose the environmental changes. These potential and/or actual environmental changes also led to place protective actions outside the formal participation process. This research indicates that due consideration should be given to opposition to town planning applications, as it can in fact be driven by deeper emotional reasons that cannot be expressed in the legal and technical language associated with the town planning discipline. These reactions should not be considered in a negative light by developers, town planners, and municipal authorities, as they can provide insight on what types of land use changes can implemented successfully in a place. To this effect, a life cycle relationship between place attachment and public participation in a town planning process (as it happened in the three case studies) is proposed as a point of departure for future research. A suggestion is made to incorporate place attachment in urban planning practice. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis investigates the relationship between access to public gathering spaces and self-reported health with indicators of community life as the intervening variables. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the access to public space and self-rated health status in multicultural communities. A survey of 785 randomly-selected households was conducted across four low-income Toronto neighbourhoods. The investigation is framed by the 'production of healthy public space' model, which conceptualizes the pathways between the lived experience of space and health as impacting an individual’s likelihood of establishing place attachment. The results support the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the lived dimension of space and health. Mental health appears to be the outcome most affected by indicators of place attachment. Several of the aforementioned relationships were found more commonly in the densest of the four neighbourhoods and variations were found between foreign- and Canadian-born subpopulations.

This thesis explores the relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour expressed by visitors to Point Pelee National Park. Place attachment, the functional, cognitive and emotional bond with a place, may play a role in promoting environmentally responsible behaviours. This may be especially true of place-specific pro-environmental behaviours; however place attachment may also have a "carry-over" effect in that its impact on individuals' self identity may also foster pro-environmental behaviour in individuals' every day lives. <br /><br /> An exploration of these relationships was achieved, first by measuring the intensity of place attachment and pro-environment behavioural intentions expressed by visitors to Point Pelee National Park. This was followed by an examination of the relationship between these two constructs using correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Data was collected with a mail-based self-completed questionnaire. A quota sample of visitors to Point Pelee National Park was utilized. A response rate of 32% (<em>n</em> = 355) was achieved. <br /><br /> The relationship between place attachment and pro-environmental intentions was explored further through the measurement of several related variables. These factors include place satisfaction (based on an appraisal of nature, social and activity-based environments), motivation for visiting the park (related to social interaction and nature observation, as well as activity-based and learning opportunities), distance between the park and visitors' residences, membership in environmental organizations, and visitation patterns including visitation to the park during childhood, length of affiliation with the park, length of visit to the park, and frequency of visitation to the park. Theoretical and empirical research suggests that these factors may affect place attachment, pro-environment behavioural intentions, and/or the relationship between these two constructs. <br /><br /> Study results found positive associations between place attachment and all of these variables with the exception of visitation motives associated with learning and engaging in a favourite activity. The strongest predictive relationships were observed with anti-substitution (the inability of an individual to substitute the park for another destination because of a lack of resources such as time or money or a lack of awareness of comparable sites) followed by frequency of visits to the park; park commitment (based on Friends group membership and donations of time and money to the Friends group); Friends of Point Pelee (FoPP) membership; and park relationship (which was based on visitation to the park as a child and length of affiliation); and, satisfaction with the park. <br /><br /> Results support the proposition that place attachment has a strong positive association with both park-specific pro-environment behavioural intentions (e. g. , Write letters in support of Point Pelee N. P. and similar protected areas) as well as general pro-environment behavioural intentions (e. g. , Pay extra for transportation if it is environmentally-friendly). Place attachment strongly predicted park-specific, and moderately predicted general pro-environmental intentions. A number of other variables had an indirect effect on park-specific intentions; notable effects were demonstrated by frequency of visits; park relationship; visitation to the park as a child; place satisfaction; social satisfaction; FoPP membership; and, park commitment; anti-substitution. These affects were mediated by place attachment. After place attachment the strongest predictors of park-specific intentions were anti-substitution; frequency of visits; park commitment; and, general environmental commitment (which was based on membership in an environmental organization and donations of time and money to that organization). <br /><br /> Place attachment was not the only direct predicator of general pro-environmental intentions; general environmental commitment and membership in an environmental organization also directly predicted general pro-environmental intentions. Notable indirect effects, mediated by place attachment were produced by frequency of visits; park relationship; FoPP membership; park commitment; and anti-substitution. The strongest predictors of general pro-environmental intentions were general environmental commitment, followed by place attachment, membership in an environmental organization, and frequency of park visitation. <br /><br /> These findings correspond with much of the literature published on place attachment formation and the development of pro-environmental behaviours. The most notable contribution of this study is its comparison of place attachment's impact on general versus place-specific behaviours, and the role that several related variables play in this relationship.

Against a background of ongoing and predicted climatic and environmental change facing humans on a global level, this thesis combines historical perspectives with theories of social resilience in a study of reindeer husbandry in Swedish Sápmi, from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. The thesis includes four individual studies that examine the topic from different angles, connected together by reoccurring elements of social resilience. The first paper analyses the adaptive capacity of reindeer husbandry communities in the northernmost part of Swedish Sápmi during the 19th to early 20th century, using materials from the Sami bailiffs’ archives, governors’ reports and documentation from official committees. The second paper is based on similar materials and explores livelihood diversity of reindeer husbandry in southern and northern regions of Swedish Sápmi from 1860 to 1920. The third paper examines the social networks of reindeer husbandry and includes an analysis on how these are represented in demographic sources at the turn of the 20th century. The fourth and final paper examines taxation lands as objects of place-attachment in a south Sami reindeer husbandry context from 1740 to 1870. The thesis demonstrates that communities and families practiced highly flexible herding in terms of what pasture area they used, when and how they used it and with whom. In order to maintain this flexibility, communities needed authority to manage their own livelihoods and a diverse and interconnected landscape. The results further show that reindeer husbandry was a dynamic and diverse livelihood, well into the 20th century. Fishing, hunting, trapping or farming was part of many reindeer herding families’ livelihoods. By tethering aspects of diversity to norms and ideals within the communities included in the study, I argue that farming can be understood as both an enforced adaptation and as an adaptive capacity depending on the ideals within the community in question. The thesis supports the notions that reindeer husbandry since long has faced many challenges, including: border closings; competing land uses; disturbance from settlers; enforced regulations and laws concerning reindeer husbandry; and restrictions of livelihood diversity. Furthermore, these challenges were not only sources of disturbances in their own right, but they also restricted the adaptive capacity of reindeer herding communities.

This thesis concern how retailers reasons regarding where to locate their store. Previous research stipulates that retailers consider several factors that builds Retail Attractiveness when they decide their store location. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how retailers reason when it comes to where to locate their store. The study is conducted in Kristianstad, Sweden, with retailers located either in the city center, at the out-of-town shopping mall, or both. To fulfill the purpose, semi-structured interviews were held with four retailers that made different decision when C4 Shopping was established. Five interviews were conducted, lasting between 25 and 40 minutes. All interviews were held with store owners and decision-makers. A conceptual model was created from existing literature in order to analyze the results. The original model includes the factors Cluster effects, Accessibility, Atmosphere, and Place Attachment. Under the factors there are sub-factors to nuance the factors. The model ultimately leads to Retail Attractiveness. In the revised model three new factors were added: Rent, Safety, and Proximity to Workplaces. One sub-factor was also removed. It is concluded that retailers consider the factors in the revised model, rate the factors, and thereafter decide where to locate. This thesis adds insights on how retailers reason when they decide where to locate their store, and what factors they consider the as the most important. There is also a discussion on how the conceptual model can be used to measure Retail Attractiveness and explain retailers locational decisions in similar cases elsewhere.

This collection of work contains poems that are attempting to reach a sense of understanding about the past in regard to place, landscape, architecture, and memory in relation to the self--the speaker, the self-imposed I. The perception of memory, and in particular the prevalence of false memories surrounding place and person are of major concern in this collection, along with the historical and personal narratives moving out of a voice rooted in the Mojave Desert, and in particular, Las Vegas, Nevada. These poems are working through the speaker’s complicated relationship with the desert, and the erosion of place, of home. These poems are an effort to recognize what it means to learn from the desert, to learn from Las Vegas.