El presente proyecto de investigación se basa en la situación actual que se percibe en las micros y pequeñas empresas productoras de Palta Hass del sector agrícola de Ica, Perú. Para ella se pretende presentar el diseño del proceso de planeamiento y control de la producción, perteneciente a un Sistema de Gestión basado en la Gestión por Procesos, que sirve como guía para las pequeñas empresas agrícolas productoras de palta Hass. Una revisión literaria y una investigación de campo se llevaron a cabo para la elaboración de esta propuesta, analizando las necesidades de la forma actual de trabajo de este sector. La metodología en la que se basa este diseño es la administración de procesos, esto permite analizar los procesos existentes en la producción agrícola y, definir y organizar los procesos necesarios para la buena realización del producto. A continuación, se presentará la propuesta de diseño, en conjunto a los procedimientos y los indicadores necesarios para el correcto funcionamiento de la propuesta de planeamiento y control productivo, desarrollado a lo largo de cinco capítulos, en donde se encuentra la recopilación de información, el levantamiento de información estadística, el desarrollo y diseño de la propuesta, la validación por expertos, y las principales conclusiones y recomendaciones del proyecto. Al concluir con el desarrollo del proyecto, se determinó que el presente modelo es una herramienta viable para ser implementada en las micros y pequeñas empresas productoras de palta Hass y que estas logren mejorar su productividad, incrementen sus ventas y logren madurar como empresas. / This Project of investigation is based on the actual situation that is perceived in micro and small companies, producers of Hass Avocado of the agriculture area in Ica, Peru. For that it is pretended to present the design of the process of planning and control of the production belonging to a Management System based on the Management for Process that is used as a guide for the small agricultural companies’ producers of Hass Avocado. A literary revision and an investigation of the field were done for the elaboration of this proposal, analyzing the needs of the current way of work in this area. The methodology in which this design is based is the management of process, this allow analyze the process that are in the agricultural production and, to define and organize the existing process needed for a good realization of the product. Then, a proposal of a design will be presented with a group of procedure and indicators necessary for the correct function Of the proposal of planning and productive control, developed along five chapters, where the compilation of information is found, the raising of statistics information, the development and design of the proposal, validation by experts, and the main conclusions and recommendations of the project. At the end of the development of the project, it was determined that the present model is a viable tool to be implemented en the micro and small companies of Hass Avocado and that they achieve to improve its productivity, increase their sales and mature as companies. / Tesis

Including the inherent temporal variability in a production system in planning and control processes can ensure the fulfillment of the production schedule and increase key performance indica- tors. This benefits the sustainable and efficient use of the system. The current lack of consideration of this inherent temporal variability in production planning leads to optimistic estimates and calcu- lations of planned values that cannot be met. To complete this information, the inherent temporal variability in a production system is investigated using a systematic approach. This approach detects, identifies, and quantifies inherent temporal variability and is applied to a data base created via an automated, event-driven procedure. The approach is tested in a smart factory laboratory. The results to date on improving production planning and control are promising as key performance indicators have been increased. There is still a need for action to ensure the fulfillment of the production schedule. Concluding, work on this topic has just begun, as can be seen from the discussion section. More data need to be collected and aggregated for future research. This publication is intended to motivate researchers to address this issue and better manage the existing uncertainty in production through the use of data.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proven to be highly suitable for a wide range of problems in manufacturing environments, including the prediction of lead times. Most of these solutions are based on ”black-box” algorithms, which hinder practitioners to understand the prediction process. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) provides numerous tools and methods to counteract this problem. There is however a need to qualify the methods with human-centered studies in manufacturing environments, since explainabilityis context-specific. The purpose of this mixed-method case study is to examine the explainability of regression models for lead time prediction in quality control laboratories at a biopharmaceutical production site in Sweden. This entails the research questions of which methods can increase the explainability of lead time prediction, what type of explanation is required to enable explainability and what are the benefits of explaining regression models in this context. This is why relevant literature in the field of XAI and AI-based lead time prediction is reviewed. An explainable lead time prediction modelis developed and a Delphi study is carried out to gauge the importance of different explanation types and to identify explainability-related benefits. The results show a transparency-performance trade-off and highlight eight benefits that are mapped to the model’s life cycle. These findings provide new insights into the explainability requirements and benefits in quality control processes and support practitioners in steering their implementation efforts. / Artificiell Intelligens (AI) har visat sig vara mycket lämplig för ett stort antal problem i tillverkningsmiljöer, bland annat när det gäller att förutsäga ledtider. De flesta av dessa lösningar är baserade på algoritmer som är ”svarta lådor”, vilket gör det svårt för tillämparna att förstå förutsägelseprocessen. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) erbjuder många verktyg och metoder för att motverka detta problem. Det finns dock ett behov av att kvalificera metoderna med människocentrerade studier i tillverkningsmiljöer, eftersom förklarbarhet är kontextspecifikt. Syftet med denna fallstudie med blandad metod är att undersöka förklaringsbarheten hos regressionsmodeller för prediktion av ledtider i kvalitets kontrolllaboratorier vid en biopharmaceutisk produktionsanläggning i Sverige. Vilket syftar till forskningsfrågorna samt vilka metoder som kan öka förklaringsbarheten och av prognoser för ledtider, vilken typ av förklaring som krävs för att möjliggöra en förklarbarhet och vilka fördelar som finns med att förklara regressionsmodeller i detta sammanhang. Det är därför som relevant litteratur på området XAI och AI baserade prognostisering av ledtider granskas. En förklaringsbar modell för prognostisering av ledtider utvecklas och en Delphi-studie genomförs för att bedöma betydelsen av olika typer av förklaringar och för att identifiera förklaringsrelaterade fördelar.

No / Due to significant challenges and increase in competition within the global environment, manufacturing companies need to focus on Manufacturing Planning and Control (MPC) systems in order to gain a competitive edge. This research paper describes a contribution towards the design and implementation of a bespoke MRP II system for a SME company dealing in tool reclamation. The paper covers the investigation of currently available MRP II systems and also investigates the present MPC system of the concerned SME company. On the basis of these investigations, a new/bespoke design has been proposed and developed for an MRP II system that is tailor-made for the aforementioned company. The newly designed MRP II system has been developed (using MS Access and Visual Basic for Application i.e. VBA) as a database planning tool of MPC system and contains the critical modules Demand Management (DM), Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP), Master Production Scheduling (MPS), Material Requirements Planning (MRP), and Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP). The bespoke MRP II system has been tested within the real manufacturing environment existing in the SME company with positive results. The key outcome of the research has shown that even small SME’s can design and implement their own MRPII system, which is particular and relevant to their own special manufacturing environment, using a minimal of time, software and financial resources.

<p dir="ltr">Task-oriented programming is a way of programming manipulators in terms of high-level tasks instead of explicit motions. It has been a long-standing vision in robotics since its early days. Despite its potential, several challenges have hindered its full realization. This thesis identifies three major challenges, particularly in task specification and the planning-to-execution transition: 1) The absence of natural language integration in system input. 2) The dilemma of continuously developing non-uniform and domain-specific primitive-task libraries. 3) The requirement for much human intervention.</p><p dir="ltr">To overcome these difficulties, this thesis introduces a novel approach that integrates natural language inputs, eliminates the need on fixed primitive-task libraries, and minimizes human intervention. It adopts the behavior tree, a modular and user-friendly form, as the task representation and advances its usage in task specification and planning-to-execution transition. The thesis is structured into two parts – Task Specification and Planning-to-Execution Transition.</p><p dir="ltr">Task specification explores the use of large language models to generate a behavior tree from an end-user's input. A Phase-Step prompt is designed to enable the automatic behavior-tree generation from end-user's abstract task descriptions in natural languages. With the powerful generalizability of large language models, it breaks the dilemma that stays with fixed primitive-task libraries in task generation. A full-process case study demonstrated the proposed approach. An ablation study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Phase-Step prompts. Task specification also proposes behavior-tree embeddings to facilitate the retrieval-augmented generation of behavior trees. The integration of behavior-tree embeddings not only eliminates the need for manual prompt configuration but also provides a way to incorporate external domain knowledge into the generation process. Three types of evaluations were performed to assess the performance of the behavior-tree embedding method.</p><p dir="ltr">Planning-to-execution transition explores how to transit primitive tasks from task specification into manipulator executions. Two types of primitive tasks are considered separately: point-to-point movement tasks and object-interaction tasks. For point-to-point movement tasks, a behavior-tree reward is proposed to enable reinforcement learning over low-level movement while following high-level running order of the behavior tree. End-users only need to specify rewards on the primitive tasks over the behavior tree, and the rest of the process will be handled automatically. A 2D space movement simulation was provided to justify the approach. For object-interaction tasks, the planning-to-execution transition uses a large-language-model-based generation approach. This approach takes natural-language-described primitive tasks as input and directly produces task-frame-formalism set-points. Combined with hybrid position/force control systems, a transition process from primitive tasks directly into joint-level execution can be realized. Evaluations over a set of 30 primitive tasks were conducted.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, this thesis proposes an approach that advances the behavior-tree towards automated task specification and planning-to-execution transitions. It opens up new possibilities for building better task-oriented manipulator programming systems.</p>

The use of financial planning and control systems is one of the factors that influence the survival of small businesses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of financial planning and control systems contributes to the survival of manufacturing MSEs in the Tshwane metropolitan area. The development and use of financial planning and control systems in MSEs was investigated. Manufacturing MSEs were asked to disclose the financial planning and control systems being utilised. Respondents indicated that they use some form of financial planning and control, be it, on a formal or informal basis. Most of these firms had been operating for a number of years suggesting that the use of financial planning and control systems, inter alia, contributes to the survival of an entity. The more modern financial planning and control systems are not readily used by manufacturing MSEs, but could be beneficial to their survival. / Management Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

More and more of our physical world today is being monitored and controlled by so-called cyber-physical systems (CPSs). These are compositions of networked autonomous cyber and physical agents such as sensors, actuators, computational elements, and humans in the loop. Today, CPSs are still relatively small-scale and very limited compared to CPSs to be witnessed in the future. Future CPSs are expected to be far more complex, large-scale, wide-spread, and mission-critical, and found in a variety of domains such as transportation, medicine, manufacturing, and energy, where they will bring many advantages such as the increased efficiency, sustainability, reliability, and security. To unleash their full potential, CPSs need to be equipped with, among other features, the support for automated planning and control, where computing agents collaboratively and continuously plan and control their actions in an intelligent and well-coordinated manner to secure and optimize a physical process, e.g., electricity flow in the power grid. In today’s CPSs, the control is typically automated, but the planning is solely performed by humans. Unfortunately, it is intractable and infeasible for humans to plan every action in a future CPS due to the complexity, scale, and volatility of a physical process. Due to these properties, the control and planning has to be continuous and automated in future CPSs. Humans may only analyse and tweak the system’s operation using the set of tools supporting prescriptive analytics that allows them (1) to make predictions, (2) to get the suggestions of the most prominent set of actions (decisions) to be taken, and (3) to analyse the implications as if such actions were taken. This thesis considers the planning and control in the context of a large-scale multi-agent CPS. Based on the smart-grid use-case, it presents a so-called PrescriptiveCPS – which is (the conceptual model of) a multi-agent, multi-role, and multi-level CPS automatically and continuously taking and realizing decisions in near real-time and providing (human) users prescriptive analytics tools to analyse and manage the performance of the underlying physical system (or process). Acknowledging the complexity of CPSs, this thesis provides contributions at the following three levels of scale: (1) the level of a (full) PrescriptiveCPS, (2) the level of a single PrescriptiveCPS agent, and (3) the level of a component of a CPS agent software system. At the CPS level, the contributions include the definition of PrescriptiveCPS, according to which it is the system of interacting physical and cyber (sub-)systems. Here, the cyber system consists of hierarchically organized inter-connected agents, collectively managing instances of so-called flexibility, decision, and prescription models, which are short-lived, focus on the future, and represent a capability, an (user’s) intention, and actions to change the behaviour (state) of a physical system, respectively. At the agent level, the contributions include the three-layer architecture of an agent software system, integrating the number of components specially designed or enhanced to support the functionality of PrescriptiveCPS. At the component level, the most of the thesis contribution is provided. The contributions include the description, design, and experimental evaluation of (1) a unified multi-dimensional schema for storing flexibility and prescription models (and related data), (2) techniques to incrementally aggregate flexibility model instances and disaggregate prescription model instances, (3) a database management system (DBMS) with built-in optimization problem solving capability allowing to formulate optimization problems using SQL-like queries and to solve them “inside a database”, (4) a real-time data management architecture for processing instances of flexibility and prescription models under (soft or hard) timing constraints, and (5) a graphical user interface (GUI) to visually analyse the flexibility and prescription model instances. Additionally, the thesis discusses and exemplifies (but provides no evaluations of) (1) domain-specific and in-DBMS generic forecasting techniques allowing to forecast instances of flexibility models based on historical data, and (2) powerful ways to analyse past, current, and future based on so-called hypothetical what-if scenarios and flexibility and prescription model instances stored in a database. Most of the contributions at this level are based on the smart-grid use-case. In summary, the thesis provides (1) the model of a CPS with planning capabilities, (2) the design and experimental evaluation of prescriptive analytics techniques allowing to effectively forecast, aggregate, disaggregate, visualize, and analyse complex models of the physical world, and (3) the use-case from the energy domain, showing how the introduced concepts are applicable in the real world. We believe that all this contribution makes a significant step towards developing planning-capable CPSs in the future. / Mehr und mehr wird heute unsere physische Welt überwacht und durch sogenannte Cyber-Physical-Systems (CPS) geregelt. Dies sind Kombinationen von vernetzten autonomen cyber und physischen Agenten wie Sensoren, Aktoren, Rechenelementen und Menschen. Heute sind CPS noch relativ klein und im Vergleich zu CPS der Zukunft sehr begrenzt. Zukünftige CPS werden voraussichtlich weit komplexer, größer, weit verbreiteter und unternehmenskritischer sein sowie in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen wie Transport, Medizin, Fertigung und Energie – in denen sie viele Vorteile wie erhöhte Effizienz, Nachhaltigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit und Sicherheit bringen – anzutreffen sein. Um ihr volles Potenzial entfalten zu können, müssen CPS unter anderem mit der Unterstützung automatisierter Planungs- und Steuerungsfunktionalität ausgestattet sein, so dass Agents ihre Aktionen gemeinsam und kontinuierlich auf intelligente und gut koordinierte Weise planen und kontrollieren können, um einen physischen Prozess wie den Stromfluss im Stromnetz sicherzustellen und zu optimieren. Zwar sind in den heutigen CPS Steuerung und Kontrolle typischerweise automatisiert, aber die Planung wird weiterhin allein von Menschen durchgeführt. Leider ist diese Aufgabe nur schwer zu bewältigen, und es ist für den Menschen schlicht unmöglich, jede Aktion in einem zukünftigen CPS auf Basis der Komplexität, des Umfangs und der Volatilität eines physikalischen Prozesses zu planen. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaften müssen Steuerung und Planung in CPS der Zukunft kontinuierlich und automatisiert ablaufen. Der Mensch soll sich dabei ganz auf die Analyse und Einflussnahme auf das System mit Hilfe einer Reihe von Werkzeugen konzentrieren können. Derartige Werkzeuge erlauben (1) Vorhersagen, (2) Vorschläge der wichtigsten auszuführenden Aktionen (Entscheidungen) und (3) die Analyse und potentiellen Auswirkungen der zu fällenden Entscheidungen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Planung und Kontrolle im Rahmen großer Multi-Agent-CPS. Basierend auf dem Smart-Grid als Anwendungsfall wird ein sogenanntes PrescriptiveCPS vorgestellt, welches einem Multi-Agent-, Multi-Role- und Multi-Level-CPS bzw. dessen konzeptionellem Modell entspricht. Diese PrescriptiveCPS treffen und realisieren automatisch und kontinuierlich Entscheidungen in naher Echtzeit und stellen Benutzern (Menschen) Prescriptive-Analytics-Werkzeuge und Verwaltung der Leistung der zugrundeliegenden physischen Systeme bzw. Prozesse zur Verfügung. In Anbetracht der Komplexität von CPS leistet diese Arbeit Beiträge auf folgenden Ebenen: (1) Gesamtsystem eines PrescriptiveCPS, (2) PrescriptiveCPS-Agenten und (3) Komponenten eines CPS-Agent-Software-Systems. Auf CPS-Ebene umfassen die Beiträge die Definition von PrescriptiveCPS als ein System von wechselwirkenden physischen und cyber (Sub-)Systemen. Das Cyber-System besteht hierbei aus hierarchisch organisierten verbundenen Agenten, die zusammen Instanzen sogenannter Flexibility-, Decision- und Prescription-Models verwalten, welche von kurzer Dauer sind, sich auf die Zukunft konzentrieren und Fähigkeiten, Absichten (des Benutzers) und Aktionen darstellen, die das Verhalten des physischen Systems verändern. Auf Agenten-Ebene umfassen die Beiträge die Drei-Ebenen-Architektur eines Agentensoftwaresystems sowie die Integration von Komponenten, die insbesondere zur besseren Unterstützung der Funktionalität von PrescriptiveCPS entwickelt wurden. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bilden die Beiträge auf der Komponenten-Ebene, diese umfassen Beschreibung, Design und experimentelle Evaluation (1) eines einheitlichen multidimensionalen Schemas für die Speicherung von Flexibility- and Prescription-Models (und verwandten Daten), (2) der Techniken zur inkrementellen Aggregation von Instanzen eines Flexibilitätsmodells und Disaggregation von Prescription-Models, (3) eines Datenbankmanagementsystem (DBMS) mit integrierter Optimierungskomponente, die es erlaubt, Optimierungsprobleme mit Hilfe von SQL-ähnlichen Anfragen zu formulieren und sie „in einer Datenbank zu lösen“, (4) einer Echtzeit-Datenmanagementarchitektur zur Verarbeitung von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models unter (weichen oder harten) Zeitvorgaben und (5) einer grafische Benutzeroberfläche (GUI) zur Visualisierung und Analyse von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models. Darüber hinaus diskutiert und veranschaulicht diese Arbeit beispielhaft ohne detaillierte Evaluation (1) anwendungsspezifische und im DBMS integrierte Vorhersageverfahren, die die Vorhersage von Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models auf Basis historischer Daten ermöglichen, und (2) leistungsfähige Möglichkeiten zur Analyse von Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft auf Basis sogenannter hypothetischer „What-if“-Szenarien und der in der Datenbank hinterlegten Instanzen der Flexibility- and Prescription-Models. Die meisten der Beiträge auf dieser Ebene basieren auf dem Smart-Grid-Anwendungsfall. Zusammenfassend befasst sich diese Arbeit mit (1) dem Modell eines CPS mit Planungsfunktionen, (2) dem Design und der experimentellen Evaluierung von Prescriptive-Analytics-Techniken, die eine effektive Vorhersage, Aggregation, Disaggregation, Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer Modelle der physischen Welt ermöglichen und (3) dem Anwendungsfall der Energiedomäne, der zeigt, wie die vorgestellten Konzepte in der Praxis Anwendung finden. Wir glauben, dass diese Beiträge einen wesentlichen Schritt in der zukünftigen Entwicklung planender CPS darstellen. / Mere og mere af vores fysiske verden bliver overvåget og kontrolleret af såkaldte cyber-fysiske systemer (CPSer). Disse er sammensætninger af netværksbaserede autonome IT (cyber) og fysiske (physical) agenter, såsom sensorer, aktuatorer, beregningsenheder, og mennesker. I dag er CPSer stadig forholdsvis små og meget begrænsede i forhold til de CPSer vi kan forvente i fremtiden. Fremtidige CPSer forventes at være langt mere komplekse, storstilede, udbredte, og missionskritiske, og vil kunne findes i en række områder såsom transport, medicin, produktion og energi, hvor de vil give mange fordele, såsom øget effektivitet, bæredygtighed, pålidelighed og sikkerhed. For at frigøre CPSernes fulde potentiale, skal de bl.a. udstyres med støtte til automatiseret planlægning og kontrol, hvor beregningsagenter i samspil og løbende planlægger og styrer deres handlinger på en intelligent og velkoordineret måde for at sikre og optimere en fysisk proces, såsom elforsyningen i elnettet. I nuværende CPSer er styringen typisk automatiseret, mens planlægningen udelukkende er foretaget af mennesker. Det er umuligt for mennesker at planlægge hver handling i et fremtidigt CPS på grund af kompleksiteten, skalaen, og omskifteligheden af en fysisk proces. På grund af disse egenskaber, skal kontrol og planlægning være kontinuerlig og automatiseret i fremtidens CPSer. Mennesker kan kun analysere og justere systemets drift ved hjælp af det sæt af værktøjer, der understøtter præskriptive analyser (prescriptive analytics), der giver dem mulighed for (1) at lave forudsigelser, (2) at få forslagene fra de mest fremtrædende sæt handlinger (beslutninger), der skal tages, og (3) at analysere konsekvenserne, hvis sådanne handlinger blev udført. Denne afhandling omhandler planlægning og kontrol i forbindelse med store multi-agent CPSer. Baseret på en smart-grid use case, præsenterer afhandlingen det såkaldte PrescriptiveCPS hvilket er (den konceptuelle model af) et multi-agent, multi-rolle, og multi-level CPS, der automatisk og kontinuerligt tager beslutninger i nær-realtid og leverer (menneskelige) brugere præskriptiveanalyseværktøjer til at analysere og håndtere det underliggende fysiske system (eller proces). I erkendelse af kompleksiteten af CPSer, giver denne afhandling bidrag til følgende tre niveauer: (1) niveauet for et (fuldt) PrescriptiveCPS, (2) niveauet for en enkelt PrescriptiveCPS agent, og (3) niveauet for en komponent af et CPS agent software system. På CPS-niveau, omfatter bidragene definitionen af PrescriptiveCPS, i henhold til hvilken det er det system med interagerende fysiske- og IT- (under-) systemer. Her består IT-systemet af hierarkisk organiserede forbundne agenter der sammen styrer instanser af såkaldte fleksibilitet (flexibility), beslutning (decision) og præskriptive (prescription) modeller, som henholdsvis er kortvarige, fokuserer på fremtiden, og repræsenterer en kapacitet, en (brugers) intention, og måder til at ændre adfærd (tilstand) af et fysisk system. På agentniveau omfatter bidragene en tre-lags arkitektur af et agent software system, der integrerer antallet af komponenter, der er specielt konstrueret eller udbygges til at understøtte funktionaliteten af PrescriptiveCPS. Komponentniveauet er hvor afhandlingen har sit hovedbidrag. Bidragene omfatter beskrivelse, design og eksperimentel evaluering af (1) et samlet multi- dimensionelt skema til at opbevare fleksibilitet og præskriptive modeller (og data), (2) teknikker til trinvis aggregering af fleksibilitet modelinstanser og disaggregering af præskriptive modelinstanser (3) et database management system (DBMS) med indbygget optimeringsproblemløsning (optimization problem solving) der gør det muligt at formulere optimeringsproblemer ved hjælp af SQL-lignende forespørgsler og at løse dem "inde i en database", (4) en realtids data management arkitektur til at behandle instanser af fleksibilitet og præskriptive modeller under (bløde eller hårde) tidsbegrænsninger, og (5) en grafisk brugergrænseflade (GUI) til visuelt at analysere fleksibilitet og præskriptive modelinstanser. Derudover diskuterer og eksemplificerer afhandlingen (men giver ingen evalueringer af) (1) domæne-specifikke og in-DBMS generiske prognosemetoder der gør det muligt at forudsige instanser af fleksibilitet modeller baseret på historiske data, og (2) kraftfulde måder at analysere tidligere-, nutids- og fremtidsbaserede såkaldte hypotetiske hvad-hvis scenarier og fleksibilitet og præskriptive modelinstanser gemt i en database. De fleste af bidragene på dette niveau er baseret på et smart-grid brugsscenarie. Sammenfattende giver afhandlingen (1) modellen for et CPS med planlægningsmulighed, (2) design og eksperimentel evaluering af præskriptive analyse teknikker der gør det muligt effektivt at forudsige, aggregere, disaggregere, visualisere og analysere komplekse modeller af den fysiske verden, og (3) brugsscenariet fra energiområdet, der viser, hvordan de indførte begreber kan anvendes i den virkelige verden. Vi mener, at dette bidrag udgør et betydeligt skridt i retning af at udvikle CPSer til planlægningsbrug i fremtiden.

El presente proyecto de investigación se encuentra delimitado en el estudio de las Micro y pequeñas empresas limeñas dedicadas al servicio de alojamiento dentro de la categoría de Hoteles de 2 y 3 estrellas. Para ello se ha estudiado el contexto social y económico del estado Peruano, las micro empresas y el sector dedicado a actividades de alojamiento, a fin de entender la evolución del mercado hotelero en aspectos económicos, de formalidad, tiempo de vida, entre otros. La información obtenida por medio de papers, libros, revisas, así como entrevistas a profundidad realizada a los empresarios fue empleada para el diseño de un modelo de Gestión que permita formalizar y optimizar los procesos relacionados al Planeamiento y control de la producción que realizan estas empresas. Al tratarse de una empresa dedicada a brindar un bien intangible se entiende como Planeamiento y control de la producción al conjunto de actividades que se dan para obtener y aprovechar los recursos necesarios para brindar un óptimo servicio de alojamiento a los clientes. El proyecto esta conformado por cinco capítulos. El primero, abarca la mención de distintos estudios realizados por diversos autores con relación al mercado peruano, la gestión por procesos, micro y pequeñas empresas y el sector alojamiento ; así como la mención de casos de éxito de Modelos de gestión de procesos y Planeamiento y control de la producción implementados en otras empresas. En el segundo capítulo se investigó acerca de la situación actual del Perú, las micro y pequeñas empresas y el sector alojamiento y los cambios que han surgido en los últimos cinco años ; además, se evaluaron los resultados de las entrevistas a profundidad realizadas a los empresarios. En el tercero se diseño el Modelo de Gestión de Planeamiento y Control de la Producción de acuerdo a las necesidades encontradas en la investigación. En el cuarto capítulo se muestran las validaciones de cada capítulo así como las calificaciones y aportes que dieron disintos especialistas al Proyecto de Investigación. Por último, en el quinto capítulo se incluyeron a las conclusiones y recomendaciones más relevantes relacionadas a la investigación y al modelo propuesto. / The present research project is delimited in the study of the micro and small Lima companies dedicated to the accommodation service within the category of 2 and 3 star hotels. For this purpose, the social and economic context of the Peruvian state, micro enterprises and the sector dedicated to housing activities has been studied, in order to understand the evolution of the hotel market in economic aspects, of formality, life time, among others. The information obtained through papers, books, reviews, as well as in-depth interviews with businessmen was used to design a management model to formalize and optimize the processes related to Planning and control carried out by these companies. These companies are dedicated to providing an intangible for this reason the Planning and production control are the set of activities that are maken to obtain and take advantage of the resources necessary to provide an optimal hosting service to customers. The project is made up of five chapters. The first includes the mention of different studies carried out by different authors in relation to the Peruvian market, process management, micro and small companies and the housing sector; as well as the mention of successful cases of Process Management Models and Production Planning and Control implemented in other companies. The second chapter is about the current situation of Peru, micro and small enterprises and the housing sector and the changes that have arisen in this sector the last five years; In addition, the results of the in-depth interviews with businessmen were evaluated. In the third one, the Management Model of Production Planning and Control was designed according to the needs found in the investigation. In the fourth chapter the validations of each chapter as well as the qualifications and contributions that gave different specialists to the Research Project are shown. Finally, the fifth chapter included the most relevant conclusions and recommendations related to the research and the proposed model. / Tesis

Uma rede de cooperação entre empresas é definida como um grupo de empresas que interagem entre si pela troca de competências, de forma a atender uma série de suas necessidades que seriam de difícil satisfação no caso de atuarem isoladamente. Tendo em vista que o planejamento e controle da produção possui importância de primeira grandeza dentro da empresa industrial como da rede de cooperação, e que, através da modelagem organizacional, pode-se observar as empresas com uma maior e melhor dimensão de entendimento, permitindo a integração dos seus componentes. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de adequar o PCP ao ambiente de redes de cooperação entre empresas, por meio da utilização da metodologia de modelagem organizacional (EKD) e de um estudo de caso em obra de construção civil / An interorganizational cooperation network is defined as a group of companies which interact among themselves for exchange of competences, so a series of necessity from the companies which would be a difficult satisfaction if the work were done individually. In view of that the production planning and control has a great importance in an industrial company and also in the cooperation network. Through organizational modeling, can be observed the company with a greater and better dimension of agreement, which allows the integration of the companies’ components. This work has the objective to adjust the PPC to the environment of cooperation networks between companies, once several resources, capacities and ability are congregated and must be endeavored by a flow of information, through the use of the methodology of organizational modeling (EKD) and case study in workmanship of civil construction

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Dewey. / Bibliography: leaves 135-138. / M.S.