Les odeurs émises par les plantes sont souvent interprétées dans le cadre de leur interaction avec les insectes pollinisateurs, herbivores et ennemis naturels, en tant que signaux de communication dont la fonction est l'attraction ou la répulsion de ces insectes. Pourtant, la communication a une définition précise en biologie évolutive, et le terme « signal » ne doit s'appliquer qu'à des traits de l'émetteur qui ont été sélectionnés dans le cadre de l'interaction avec le récepteur par voie sensorielle. De plus, certaines études démontrent que les Composés organiques volatils (COV) émis par les feuilles participent à la défense des plantes contre divers stress abiotiques (notamment stress oxydant et thermique) et biotiques (pathogènes, induction des défenses). L'idée de cette thèse, c'est d'essayer de faire rentrer l'ensemble de ces contextes et fonctions potentielles dans un cadre commun. En utilisant comme modèle les figuiers, leurs pollinisateur et parasites spécialistes, j'ai choisi comme approche de comparer les variations des odeurs de figue à celles de odeurs de feuille, au cours du développement des figues et au cours d'une journée. Dans les deux cas, les feuilles constituent un témoin permettant de déterminer si les variations observées peuvent être adaptatives vis-à-vis de l'interaction avec les insectes, mais aussi de considérer explicitement les fonctions potentielles des odeurs émises en dehors de la réceptivité. Ainsi, les fonctions de protection contre les stress habituellement attribuées aux odeurs de feuilles sont également pertinentes pour les odeurs de figues. A partir de là, le constat que le concept de communication n'est pas pertinent pour décrire le rôle des odeurs dans les interactions figuier-parasite permet de développer une réflexion sur la manière dont les phytophages et leurs ennemis naturels sont susceptibles d'influer sur l'évolution des odeurs émises par les plantes. Enfin, dans le cas de la communication olfactive figuier-pollinisateur, l'étude du cas de Ficus septica, chez qui deux pollinisateurs écologiquement différenciés coexistent, permet d'imaginer un mécanisme potentiel de co-spéciation écologique dans lequel la divergence des modalités de communication olfactive participerait à la mise en place de l'isolement reproducteur. / The scents emitted by plants are often interpreted in the light of their interaction with pollinators, phytophagous insects and their natural ennemies, as communication signals whose function is to attract or repel those insects. However, according to the adaptive definition of communication, a trait can be called “signal” only if it has been selected for the sensory interaction with a receptor. In addition, it has been shown that the volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by leaves participate to the defense of the plant against abiotic (especially oxidative/heat stress) and biotic stresses (pathogens, induction of defenses). The idea underlying this thesis it to put all all the contexts of emission and functions together within a common framework. Using the fig-pollinator-parasite model, the approach I choose was to compare the variation of fig scent with that of leaf scent, along their development and daily. In both cases, leaf scent is a control trait that allows to determine if the variations observed in figs are possibly adaptive regarding the interaction with insects, and to explicitely consider the potential functions of the scents emitted out of receptivity. Stress-protective functions that are evidenced in leaf scents are thus also relevant in figs. Then, the fact that communication is not relevant to describe the role of scents in the fig-parasite interaction led me to develop a reflection on the way phytophagous insects and their natural enemies could influence the evolution of plant scents. Finally, in the case of fig-pollinator communication, studying the case of Ficus septica, that is associated to two co-occuring ecologically differenciated pollinators, allows to imagine a potential co-speciation mechanism, where the divergence of communication mode would contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation.

Document formatted into pages; contains 46 pages. / Title from PDF of title page. / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Herbivore abundances are determined by a set of interacting factors that vary among different habitat types. Specifically, herbivore abundances in monocultures and polycultures may be governed by the same set of factors but with varying influences in the different habitats. In addition, monophagous and polyphagous herbivores may respond differently to the same set of influencing factors. I examined several abiotic and biotic factors in manipulated monocultures and polycultures of Borrichia frutescens in a west central Florida salt marsh. The experimental plots differed in both plant diversity and aboveground habitat structure to see how each component of diversity contributed to variability in the abiotic and biotic factors and how those factors were related to differences in herbivore abundances. The monoculture treatment involved clipping all above ground non-host plant material to achieve a host plant monoculture. The polyculture treatments involved pinning all non-host plant material to achieve a polyculture with reduced above ground habitat structure. The second polyculture treatment was a control in which the naturally diverse plots were unmanipulated. Two monophagous and one polyphagous herbivores were chosen for this study because of their abundance and availability in the field. The two monophagous herbivores on the host plant Borrichia frutescens were Pissonotus quadripustulatus (Homoptera:Delphacidae) and Asphondylia borrichiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) both of which have been well studied in the field where the current experiment took place. The polyphagous herbivore was Cyarda acutissima (Homoptera: Flatidae), a poorly known invasive from Cuba. Soil salinity and host plant leaf nitrogen content were the abiotic factors measured. Herbivore abundances, percent egg and gall parasitism by parasitoids, spider abundances on host plant stems and ground spider abundances were the biotic factors measured. Both salinity and host plant leaf nitrogen were significantly different among the different treatments with clipped plots having the highest salinity and leaf nitrogen content. Population densities of both of the monophagous herbivores were not significantly different between treatments. The polyphagous herbivore had significantly higher abundances in the pinned and control plots than in the clipped plots. Stem spider abundances were not significantly different among treatments. Ground spiders, however, were significantly more abundant in control and pinned plots than clipped plots. Parasitism of both monophagous herbivores was not significantly different between treatments but was generally higher in the control plots. The results suggest that for monophagous herbivores bottom-up and top-down factors act antagonistically in monocultures but for the polyphagous herbivore, the presence of multiple host plants is more influential in diverse plots even given the higher abundances of generalist predators. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Exotic species are a great concern because of the possibility of negative effects once they become established. The exotic cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum has a reputation for being detrimental to Opuntia populations throughout Florida and the southeastern United States. Multiple projects are currently underway to attempt to contain and eradicate this species before it can migrate to the Opuntia-rich desert southwest and the agricultural Opuntia fields in the Mexican highlands. These projects have been undertaken without previous studies to determine what negative effects, if any, the moth is having on the common native Opuntia species. This is understandable; since it was earlier suggested that C. cactorum was doing great harm to rare and endangered species in the Florida Keys (Stiling et al. 2004). This study looks at the effects of the native moth borer, Melitara prodenialis and the exotic invader, Cactoblastis cactorum on two common Opuntia spp. within central Flo rida. Throughout the duration of this study, the coastal plants were subjected to damage solely by C. cactorum and the inland plants by M. prodenialis. The amount of moth damage was compared between three inland and three coastal sites, as well as between plants subjected to prescribed fire and those that were not within these sites. Plant mortality was determined for both the sites and burn treatments. The number of eggsticks was also compared between inland and coastal sites and burned and unburned treatments. The results of this study show that although there is a significant difference in plant mortality between inland and coastal sites (higher mortality was shown at inland locations), there is no difference in moth damage at these sites. This suggests that the exotic moth is doing similar or less damage to the cactus than is the native moth. The number of eggsticks was also greater at coastal sites. This indicates that although the exotic moth is more prolific than the native, it is still unable to cause higher cactus mortality rates. None of the data was significant between burned and unburned treatments, indicating that prescribed fire does not have any effect, negative or positive on the Opuntia.

Les insectes phytophages causent des dommages importants aux cultures. Ces insectes sont principalement contrôlés par l’utilisation d’insecticides mais les effets néfastes des composés utilisés sur la santé humaine et l’environnement ainsi que l’apparition de populations résistantes à ces composés imposent de trouver des stratégies de lutte alternatives. Sélectionner des plantes pour leur résistance aux insectes pourrait être une solution intéressante. Un frein majeur au développement de cette stratégie est le fait qu’un grand nombre de génotypes doit être criblé pour identifier des sources de résistance et que le phénotypage est souvent complexe et limite les possibilités de criblage à grande échelle. Pour lever ces verrous, il est important de comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine des résistances. Une fois ces mécanismes précisés dans le cadre de l’interaction entre une culture et un ravageur, l’identification de traits clés de cette interaction permet d’envisager l’utilisation de biomarqueurs de la résistance qui peuvent fortement simplifier le phénotypage. Ce type d’approche a été conduit au cours de cette thèse dans le cadre de l’interaction entre le colza (Brassica napus) et l’un de ses principaux ravageurs, le méligèthe (Brassicogethes aeneus). Des travaux antérieurs avaient mis en évidence l’existence de certains composés biochimiques présents dans le périanthe des boutons floraux et corrélés au niveau d’attaque de différents génotypes de colza. Ces résultats avaient été obtenus au laboratoire et il était nécessaire de les confirmer dans des conditions de culture réalistes. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était donc de développer une méthode permettant de cribler au champ différents génotypes de colza pour leur résistance au méligèthe afin de valider ou non le potentiel des composés biochimiques identifiés précédemment comme biomarqueurs mais aussi d’en identifier de nouveaux. Le second objectif de ce travail était de mieux comprendre l’écologie alimentaire du méligèthe afin d’identifier de nouvelles cibles potentielles pour la sélection de plantes résistantes. Nous avons mené plusieurs expérimentations sur le terrain qui nous ont permis de développer une méthode de crible au champ des génotypes de colza pour leur résistance au méligèthe. Cette méthode a mis en évidence l’existence de différences de résistance fortes et robustes entre génotypes parmi une gamme de 19 génotypes testés. Les biomarqueurs potentiels précédemment identifiés n’ont pas été validés au champ mais deux autres composés semblent influencer la résistance au méligèthe et pourraient être utilisés comme futurs biomarqueurs. Ces expériences au champ ont aussi permis de montrer que la biochimie des périanthes était très dépendante des conditions environnementales, ce qui pourra compliquer le travail de sélection. Par ailleurs, des expériences de développement réalisées en conditions contrôlées ont montré que le méligèthe utilisait le nectar présent dans les fleurs de colza mais que celui-ci ne semblait pas affecter son développement. Le pollen semble, jouer un rôle important sur son développement mais les larves parviennent à se développer sans son apport. Les expériences sur le comportement alimentaire du méligèthe adulte ont montré que cet insecte avait un patron d’attaque spécifique sur les inflorescences de colza en s’alimentant avant tout sur les boutons de petite taille (donc moins riches en pollen par rapport aux gros). Il semble que la disponibilité mais surtout l’accessibilité du pollen médiée par le périanthe joue un rôle essentiel dans le comportement de cet insecte. Ce travail a permis de mieux comprendre le comportement alimentaire du méligèthe et d’identifier des traits importants pour son développement. Ce travail montre que des résistances modérées existent au sein du colza et qu’elles pourraient être utilisées pour la sélection variétale. Il pointe aussi les limites des approches basées sur des biomarqueurs biochimiques. / Herbivorous insects cause important yield losses to crops. These insects are mainly managed through insecticides but negative effects of used compounds on the human health and the environment as well as the development of resistant pest populations impose finding alternative strategies to manage them. Breeding plants for enhanced resistance to insects is an attractive strategy. This kind of strategy was already implemented to manage insects but examples of its utilisation remain rare. The main limitation of this strategy is that a large number of genotypes needs to be screened through generally complex phenotyping methods to identify resistances. To circumvent these issues, an approach based on the understanding of plant defence mechanisms and the utilisation of biochemical biomarkers linked to resistance could be interesting. During this PhD, this kind of approach was developed on the oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and one of its main pests, the pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus). Previous studies identified chemical compounds present in the perianth of flower buds and correlated to oilseed rape resistance to pollen beetle. However these studies were carried out in the laboratory and need to be validated in field conditions. Moreover, information on pollen beetle feeding ecology are still lacking while they could help identifying new targets for breeding. The first objective of this PhD is to develop a method allowing to screen resistance to the pollen beetle in the field. This method will allow to confirm the potential biomarkers previously identified and to look for additional biomarkers. The second objective of the present work was to better understand key steps in the interaction between the pest and its host plant to identify potential new target traits for resistance. For this purpose, the importance of food sources present in flowers such as pollen and nectar on pollen beetle development and the factors impacting the feeding pattern of adults on the inflorescence were investigated. We conducted field experiments in two different sites and for two consecutive years and propose a method allowing to screen oilseed rape resistance to pollen beetle in the field. Using this method, we were able to identify genotypes with moderate levels of resistance among a set of 19 genotypes. Previously identified biochemical biomarkers were not correlated with plant resistance in the field but new markers were identified (i.e. quinic acid and arginine). Our field experiments also showed that plant composition is highly variable according to the environment and this variability could affect usefulness of these markers during plant breeding programs. Experiments under controlled conditions also showed that pollen beetle used nectar for feeding but that it did not seem to affect its development. Pollen, on the other hand, seemed to have a more important impact but was not indispensable to pollen beetle development. The study of the pollen beetle feeding behaviour showed that this insect has a surprising feeding pattern on oilseed rape inflorescences and that small buds are more used for feeding than large buds that contain more pollen. It seems that accessibility and to a lesser extend availability of feeding resource explain this pattern and that the perianth has a major role on this preference. These experiments allowed to better understand the pollen beetle feeding ecology and to identify plant traits important for its development. Our work showed that moderate levels of resistance are present in oilseed rape and could be used in breeding programs. Limitations of approaches based on biochemical biomarkers are discussed.

The recognition of ecological speciation and hybridisation as key components of speciation has led to a major shift in evolutionary biology over the last decade. The mimetic Heliconius butterflies of the Neotropics have served as a prominent example of both, although the vast majority of studies have focused exclusively on very recent divergences and on colour pattern adaptation, neglecting deeper timescales and patterns across the rich diversity of the adaptive radiation. The relative importance across adaptive radiations of allopatry, changing ecological pressures, adaptive morphology and introgression promoted by natural and sexual selection remains unknown. I combine phylogenetics, genomics and comparative approaches to elucidate the patterns and identify the key drivers of diversification in the continental-scale radiation of Heliconius and nine related genera. I present the first comprehensive, multilocus and time-calibrated phylogeny of the group and find that shifts in diversification rate cannot be unequivocally attributed to a single environmental factor. The potential role of coevolution with the obligatory host plants Passiflora is examined with the aid of a new phylogeny of the passion vines. Evidence is found for diffuse coevolution, as the diet of most Heliconiini is not predicted by their phylogeny and varies at short timescales. Although passion vine butterflies are the leading example of speciation by hybridisation, this process has been described in only one subgenus. I utilise whole exome data to examine the morphologically suggestive case of a putative hybrid from another clade and find no evidence of introgression. The data is further used to answer long-standing questions about the origins of the most phenotypically diverse species. In the final chapter whole genome data are applied to characterise the patterns of divergence and gene flow across the entire genera Heliconius and Eueides, characterising the patterns of conflicting signal and comparing the performance of philosophically distinct approaches to reflect the heterogeneity across the genome. I find that the phylogeny is unstable due to a combination if incomplete lineage sorting and introgression and may never be fully resolved, perhaps necessitating a network representation. Genomic admixture is a unique property of just one clade comprising a quarter of all species, and involves primarily the adaptive wing pattern loci. Surprisingly, the sex-linked Z chromosome shows a different order of speciation events. Altogether my results show unexpectedly limited role of allopatry, geoclimatic variables and host plant adaptation in the diversification of a major insect radiation, thus confirming the importance of ecological speciation driven by selection on wing patterns. However, I also demonstrate that introgression may be less important in this group than previously thought.

This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of gene regulation underlying the distinct categories of resistance afforded to wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) by different Dn genes. Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Mordv.) feeding on susceptible wheat cultivars causes leaf rolling, chlorosis and the eventual death of the plant. Plants expressing Dn genes are resistant to D. noxia infestation, but different Dn genes afford phenotypically distinct modes of resistance: the Dn1 gene confers an antibiotic effect to lower aphid fecundity; Dn2 confers tolerance to high aphid pressure; and Dn5 confers antixenosis, and aphids do not prefer such plants as hosts. Little is known about the components involved in establishing a successful defence response against D. noxia attack and how these differ between the distinct resistance categories. It is assumed that the Dn genes function as classic R genes in plant defence, being receptors for elicitors in aphid saliva. Upon recognition, defence response signalling is initiated, but the exact mechanics of subsequent cellular events in aphid resistance have only recently come under investigation. Evidence from cDNA microarray and subtractive hybridization experiments indicated the involvement of kinase signalling cascades and photosynthetic proteins in the response against D. noxia. However, expression analysis describing how these processes differ between plants carrying different Dn genes and how these differences account for antibiosis, antixenosis or tolerance had not been conducted. We consequently investigated the downstream components involved in or affected by the generation of these resistance mechanisms by comparing the responses in transcript regulation of Tugela near-isogenic lines with different Dn genes to D. noxia infestation. cDNA-AFLP analysis was selected as an appropriate functional genomics tool, since it is semi-quantitative, does not require prior sequence information and allows for the discovery of novel genes. cDNA-AFLP analysis yielded 121 differentially regulated transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) grouped into eight expression clusters. We cloned and sequenced 49 representative TDFs, which were further classified into five broad functional categories based on inferred similarity to database sequences. Transcripts involved in such diverse processes as stress, signal transduction, photosynthesis, metabolism and gene regulation were found to be differentially regulated during D. noxia feeding. Many TDFs demonstrated homology to proteins with unknown function and several novel transcripts with no similarity to previously published sequences were also discovered. Detailed expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR and RNA hybridization provided evidence that the time and intensity of induction of specific pathways is critical for the development of a particular mode of resistance. This includes: the generation of kinase signalling cascades and the induction of several ancillary processes such as ubiquitination, leading to a sustained oxidative burst and the hypersensitive response during antibiosis; tolerance as a passive resistance mechanism countering aphid-induced symptoms through the repair or de novo synthesis of photosystem proteins; and the possible involvement of ethylene-mediated wounding pathways in generating volatile organic compounds during antixenosis. This is the first report on the involvement of KCO1, a vacuolar K+ channel, in assisting cytosolic Ca2+-influx and preventing leaf rolling, as well as on the role of iron homeostasis as a gene regulatory mechanism for sustaining the oxidative burst during the antibiotic defence response. This study opens up several areas of investigation heretofore unexplored in cereal-aphid interaction research. Of particular interest is the induction of genes involved in photosynthetic compensation during Dn2 tolerance responses, since these constitute a novel, passive resistance mechanism exclusive to aphid defence as opposed to the active resistance triggered in the presence of the Dn1 gene in the form of a general hypersensitive response. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Genetics / unrestricted

Les forêts fournissent de nombreux services écosystémiques qui peuvent être compromis par les insectes. Le maintien de la santé des forêts est un enjeu majeur de la gestion forestière qui nécessite l’acquisition de connaissances sur les interactions arbres-ravageurs. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la question de la résistance des chênes à un ravageur, la chenille processionnaire du chêne (CPC).La CPC est un herbivore spécialiste des chênes décidus en Europe. Elle est responsable de fortes défoliations, en plus de graves urtications chez les usagers de la forêt. Au travers d’une série d’observations et d’expériences menées à plusieurs niveaux d’intégration (de l’arbre jusqu’à la forêt), nous nous sommes intéressés à la réponse de la CPC à différents facteurs écologiques intervenant dans la résistance des arbres : la composition du peuplement, le voisinage et les traits foliaires liés à la défense.La résistance des arbres aux herbivores est influencée par la composition des forêts. Pour une espèce donnée, les arbres subissent en général moins d’attaques dans les mélanges que dans les peuplements purs (résistance par association). Nous avons testé l’effet des associations entre espèces d’arbres sur la résistance des chênes à la CPC, en comparant l’abondance des adultes et les dégâts des larves sur le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur) et le chêne sessile (Q.petraea) dans des peuplements purs ou mélangés. Nous avons exploré les mécanismes sous-jacents, en recherchant les traits foliaires des chênes impliqués dans la variabilité des performances de la CPC. Enfin, nous nous sommes interrogés sur les causes génétiques et environnementales de la variabilité interindividuelle dans l’expression de ces traits.Premièrement, nous avons mis en évidence une plus grande susceptibilité de Q.petraea, caractérisée par une plus grande attractivité de Q.petraea pour les papillons de CPC, un niveau de défoliation plus élevé et une plus grande survie et prise de poids des larves sur cette essence. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence une plus grande susceptibilité des chênes dans les peuplements purs par rapport aux peuplements mélangés, en particulier ceux associant un chêne à une autre essence non hôte. Ensuite, nous avons étudié les mécanismes conférant une plus grande résistance à Q.robur et aux peuplements mélangés, en mesurant les traits foliaires (les défenses chimiques et la phénologie). La synchronisation entre le développement des feuilles et celui des larves est apparue comme un facteur clé déterminant les performances de la CPC. La concentration des défenses chimiques dans les feuilles était positivement corrélée au taux de consommation des feuilles par les chenilles, suggérant une compensation alimentaire pour maintenir la croissance sur les feuilles les plus défendues. Nous avons montré que l’expression de ces traits était influencée par l’identité des voisins. Enfin, chez Q.robur, nous avons montré l’existence d’un contrôle génétique de l’arbre sur les performances des chenilles.L’ensemble des résultats permet de mieux comprendre les processus impliqués dans l’effet du mélange d’essences sur les dégâts d’insectes et apporte des éléments permettant d’orienter la gestion des peuplements de chênes pour une meilleure résistance à la CPC. Au vu de ces résultats, il semblerait préférable de favoriser Q.robur pour sa moindre attractivité et sa plus grande résistance à la CPC. Cette proposition va toutefois à l’encontre des préconisations d’utilisation de Q.petraea pour adapter les chênaies au risque de déficit hydrique et ne fait que rajouter un élément de complexité à la gestion de la résistance des forêts face à des perturbations multiples en interaction. A l’aune de la mise en évidence de l’effet du génotype de l’arbre et de ses traits foliaires dans le développement de la CPC, la caractérisation des gènes et des molécules de défenses impliquées reste un champ de recherche quasi inexplorée, qu’il conviendra de défricher. / Forest ecosystems provide a series of ecosystem services that can be threatened by pest insects. Maintaining forest health is therefore a major challenge of forest management that requires a sound understanding of tree-pest interactions. In this context, we investigated oak resistance (and its drivers) to a pest insect, the oak processionary moth (OPM), Thaumetopoea processionea.The OPM is a specialist herbivore feeding on oaks in Europe. It is responsible for significant defoliation, in addition to serious urtication in forest users and practitioners. Through a series of observations and experiments carried out at several levels of integration (from tree to forest stand levels), we investigated the response of this insect to various ecological factors involved in oak resistance: forest stand species composition, tree neighbourhood effects and leaf traits potentially associated with defence.Forest species composition has well documented effects on tree resistance to herbivores. For a given species, trees are generally less attacked in mixtures than in pure stands (i.e. associational resistance). But the opposite - associational susceptibility - also exists. We tested whether tree species diversity generated associational resistance to OPM, by comparing abundance and damage on the pedunculate (Quercus robur) and sessile oaks (Q. petraea) in pure and mixed stands. We also investigated the underlying mechanisms, by characterizing the leaf traits involved in the variability of OPM performance. Finally, we focused on the genetic and environmental causes of inter-individual variability in the expression of these traits.First, we found that Q. petraea was generally more susceptible to the OPM than Q. robur. Stands dominated by Q. petraea attracted more OPM moths, Q. petraea suffered more defoliation, and OPM larvae had greater survival and weight gain on this species. We also found greater susceptibility of both oak species in pure stands as compared to mixed stands, particularly those associating an oak with another non-host species. Second, we investigated the mechanisms conferring greater resistance to Q. robur and to mixed stands by quantifying leaf chemical and developmental traits involved in oak-OPM interactions. The synchronization between leaf development and larval development also appeared to be a key factor determining the OPM performance. The concentration of leaf chemical defences was positively correlated with OPM consumption rate, suggesting a compensatory feeding response to maintain OPM growth rate on well-defended leaves. Leaf traits involved in oak-OPM interactions were partially determined by the identity of oak neighbours. Third, we found evidence that OPM performance was partially under the genetic control of their host trees in Q. robur.Overall, these results built toward a better understanding of the processes involved in the effect of tree species mixture on the damage caused by pest insects and provide new avenues to guide oak stand management for improved resistance to OPM. Based on the results of this study, it would seem preferable to favour Q. robur in oak stands because it is less attractive and more resistant to OPM attacks, both in the field and in the laboratory. However, this statement goes against current recommendations to use Q. petraea to adapt the oak to the increased risk of water deficit and therefore adds to complexity of managing forests for resistance to multiple-interacting stresses.

We consider a population dynamics model in investigating data from controlled experiments with aphids in broccoli patches surrounded by different margin types (bare or weedy ground) and three levels of insecticide spray (no, light, or heavy spray). The experimental data is clearly aggregate in nature. In previous efforts [1], the aggregate nature of the data was ignored. In this paper, we embrace this aspect of the experiment and correctly model the data as aggregate data, comparing the results to the previous approach. We discuss cases in which the approach may provide similar results as well as cases in which there is a clear difference in the resulting fit to the data.

No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Entomology / C. Michael Smith / The Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) is a serious pest of world cereal grain crops, primarily barley and wheat. A phenotypic characteristic of D. noxia feeding, leaf rolling, creates a leaf pseudo gall which protects aphids, making it difficult to treat infested plants with insecticides or biological control agents. Therefore, the use of D. noxia-resistant crops is a desirable aphid management tactic. Because of the development of virulent D. noxia biotypes, the identification of new sources of barley and wheat resistance is necessary. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) utilizes the plant defense system to silence viruses in inoculated plants. The accumulation of virus RNA in plants triggers the defense system to silence sequences homologous to the introduced virus and sequences of interest from a plant are inserted into the virus and silenced along with the virus. The VIGS method was tested to determine the ability of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) to serve as a VIGS vector in wheat plants containing the Dnx gene for resistance to D. noxia. Dnx leaves with silenced BSMV virus yielded D. noxia populations that were significantly no different from populations produced on healthy Dnx leaves. Thus, BSMV silencing does not interfere with Dnx resistance. Several different methods were examined to determine how best to confine aphids to the silenced leaf, and a modified plastic straw cage was chosen as the optimum cage type. Microarray and gene expression data were analyzed to select two NBS-LRR type disease resistance protein genes - TaAffx.104814.1.S1_at and TaAffx.28897.1.S1 - (NBS-LRR1 and NBSLRR2), in order to assess their role in Dnx resistance. NBS-LRR1 and NBSLRR2 were silenced by inoculating leaves of Dnx plants with barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) containing sequences of each gene. Controls included Dnx and Dn0 plants inoculated with BSMV and non-BSMV inoculated plants. Aphids were allowed to feed on control and treatment plants to assess aphid population and mean weight of aphids surviving at the end of the experiment. There were no differences among treatments based on aphid population, but there were significant differences the mean weights of aphids reared on several different treatments.