Edamame's (Glycine max L. Merrill) consumption in the US has also been growing due to purported health benefits. Edamame grows well around the US, but few have measured the growth and yield in the mid-Atlantic region. The objective of these studies were to determine the potential yield of edamame, determine how yield components change with planting date and cultivar, and to measure total protein, lipids, antioxidant activity and isoflavone concentrations at harvest.. The five cultivars (BeSweet 292, BeSweet 2015, BeSweet 2001, Midori Giant and Sunrise) used in the cultivar evaluation trial and for nutritional constituents analysis were grown in Painter, Virginia in 2008 and 2009. The cultivar evaluation trial yielded between 5,600 and 8,400 kg per ha. Percent marketable pods ranged from 74.3 and 85.6% in the cultivar evaluation trial. There were significant differences in average seed size across cultivars in both years. Cultivar lipid content followed the same patterns in both years with 2009 having lower overall concentrations than 2008. Protein contents were similar in 2008 and 2009. Both years, "BeSweet 2015" and "BeSweet 2001" had high radical scavenging ability and Midori Giant had the lowest. In 2008, there were no significant differences in the ORAC assay. "BeSweet 292" had significantly more reducing activity in the DPPH assay than Sunrise in 2009. Isoflavones were measured in 2008 and 2009 at harvest and temporally in 2009. Of all isoflavones, Malonyl genistin had the highest concentration. Edamame is a suitable crop for cultivation in Virginia, and is high in nutritional quality. / Master of Science

As conservation subdivisions increase in popularity, large tracts of community open spaces are being created. The typical landscape treatment is usually reminiscent of the English Landscape School: acres of turf providing little wildlife habitat or environmental benefits. Many homeowners are sold on the idea of great expanses of turf similar to a golf course. The open spaces are generally left to the homeowners association to maintain. In some cases it is donated to local municipalities. Maintenance is often expensive and places a burden on local governments. This study will show that creating more sustainable open spaces can correct this problem. This can be accomplished through the use of an ecologically based planting design. The following thesis project focuses on an alternative landscape planting treatment for these large open spaces, a treatment that has a significant cost savings and offers a different experience. / Master of Landscape Architecture

XXI amžiuje visuomenės dėmesys savo gyvenamosios aplinkos gražinimui gerokai padidėjo. Tai, ko gero, paskatino padidėjęs augalų asortimentas, tinkamas auginti loveliuose, kubiluose ar pakabinamuose induose. Apželdinti daugiabučių gyvenamųjų namų langai ir balkonai šiais laikais jau nėra retenybė, tačiau gerų pavyzdžių dar yra gerokai mažiau nei blogų. Gėlių dekoratyvumas priklauso ne vien nuo parinktų gražių gėlių. Svarbu gėles ne tik tinkamai sukomponuoti, bet ir atsižvelgti į supančią aplinką. Kompozicinę vertę lemia balkono aukštis ir apžvalgumas, gėlių spalvų deriniai, lapų faktūra, komponavimas pagal žydėjimo laiką ir gėlių išdėstymo tvarka. Darbo objektu pasirinkti skirtingų statybos laikmečių (1960 – 2007 m.), gėlėmis apsodinti Šiaulių miesto pietinės dalies daugiabučių namų balkonai ir lauko palangės. Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti daugiabučių namų balkonų ir palangių želdinimo ypatumus Šiaulių miesto pietinėje dalyje. Atliekant tyrimą Šiaulių miesto pietinėje dalyje buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti ar balkonų ir lauko palangių želdinimui turi įtakos namo statybos laikmetis. Tyrimo metu buvo nustatytas balkonuose ir ant palangių auginamų augalų asortimentas iki genties. Aprašyti gėlių lovelių ir kitų indų tvirtinimo būdai, jų spalva, užfiksuotas jų kiekis balkonuose ir ant palangės. Išanalizavus gautus tyrimo duomenis, nustatyta, kad naujos statybos t.y. 2000 - 2007 m. namų balkonai yra želdinami gausiausiai (13 %), o apželdintų palangių daugiausiai aptikta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the twenty-first century, public attention to the repayment of their living environment has grown considerably. This probably led to an increased range of plants suitable for different containers. Planted windows and balconies of the apartment houses, these days it is no longer a rarity, but good examples are still significantly less than the blogosphere. Decorative flower depends not only on the selection of beautiful flowers. That it is important not only to compose the flowers, but also it‘s important to take into account the surrounding environment. The height and the visibility of the balcony, combinations of flower colors, the texture of leaf, the composition according to the time of flowering and flower arrangement leads the value of composition. The object of this work was the balconies and the window sills of different construction periods (1960 - 2007 year) apartment houses planted with flowers in the southern part of the city of Siauliai. The purpose of this study was to analyze the afforestation features of balconies and window sills of the apartment houses in the southern part of the city of Siauliai. In a study it was trying to find out, if the period of home construction affects afforestation of balconies and window sills in the southern part of the city of Siauliai. In this study was set the genus of cultivated plants on balconies and window sills, it was described the restraint techniques of flowers‘ troughs and other containers, their colors, it was set... [to full text]

Kong Hoi-Yeung. / Thesis submitted in: November 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-146). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of tables --- p.x / List of figures --- p.xi / List of plates --- p.xii / List of appendices --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter one --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Afforestation in Hong Kong --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual framework of the study --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Scope and significance of the study --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter Two --- The Study Area / Chapter 2.1 --- Geographical setting of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Climate --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Geology --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Soils --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Vegetation --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Characteristics of Lophostemon confertus --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Site selection --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Stand Characteristics of Lophostemon confertus Plantations / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sample plots design --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Tree density --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Tree growth parameters --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Tree density and mortality rate --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Growth performance of Lophostemon confertus --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Growth rate of Lophostemon confertus in the plantations --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Soil Characteristics of Lophostemon confertus Plantations / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methodology --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Soil sampling --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Texture --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Soil pH --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Organic carbon --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Carbon: Nitrogen ratio --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Mineral nitrogen (NH4-H and N03-N) --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Available phosphorus --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results and discussion --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Soil texture --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of Lophostemon confertus plantations on reaction pH --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Effects of Lophostemon confertus plantations on SOM, TKN and mineral nitrogen" --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Effects of Lophostemon confertus plantations on available P and exchangeable cations --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Effects of Lophostemon confertus plantations on nutrient status of the soils --- p.73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Understorey Vegetation of Lophostemon confertus Plantations / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Understorey plant sampling --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Species identification and nomenclature --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Plant growth parameters --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Data processing and statistical analysis --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Floristic composition of the Lophostemon confertus plantations --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- "Species richness, diversity and woody abundance of the understorey" --- p.93 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Species composition and structure of understories --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Dynamics of species establishment in the understorey --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2 --- Implications of the study --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Ecological value of Lophostemon confertus plantations in Hong Kong --- p.118 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Rehabilitation of badland derived from granite --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Management of the existing plantations --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.129 / Chapter 6.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.130 / References --- p.132 / Appendices --- p.147

Thesis (M. Agricultural Management (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / A survey study identified indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) utilized by rural communities in Limpopo Province in the three districts of Capricorn, Sekhukhune and Vhembe focusing on their availability, agronomic practices, marketing, medicinal and cultural roles, as well as their nutritional value. An ILV that was highly preferred and with good marketing potential was identified for further studies on its response to planting density and nitrogen fertilizer rate. A questionnaire survey was used to gather information about types of ILVs utilised, their production practices, marketing of ILVs and their importance in medicinal and cultural roles. Data collected were subjected to analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics. Results showed that there were 45 different types of ILVs identified from the three districts in Limpopo Province. Farmers indicated that cultivation of these vegetables was mostly done from October to January in Sekhukhune and Capricorn district while in Vhembe it was practiced all year round. Most of farmers in Vhembe district used inorganic fertilizer during planting while farmers in Sekhukhune and Capricorn districts used organic fertilizers such as cattle manure. Irrigation was commonly used in Vhembe district through furrow irrigation system whereas in Capricorn and Sekhukhune districts most farmers relied on rainfall. Farmers indicated that harvesting was done at an early growing stage of the crop. Indigenous leafy vegetables were mostly marketed in local communities. Several ILVs were identified as preferred and regularly consumed as vegetables. Spider plant (Cleome gynandra) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum) were identified as the most consumed ILVs in the three districts. Comparing the market potential of the two vegetables, S. retroflexum was chosen for further studies on its response to plant density and nitrogen fertilizer rate. The first study investigated the effect of varying plant density (inter and intra-row spacing) and the second study evaluated the response of intra-row spacing and nitrogen fertilizer (LAN-28%N) rate on growth and yield of S. retroflexum during 2014 (April to May) and 2015 (March to May) growing seasons. The plant density experiment was laid out as a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatment factors were 3 inter-row spacings of 30, 45 and 60 cm and 4 intra-row spacings of vi 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 cm. The data collected included plant height, plant vigour, number of leaves and branches per plant as well as plant leaf yield. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using STATISTIX 10.0 package and mean treatments were separated using Turkey HSD at 5% probability level. The results revealed that growth parameters (plant height, plant vigour, number of branches and leaves) and plant leaf yield were significantly influenced by the combined inter and intra-row spacings. Closer inter-row spacings of 30 cm and 45 cm, and intra-row spacings of 7.5 and 15 cm produced the highest values of parameters and plant leaf yield. The combined spacings of 30 x 7.5 cm produced the highest plant leaf yield. The second study was also laid out as a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments were 6 x 2 factorial arrangement: 6 levels of nitrogen (LAN-28%N) at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N/ha and two intra-row spacings of 15 and 30cm. Inter-row spacing of 30 cm was used. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied a week after transplanting and repeated a week after first harvesting. Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using STATISTIX 10.0 package. Where significant differences were detected, means were separated using Turkey HSD at 5% propability level. The results suggested that both nitrogen fertilizer and spacing can be used to enhance growth and leaf yield of S. retroflexum vegetable. Nitrogen fertilizer rate and plant density significantly (P≤0.05) affected plant growth and plant leaf yields. Growth parameters and leaf yield were optimised using closer spacing of 15 cm and applying nitrogen at 60 kg N/ha. The application of 60 kg N/ha and 15 cm spacing was therefore recommended for the production of S. retroflexum as a vegetable, if planted at 30 cm inter-row spacing. Key words: Indigenous leafy vegetables, agronomic practices, Solanum retroflexum, planting density, nitrogen fertilizer, planting date

No description available.

CAPES / O tamanho de sementes utilizadas para a semeadura tem causado dúvidas entre os produtores de soja. O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se poderiam haver diferenças entre tamanho de sementes com relação à profundidade de deposição do fertilizante. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Área Experimental da UTFPR Campus de Pato Branco, utilizando-se uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão para plantio direto. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre dois tamanhos de sementes (semente grande com 6,5 mm e semente pequena com 5,5 mm) e duas profundidades de deposição do fertilizante em relação à semente (fertilizante próximo as sementes com aproximadamente 3 cm de distância e fertilizante distante das sementes com aproximadamente 10 cm). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Quando o valor do teste F foi significativo ao nível de 5% de probabilidade aplicou-se o teste de Duncan para a comparação de médias. A menor profundidade de deposição do fertilizante proporcionou maior número de vagens por planta e maior número de grãos por planta. Já a maior profundidade de deposição do fertilizante proporcionou maior altura de plantas aos 30 dias após a semeadura e na fase R2, maior área de solo mobilizada, maior população de plantas em todas as épocas avaliadas, maior profundidade de deposição de sementes e maior índice de velocidade de emergência. / The seed size used for seeding has caused doubts among soybean producers. The study aimed to determine whether there may be differences between seed size with respect to depth of fertilizer deposition. The field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area UTFPR Campus Pato Branco, using a precision seeder for direct seeding. The design was a randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The treatments were composed by the combination of two seed sizes (large seed with 6,5 mm and 5,5 mm with small seed) and two fertilizer deposition depths in relation to the seed (fertilizer near the seed with about 3 cm away and fertilizer distant from the seeds with about 10 cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. When the test value F was significant at 5% probability was applied to the Duncan test for comparison of means. The shallower depth of fertilizer deposition provided larger number of pods per plant and increased number of grains per plant. Already the largest depth of fertilizer deposition provided greater plant height at 30 days after sowing and R2 stage, greater ground area mobilized, higher plant population in all periods, greater depth of deposition of seeds and a higher rate of emergency speed.

CAPES / O tamanho de sementes utilizadas para a semeadura tem causado dúvidas entre os produtores de soja. O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se poderiam haver diferenças entre tamanho de sementes com relação à profundidade de deposição do fertilizante. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Área Experimental da UTFPR Campus de Pato Branco, utilizando-se uma semeadora-adubadora de precisão para plantio direto. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre dois tamanhos de sementes (semente grande com 6,5 mm e semente pequena com 5,5 mm) e duas profundidades de deposição do fertilizante em relação à semente (fertilizante próximo as sementes com aproximadamente 3 cm de distância e fertilizante distante das sementes com aproximadamente 10 cm). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Quando o valor do teste F foi significativo ao nível de 5% de probabilidade aplicou-se o teste de Duncan para a comparação de médias. A menor profundidade de deposição do fertilizante proporcionou maior número de vagens por planta e maior número de grãos por planta. Já a maior profundidade de deposição do fertilizante proporcionou maior altura de plantas aos 30 dias após a semeadura e na fase R2, maior área de solo mobilizada, maior população de plantas em todas as épocas avaliadas, maior profundidade de deposição de sementes e maior índice de velocidade de emergência. / The seed size used for seeding has caused doubts among soybean producers. The study aimed to determine whether there may be differences between seed size with respect to depth of fertilizer deposition. The field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area UTFPR Campus Pato Branco, using a precision seeder for direct seeding. The design was a randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The treatments were composed by the combination of two seed sizes (large seed with 6,5 mm and 5,5 mm with small seed) and two fertilizer deposition depths in relation to the seed (fertilizer near the seed with about 3 cm away and fertilizer distant from the seeds with about 10 cm). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. When the test value F was significant at 5% probability was applied to the Duncan test for comparison of means. The shallower depth of fertilizer deposition provided larger number of pods per plant and increased number of grains per plant. Already the largest depth of fertilizer deposition provided greater plant height at 30 days after sowing and R2 stage, greater ground area mobilized, higher plant population in all periods, greater depth of deposition of seeds and a higher rate of emergency speed.

This paper attempts to evaluate Training for Trainers (T4T) as an aid for developing healthy and sustained church planting movements (CPMs). The thesis is that Training for Trainers (T4T) can enable and sustain (by the Spirit’s power) healthy church planting movements because a discipleship process is built into the methodology that develops believers in their personal and communal growth and equips them to repeat the process with other individuals they reach. The very format of the T4T process provides a context for developing disciples inwardly and training disciples to minister outwardly. The T4T process continues over the course of months and years to systematically move believers through the essential stages of sustained church planting movements: Bridges in conversations with the lost from non-spiritual topics to the gospel in order to find those God is preparing (knowing whom to talk to and how to start) • Reproducible evangelism methods that are effective in the local context and can be learned by any new believer • Reproducible discipleship that addresses both short-term and long-term spiritual growth in a manner appropriate to the local worldview and able to be passed on by a new believer • Reproducible church models appropriate to the local context and able to be led and passed on by new believers • Leadership development and multiplication patterns that develop leaders rapidly in the context of ministry and enable the number of leaders to keep pace with the number of new churches. T4T moves each new generation of disciples (trainers) and churches through this process because it casts vision for and gives loving accountability for disciples to truly become trainers of others. It does this primarily through a three-thirds training process. T4T is training for trainers who will train trainers who will train trainers. T4T attempts to initiate movements of God in which at least four generations of new disciples and churches emerge. This paper evaluates T4T is based on case studies, survey instruments and biblical principles and then offers recommendations for CPM practitioners. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th.(Missiology)

Die großflächige Umwandlung von tropischen Wäldern hat zu dramatischen Verlusten von Biodiversität und assoziierten Ökosystemdienstleistungen und –funktionen geführt. Indonesien ist ein besonders schwerwiegendes Beispiel für den Verlust von Waldflächen und Biodiversität. Landumnutzungen, in starkem Maße durch den Anbau von Ölpalmen vorangetrieben, stellen eine erhebliche Bedrohung für die außergewöhnlich hohe Biodiversität des Landes dar. Landwirtschaftssysteme, wie Agroforstsysteme, können hingegen genutzt werden, um die Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen in von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften zu erhöhen. In Regionen, in denen Ölpalmplantagen bereits die Landschaft dominieren, kann diese Erhöhung nur durch systematische Renaturierung erfolgen. Die zugrunde liegenden ökologischen und soziökonomischen Prozesse und damit verbundene Beschränkungen und Kompromisse von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen in von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften sind jedoch weitgehend unbekannt. Um diese Wissenslücke zu schließen, habe ich mit Kollegen aus Deutschland und Indonesien ein Langzeitexperiment zur Erhöhung der Biodiversität aufgebaut. Wir haben experimentell Bäume in Form von „Inseln“ in eine konventionelle Ölpalmplantage gepflanzt und hierbei systematisch die Flächengröße, das Diversitätslevel und die Artzusammensetzung variiert. Wir haben hierfür sechs multifunktionale heimische Baumarten ausgewählt. Auf der Fläche der Bauminseln haben wir einen Teil der Ölpalmen gefällt, um die Lichtverfügbarkeit für die gepflanzten Bäume durch eine reduzierte Ölpalmdichte zu erhöhen. In dieser Doktorarbeit stelle ich den Aufbau des Experiments vor und gebe einen breiten Einblick in anfängliche Auswirkungen des Experiments, indem ich ökologische Aspekte in Betracht ziehe, sowie Veränderungen hinsichtlich des Ernteertrags. Da die Zeit kurz nach der Pflanzung ein Nadelöhr für die Langzeitetablierung der Bäume darstellt, ist sie sehr kritisch, um die erwünschten Renaturierungserfolge in der Zukunft zu erzielen. Des Weiteren kann die Anfangszeit auch aus der Sicht der Landwirte eine entscheidende Hürde darstellen, da der Nutzen der Bauminseln erst lange Zeit nach ihrer Pflanzung entsteht. Zuerst beschreibe ich Umweltvariablen und biotische Charakteristika der den experimentellen Flächen assoziierten Vegetation, Invertebraten und Vögel vor der Errichtung des Experiments, sowie anfängliche Auswirkungen des Experiments auf die Fauna. Ein Jahr nach der Errichtung des Experiments hatten die Baumpflanzungen einen insgesamt positiven Effekt auf die Artengemeinschaften von Vögeln und Invertebraten in der Plantage. Die Größe der Bauminseln wirkte sich lediglich auf die Diversität und Abundanz von Invertebraten positiv aus, die somit auf kleinskalige Veränderungen reagierten. Ausgehend von diesen Ergebnissen erwarte ich einen weiteren Anstieg der Biodiversität und Ökosystemfunktionen in der Zukunft. Danach berichte ich über den Anwuchserfolg der Bäume und ermittle die wichtigsten Determinanten für den Wuchs und das Überleben der Bäume. Insgesamt sind die Bäume gut angewachsen, jedoch gab es große Unterschiede zwischen den Baumarten hinsichtlich relativer Höhenwachstums-, Dickenwachstums- sowie Überlebensraten. Arten mit hohen Wachstumsraten wiesen vorwiegend auch hohe Überlebensraten auf. Auf Versuchsflächenebene hatten Standortbedingungen, Flächengröße und Diversitätslevel der gepflanzten Bäume lediglich einen geringen Einfluss auf das mittlere Baumwachstum und die Überlebensrate. Auf Individuenebene habe ich signifikante Nachbarschaftseffekte festgestellt. Hohe benachbarte Bäume und die Distanz zu verbleibenden Ölpalmen begünstigten die Entwicklung der Bäume. Noch ist es zu früh zu entscheiden, welche der Baumarten sich generell am besten eignen, um Renaturierungsziele zu erreichen. Unterschiede in der anfänglichen Entwicklung liefern jedoch wichtige Informationen für eine zukünftige Bewertung der Arten. Zuletzt präsentiere ich Auswirkungen des Experiments auf den Ölpalmertrag. Nach zwei Jahren waren die Erträge pro Ölpalmindividuum erhöht, sowohl auf als auch direkt neben den Versuchsflächen. Die geschätzten Ertragsänderungen für die verschiedenen Flächengrößen unter Einbezug von Ernteverlusten durch gefällte Ölpalmen sowie Effekte auf benachbarte Ölpalmen deuten darauf hin, dass die erhöhten Ernteerträge insbesondere in großen Bauminseln mindestens das Fällen von Ölpalmen kompensiert haben. Diese Ergebnisse, die in der frühen Phase der Bauminseletablierung erzielt wurden, sind vielversprechend für die Erarbeitung nachhaltiger Managementoptionen für Ölpalmplantagen, die ökologische und ökonomische Funktionen in Einklang bringen. Die anfänglichen Auswirkungen waren stärker und insbesondere aus ökonomischer Perspektive profitabler als ich erwartet habe. Die Nachbarschaftseffekte und die Auswirkungen der experimentell veränderten Variablen waren bislang jedoch überwiegend schwach. Ich erwarte, dass diese Auswirkungen mit der Zeit stärker ausgeprägt sein werden. Durch Erkenntnisse, die aus zukünftigen Langzeitbeobachtungen des Experiments, das ich in dieser Doktorarbeit vorstelle, gewonnen werden, können Wissenslücken geschlossen werden. Somit kann die Ausarbeitung von Managementrichlinien für von Ölpalmen dominierten Landschaften ermöglicht werden, die sowohl ökologisch verbessert als auch ökonomisch lohnenswert sind. Diese Doktorarbeit stellt einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur generellen Beurteilung des Experiments dar, wodurch darüber hinaus auch neue Erkenntnisse für die Renaturierungswissenschaft gewonnen werden können.