Ce travail de thèse décrit l'utilisation de complexes de platine(II) dans les diodes électroluminescentes organiques (OLEDs). Ces complexes ([Pt(II) (tetra-tert-butylSalophen)] et [Pt(II) Salophen]) ont été caractérisés par les méthodes usuelles (1H RMN, spectroscopie UV-visible, électrochimie, diffraction des rayons X pour le [Pt(II) (tetra-tert-butylSalophen)]). Des calculs DFT ont corroboré les données expérimentales qui ont guidé le choix du Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) en tant que matrice. Des dispositifs bistables, susceptibles d'être utilisés en tant que mémoires, ont été obtenus lors du dopage, à 5%, d'OLEDs monocouches. La modulation de ce phénomène par l'ajout d'une couche de N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPD) d'épaisseur contrôlée, a été mis en évidence. Des OLEDs bicouches (NPD/Alq3:Pt) émettant dans la gamme spectrale 640-750 nm (rouge profond), et présentant des rendements supérieurs à 20 %, ont ainsi été réalisées. En dopant la couche de NPD, des OLED jaunes présentant un comportement électro-chromatique ont été élaborées. Sous l'effet du dopage par ces complexes, l'augmentation de la durée de vie des OLEDs a aussi été démontrée. / This thesis describes the integration of platinum(II) complexes within organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). These complexes ([Pt(II) (tetra-tert-butylSalophen)] and [Pt(II) Salophen]) were characterized by the usual methods ( 1H NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry and X-ray diffraction for [Pt(II) (tetra-tert-butylSalophen)]). DFT calculations support the experimental data which guided the selection of Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3)as host. 5% doping in monolayer OLEDs gave bistable devices which may be used as memory. Modulation of this phenomenon was allowed by adding a controlled layer of N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (NPD). Bilayer OLEDs (NPD/Alq3:Pt) were shown to emit in the deep-red range between 640-750nm with efficiencies higher than 20%. Upon doping with complexes, an enhancement in the lifetime of OLEDs was highlighted.

The thesis work delineates the rational design and successful syntheses of platinum (II) complexes for achieving light promoted dual action anticancer properties. The research work focuses on the syntheses, elaborate characterization including crystallization and mechanistic aspects of photodegradation processes. Theoretical studies were done to elucidate the properties of the excited states. The interaction of active Pt (II) species with DNA is also explored. The cellular studies include evaluation of the photo-induced cytotoxicities, mode of cell death, nature of reactive oxygen species (ROS), quantification of cellular Pt content and cellular and sub-cellular localization of the complexes. Chapter I provides an overview of the hallmarks of cancer and the current anticancer treatment modalities. It outlines the evolution of platinum based chemotherapeutic drugs, their mechanism of action and associated disadvantages. It also depicts the resurgence of metal complexes as photosensitizers for photoactivated chemotherapy, a selective tripartite strategy which permits light induced tumor destruction. Detailed literature reports of potential transition metal complexes showing light induced generation of ROS and controlled delivery of multiple drugs in tumor microenvironment are presented. The key challenges are the delivery and controlled activation of the clinically approved platinum (II) drugs. These prime objectives of the present investigation are depicted as a concluding segment of this introductory chapter. Chapter II includes the syntheses, characterization, evaluation of visible light induced cytotoxicity and interaction with DNA of novel ferrocenyl terpyridine appended platinum (II) complexes. Detailed mechanistic investigations revealed the important role of ferrocene in light triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. The effect of extensive conjugation on the photophysical properties of the complexes were also rationalized from theoretical calculations. The alteration in DNA binding affinities of the complexes on incorporation of a ferrocene unit in the platinum (II)terpyridines is also reflected. The work is the first report of the remarkable photocytotoxicity of platinum(II) complexes in visible light with nominal dark toxicity. Chapter III deals with novel ferrocenyl terpyridyl platinum(II) complexes having tumor targeting biotinylated acetylides which were synthesized for achieving selective photocytotoxicity only in cancer cells. An interesting observation was the red light promoted release of biotinylated acetylide ligands from platinum centre thereby generating mono-functional Pt(II) species. The possible covalent interactions of these platinum(II) species with DNA were also explored. These biotin complexes exhibit preferential cellular uptake in BT474 breast cancer cells over HBL-100 breast normal cells resulting in targeted photocytotoxicity in visible light. Chapter IV rationalizes design, syntheses and extensive characterization of 2-(phenylazo)pyridine based platinum(II) catecholates containing photosensitizers. The O^O donor ligand was chosen to release the more cytotoxic bi-functional platinum(II) species based on the prior knowledge of the labile Pt-O bonds. Interestingly, we observed glutathione triggered release of the catecholates imparting dual action anticancer properties to the molecules. Detailed mechanistic aspects indicated a possible reduction of the metal coordinated azo bond by cellular glutathione. The excellent photocytotoxicity in HaCaT and MCF-7 cells, cellular ROS generation and apoptosis, cellular Pt content and localization of these complexes are discussed. Chapter V addresses the advantages of navigating the platinum(II) complexes to mitochondrial DNA instead of genomic DNA. BODIPY appended platinum(II) catecholates were synthesized and the BODIPY core was modified to fine-tune the photophysical properties. The visible light induced growth inhibitory effects of the complexes and the mechanism of cell death in light exposed cells are explored. The novelty of this work is the mitochondria targeted remarkable photocytotoxicity as well as cellular imaging properties of the complexes making them ideal candidates for developing platinum based theranostic agents. Chapter VI presents the syntheses, characterization of unprecedented platinum(II) complexes of curcumin for dual action DNA crosslinking and photochemotherapeutic activities. The important feature of these Pt(II) prodrugs is the photorelease of curcumin from Pt(II) centre which results in controlled delivery of two potential anticancer agents. The visible light induced cytotoxicities of the complexes in HaCaT, BT474, T47D, Hep3B and HPL1D cells, their effect on the various cellular events, the interaction of the complexes with DNA and their cellular distribution in light and dark are explored. The appropriate references are provided at the end of each chapter and allocated as superscripts in the main text. The synthesized complexes are denoted by bold-faced numbers. Crystallography data of the complexes that are structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography are given in CIF format in the enclosed CD (Appendix-I). Due acknowledgements are provided for mentioned literature reports. Any omission is purely unintentional and is deeply regretted. INDEX WORDS: Platinum(II) complexes • Crystal structure • Visible light induced cytotoxicity • Cellular imaging • Photochemotherapeutic agents • DNA crosslink.

abstract: White organic light emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are currently being developed as the next generation of solid state lighting sources. Although, there has been considerable improvements in device efficiency from the early days up until now, there are still major drawbacks for the implementation of WOLEDs to commercial markets. These drawbacks include short lifetimes associated with highly efficient and easier to fabricate device structures. Platinum (II) complexes are been explored as emitters for single emissive layer WOLEDs, due to their higher efficiencies and stability in device configurations. These properties have been attributed to their square planar nature. Tetradentate platinum (II) complexes in particular have been shown to be more rigid and thus more stable than their other multidentate counterparts. This thesis aims to explore the different pathways via molecular design of tetradentate platinum II complexes and in particular the percipient engineering of a highly efficient and stable device structure. Previous works have been able to obtain either highly efficient devices or stable devices in different device configurations. In this work, we demonstrate a device structure employing Pt2O2 as the emitter using mCBP as a host with EQE of above 20% and lifetime values (LT80) exceeding 6000hours at practical luminance of 100cd/m2. These results open up the pathway towards the commercialization of white organic light emitting diodes as a solid state lighting source. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2016

A preparação, caracterização e estudo de propriedades moleculares e supramoleculares de meso-tetrapiridilporfirinas modificadas com quatro complexos de cloro(bipiridina) platina(II) ligados às posições meta e para de ligantes piridínicos periféricos, foi objetivo desta tese. As supermoléculas isômeras foram isoladas no estado sólido e extensivamente caracterizados por meio de espectroscopia UV/VIS, FT-IR e RMN de Pt-195, assim como através de TGA e espectrometria de massa com ionização por spray de elétrons, ESI-MS, e técnicas de dissociação induzidas por colisão. Medidas de voltametria cíclica e de espectroeletroquímica foram realizadas para caracterizar os estados redox da porfirina central e dos complexos periféricos, mostrando uma semelhança entre as duas formas isômeras. A maior diferença, entretanto, foi observada nas suas propriedades estruturais, diagnosticadas por modelagem molecular, e refletidas na morfologia dos filmes obtida por meio de técnicas de microscopia de varredura por sonda, SPM, e através da associação com filmes de DNA, monitorada com o auxílio de técnicas de espectroscopia eletrônica e ressonância plasmônica de superfície, SPR. No último caso, o DNA foi imobilizado sobre a superfície do sensor de ouro, usando aminotióis adequados, sendo que a interação do isômero meta conduziu a uma resposta contrastante, relevando uma forte ligação com a cadeia do DNA, provavelmente nas proximidades das fendas estruturais menores desse biopolímero. A interação do isômero para com o DNA foi demasiadamente fraca para ser observada por meio de SPR. A associação molecular das porfirinas tetraplatinadas catiônicas com ftalocianinas aniônicas tetrassulfonadas conduziu à formação de pares iônicos em solução. O filme do isômero para imobilizado sobre eletrodo de carbono vítreo apresentou atividade na redução eletrocatalítica de nitrito. Os trabalhos realizados demonstraram que os novos sistemas supramoleculares derivados de porfirinas e complexos de platina proporcionam interessantes materiais híbridos inorgânico-biológicos contendo DNA e metais nobres, com potenciais aplicações em terapia fotodinâmica, sensoriamento e em dispositivos moleculares. / The synthesis, characterization and investigation of the molecular and supramolecular behaviour of meso-tetrapyridylporphyrins containing four chloro(bipyridine) platinum(II) complexes attached at the meta and para positions of the peripheral pyridine ligands is focused on this thesis. The isomeric supermolecules were isolated in the solid state, and extensively characterized by means of UV-visible, FT-IR and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy, as well as, by TGA and electrospray spectrometry associated with collision induced techniques. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical measurements were performed to characterize the redox sites on the porphyrin and peripheral complexes, revealing a close similarity between the two isomeric supermolecules. Major differences were observed on their structural properties, as demonstrated by means of molecular simulations, and by the morphology of the molecular films probed by SPM techniques, and also by their association with DNA films, which was monitored by means of SPR techniques. In the last case, DNA was first immobilized onto the surface of the gold sensor, using suitable aminothiols and the interaction of the meta-isomer led to a contrasting response, exhibiting a strong binding to the DNA chain, presumably at the proximity of the minor grooves. The interaction of the para-isomer with DNA was too weak to be probed by means of the SPR technique. Molecular association of the tetraplatinum porphyrin species, with tetrasulphonated phtalocyanines, leading to ion pairs in solution, was also investigated. The molecular film of the para-isomer immobilized over glass carbon electrode has shown activity in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite. This work on the supramolecular porphyrin platinum species provided new interesting approaches for generating hybrid biological-inorganic systems, containing DNA and noble metals, for sensing applications, and molecular devices.

Cette thèse se focalise sur le design, la synthèse et la caractérisation photophysiques de complexes de platine(II) neutres contenant un ligand chromophore tridenté et un ligand auxiliaire monodenté avec des groupes fonctionnels différents. De tels complexes montrent des changements drastiques de leurs propriétés de photoluminescence à cause de leur auto-assemblage, déclenché par l’établissement de faibles liaisons non covalents tels que l’empilement p-p et des interactions métallophiliques. Il a été démontré que ces complexes de platine(II) peuvent être attaché de manière covalente à des surfaces de silice et d’or mais aussi encapsulé dans des particules de polymère. Les propriétés d’autoassemblage de complexes de platine(II) amphiphiles ont également été étudiées en détails. Comprendre le comportement d’un complexe de platine dans un mélange de solvant nous a permis d’en apprendre plus sur le co-assemblage supramoléculaire de deux complexes de platine(II) différents. Cette approche conduit à la formation de fibres solvatochromiques avec des propriétés photophysiques spécifiques et réversibles. Les composés étudiés et leur auto-assemblage sonti ntéressant pour le développement de nouveaux matériaux fonctionnels aux applications sensoriels et réactives à certains stimuli. / This thesis focuses on the design, synthesis and the photophysical characterisation of luminescent neutral platinum(II) compounds containing a tridentate chromophoric ligand and a monodentate ancillary moiety with different functionalities. Such complexes exhibited drastic changes to their photoluminescence properties upon self-assembly, triggered by the establishment of weak noncovalent p-p stacking and metallophilic interactions. It was demonstrated that these platinum(II) complexes can be covalently attached to silicon and gold substrates but also encapsulated into polymer particles. The self-assembly properties of amphiphilic platinum(II) complexes have also been intensively studied. Understanding the behaviour of one complex in a solvent mixture allowed further investigation into the supramolecular co-assembly of two different platinum(II) complexes. This approach leads to the formation of solvatochromic fibers with specific and reversible phototophysical properties. The investigated compounds and their assemblies were useful for the development of novel functional materials for sensing or stimuli-responsiveness applications.

A preparação, caracterização e estudo de propriedades moleculares e supramoleculares de meso-tetrapiridilporfirinas modificadas com quatro complexos de cloro(bipiridina) platina(II) ligados às posições meta e para de ligantes piridínicos periféricos, foi objetivo desta tese. As supermoléculas isômeras foram isoladas no estado sólido e extensivamente caracterizados por meio de espectroscopia UV/VIS, FT-IR e RMN de Pt-195, assim como através de TGA e espectrometria de massa com ionização por spray de elétrons, ESI-MS, e técnicas de dissociação induzidas por colisão. Medidas de voltametria cíclica e de espectroeletroquímica foram realizadas para caracterizar os estados redox da porfirina central e dos complexos periféricos, mostrando uma semelhança entre as duas formas isômeras. A maior diferença, entretanto, foi observada nas suas propriedades estruturais, diagnosticadas por modelagem molecular, e refletidas na morfologia dos filmes obtida por meio de técnicas de microscopia de varredura por sonda, SPM, e através da associação com filmes de DNA, monitorada com o auxílio de técnicas de espectroscopia eletrônica e ressonância plasmônica de superfície, SPR. No último caso, o DNA foi imobilizado sobre a superfície do sensor de ouro, usando aminotióis adequados, sendo que a interação do isômero meta conduziu a uma resposta contrastante, relevando uma forte ligação com a cadeia do DNA, provavelmente nas proximidades das fendas estruturais menores desse biopolímero. A interação do isômero para com o DNA foi demasiadamente fraca para ser observada por meio de SPR. A associação molecular das porfirinas tetraplatinadas catiônicas com ftalocianinas aniônicas tetrassulfonadas conduziu à formação de pares iônicos em solução. O filme do isômero para imobilizado sobre eletrodo de carbono vítreo apresentou atividade na redução eletrocatalítica de nitrito. Os trabalhos realizados demonstraram que os novos sistemas supramoleculares derivados de porfirinas e complexos de platina proporcionam interessantes materiais híbridos inorgânico-biológicos contendo DNA e metais nobres, com potenciais aplicações em terapia fotodinâmica, sensoriamento e em dispositivos moleculares. / The synthesis, characterization and investigation of the molecular and supramolecular behaviour of meso-tetrapyridylporphyrins containing four chloro(bipyridine) platinum(II) complexes attached at the meta and para positions of the peripheral pyridine ligands is focused on this thesis. The isomeric supermolecules were isolated in the solid state, and extensively characterized by means of UV-visible, FT-IR and 195Pt NMR spectroscopy, as well as, by TGA and electrospray spectrometry associated with collision induced techniques. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemical measurements were performed to characterize the redox sites on the porphyrin and peripheral complexes, revealing a close similarity between the two isomeric supermolecules. Major differences were observed on their structural properties, as demonstrated by means of molecular simulations, and by the morphology of the molecular films probed by SPM techniques, and also by their association with DNA films, which was monitored by means of SPR techniques. In the last case, DNA was first immobilized onto the surface of the gold sensor, using suitable aminothiols and the interaction of the meta-isomer led to a contrasting response, exhibiting a strong binding to the DNA chain, presumably at the proximity of the minor grooves. The interaction of the para-isomer with DNA was too weak to be probed by means of the SPR technique. Molecular association of the tetraplatinum porphyrin species, with tetrasulphonated phtalocyanines, leading to ion pairs in solution, was also investigated. The molecular film of the para-isomer immobilized over glass carbon electrode has shown activity in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrite. This work on the supramolecular porphyrin platinum species provided new interesting approaches for generating hybrid biological-inorganic systems, containing DNA and noble metals, for sensing applications, and molecular devices.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T14:18:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliamagalhaespaixao.pdf: 3549646 bytes, checksum: dfd913fd20520fb3cbfe42b45a3b6f5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T15:59:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliamagalhaespaixao.pdf: 3549646 bytes, checksum: dfd913fd20520fb3cbfe42b45a3b6f5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nathaliamagalhaespaixao.pdf: 3549646 bytes, checksum: dfd913fd20520fb3cbfe42b45a3b6f5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Câncer é um processo de crescimento e disseminação incontrolado de células e tem sido considerado como uma questão de saúde pública. Os compostos polinucleares de Platina (II) têm se mostrado muito promissores contra células cancerosas devido a interações mais rápidas e efetivas em comparação com os compostos mononucleares, como por exemplo, o complexo BBR3464. A partir disso, diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados com intuito de descrever os modos de interação de tais compostos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer um estudo teórico sistemático do complexo trinuclear de platina (II), AH78, através do uso de diferentes níveis de cálculo. Os compostos trinucleares de platina (II) estudados nesse trabalho não são capazes de formar ligações covalentes com o DNA, interagindo através da formação de grampos de fosfato, que são preferencialmente interações de hidrogênio e eletrostáticas. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve como motivação avaliar a interação dos complexos trinucleares de platina (II) não covalentes com o DNA por meio da formação de grampos de fosfato, analisadas através de modelos miméticos demonstrando presença de tais interações a partir de uma análise mais rápida e eficaz. Foram obtidas estruturas contendo uma fração de DNA que contém 6 pares de bases nitrogenadas e o complexo AH78, utilizando o método ONIOM, que comprovam a existência dos grampos de fosfato entre o complexo e o DNA. / Cancer is a process of uncontrolled growth and spread of cells and has now been considered a public health issue. Polynuclear Platinum (II) Complexes (PPCs) have shown very promising against cancer cells because of faster and more effective interactions compared to mononuclear compounds, such as the BBR3464 complex. From this, several studies have been carried out to describe the modes of interaction of such compounds. This work provides an extensive and systematic theoretical study of the platinum (II) trinuclear complex, AH78, using different base set functions for C, N and H atoms, including diffusive and polarization functions and different ECPs for platinum. The platinum (II) trinuclear compounds studied in this work are not able to form covalent bonds with DNA, interacting by the formation of phosphate bonds, which are preferably hydrogen type and electrostatic interactions. Thus, this work had the motivation to evaluate the interaction of non-covalent platinum (II) trinuclear complexes with DNA by means of the formation of phosphate clamps, analyzed using mimetic models, demonstrating that the presence of such interactions from a faster analysis is efficient. Structures containing a DNA fraction were obtained with six purine base pairs and AH78 complex using the ONIOM method, which demonstrate the existence of the phosphate clamps between the complex and the DNA.

Ferrocene is an important molecule in the field of chemical biology due to its stability, unique redox property and significant lipophilicity for better cellular delivery. The medicinal importance of ferrocene is well recognized after its successful incorporation into breast cancer drug tamoxifen and antimalarial drug chloroquin. Designing ferrocene conjugated transition metal complexes is an interesting area of research in the field of photodynamic therapy, a new modality of light activated cancer treatment. The objective of the present thesis work is to develop photoactive ferrocene conjugates showing DNA photocleavage and photocytotoxic activity. We have synthesized the ferrocene conjugated imidazophenanthroline derivative which exhibits visible light induced DNA photocleavage activity and photocytotoxicity in HeLa cell line. The corresponding phenyl analogue is found to be inactive. Polypyridyl platinum(II) complexes of ferrocenyl as well as phenyl moiety are prepared and studied their interactions with calf thymus DNA. The cytotoxicity of the complexes enhance significantly upon irradiation of UV-A light of 365 nm. To enhance the photodynamic potential and to understand the role of organometallic ferrocenyl moiety, ferrocene conjugated terpyridyl copper(II) complexes having planar phenanthroline bases are prepared. The interaction of these complexes with duplex DNA and their photo-induced DNA cleavage and anticancer activity in HeLa cancer cells are studied. The complexes are able to generate ROS in the presence of visible light which causes DNA damage as well as cell death. The importance of ferrocenyl moiety is evidenced from the less activity of the corresponding phenyl analogues complex. We have prepared copper(II) complexes of ferrocenyl methyl dipicolylamine ligand to understand the role of terpyridyl moiety. These complexes lacking any conjugation between the copper(II) and the ferrocenyl moiety are found to be less active compared to the terpyridyl conjugated system. The copper(II) complexes are found to show undesirable dark cytotoxicity in the presence of cellular thiols like GSH. To overcome the dark toxicity problem and to understand the mechanistic aspects of DNA photocleavage and photocytotoxicity, a series of binary ferrocene conjugated terpyridyl complexes of Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) are prepared and their DNA photocleavage and anticancer activity studied. The zinc(II) complex having redox-active ferrocenyl moiety and redox-inactive zinc(II) center exhibits significant PDT effect with low dark toxicity compared to its copper(II) analogue. The ferrocenyl moiety plays an important role towards showing photocytotoxic activity since its phenyl analogue is inactive in nature. Finally, the present thesis work opens up a new strategy for designing and developing new ferrocene based metal complexes as novel photosensitizers for PDT applications.

No / Novel 1- and 1,4-substituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones with DNA binding and alkylating properties along with their respective hydroxyethylaminoanthraquinone intermediates were synthesized. Selected chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were shown to cross-link DNA and alkylate guanines (at low nM concentration) with a preference for reaction sites containing 5'-PyG. A compound (Alchemix) with the bis-chloroethyl functionality confined to one side chain alkylated but did not cross-link DNA. All the 1,4-disubstituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were potently cytotoxic (nM IC50s) against cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines.

No description available.