Os impactos causados na manufatura das empresas que buscam a implementação das técnicas e ferramentas guiadas pelos conceitos da produção enxuta não se limitam às questões técnicas. Para que se atenda ao dinamismo nas operações requerido por essa filosofia, é dado empowerment aos operadores do chão-de-fábrica para que executem ações corretivas e de melhoria por si próprios, mudando os papéis desses funcionários de simples cumpridores de ordens para tomadores de decisão. Para isso, é necessário que, além da autoridade, esses operadores tenham disponíveis as informações requeridas para fomentar adequadamente suas decisões, e que essas informações sejam atuais e alinhadas às diretrizes definidas para a empresa. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho e elementos estruturais que têm por objetivo eliminar a lacuna identificada entre outras propostas de sistemas desse tipo e as necessidades identificadas em ambientes de produção enxuta reais. O modelo é baseado no levantamento bibliográfico da literatura técnica sobre o tema e na realização de estudos de casos de duas empresas reconhecidamente bem-sucedidas na implantação da produção enxuta em suas operações. Propõe-se uma estrutura que internaliza as melhorias desenvolvidas pela empresa em políticas que servirão de base para análises e tomada de decisões futuras, formalizando um ciclo virtuoso de estruturação e gestão do sistema de medição de desempenho para ambientes de produção enxuta. / The impacts caused in the manufacturing in companies that look for the implementation of techniques and tolls driven by lean manufacturing concept are not restricted to technical aspects. In order to achieve the dynamism required by this philosophy, the shop floor workers are empowered and they have to conduct corrective and improvement actions by themselves, what changes their roles from command executioners to decision makers. Therefore, it is necessary that, in addition to the authority, these operators have access to the information required to support their decisions adequately - this information must be up to date and related to the guidelines defined by the company. This dissertation proposes a model of performance measurement system that seeks to eliminate the gap identified among other similar proposals and the needs identified in real lean manufacturing environments. The model is based on bibliographical research in the technical literature and on case studies conducted in two companies recognized as successful in implementing lean manufacturing in their operations. It proposes a framework that incorporates the improvements developed in the company into a policy which will serve as basis for future analysis and decisions, i. e., it formalizes a virtuous circle for structuring and managing the performance measurement system for lean manufacturing environments.

INTRODUCTION The intention of this study was to formulate guidelines for the implementation of Performance Management System (PMS) regarding line managers (LM) and employees (E) in a level 2 public hospital in the North–West Province. From a preliminary evaluation it was evident that the implementation of performance management as outlined in the NWPG policy No. 13, was not effective. The results of the research was to provide baseline data of the current policy implementation by the line managers and employees; an indication of the ability of the PMS to reach its goal of improved performance between line managers and employees in the long term; and the barriers to the policy implementation discovered over the course of the study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the statement of the problem, the following research questions were asked: * How is PMS implemented from the perspective of line managers in a level 2 public hospital? * How is PMS implemented from the perspective of employees in a level 2 public hospital? * What guidelines can be formulated for line managers and employees regarding PMS? AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The principal aim of this study was to formulate guidelines for implementation of PMS by line managers and employees. The objectives below of the research which are derived from the principal aim were: * To describe the implementation of the PMS from the perspective of line managers in a level 2 public hospital. * To describe the implementation of the PMS from the perspective of employees in a level 2 public hospital. * To formulate guidelines for line managers and employees regarding PMS? RESEARCH DESIGN A quantitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was used in this study to reach the overarching aim and respective objectives. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher firstly conducted a literature review to understand implementation of PMS and related constructs. Thereafter the researcher used two similar structured questionnaires for both LM and E to collect data. The questionnaires were developed to measure the perceptions of both LM and E in the implementation of PMS in a level 2 public hospital. The questionnaires were based on the six steps (performance planning, developing performance criteria, performance monitoring, performance review and assessment, annual performance assessment and performance assessment outcomes) of the current PMS policy used in a level 2 public hospital. The study is based on transformational leadership whereby the line managers (LM) as nurse leaders with transformational characteristics are assumed to be empowering the employees (E) and creating enthusiasm for nursing practice. Minor adaptations were made to the questionnaires prior to administration to the nursing personnel in a level 2 public hospital in North West Province. An all inclusive sample was taken, representative of a larger population and this amounted to twenty four line managers (n=24) and fifty five employees (n=55) that participated in the study. RESULTS There were problems identified from both the line managers (LM) and employees (E) in performance planning, developing performance criteria, and monitoring performance, organizing and the process of performance review and assessment and lastly the annual performance assessment. The main two main findings are: * The effect size of all the questions indicates a practically visible and thus significant difference with regard to LM and E perceptions of the implementation of PMS. * There is statistical evidence of improper implementation of PMS from both groups regarding some of the performance implementation items. Based on the empirical evidence and the problems identified from the results, guidelines for the implementation of PMS were formulated. It is suggested that these be used and implemented to streamline the PMS in level 2 public hospitals. Keywords: Key result areas (KRAs), Generic assessment factors (GAFs), reward, work plan, Performance Agreement (PA), Performance Management System (PMS). / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

INTRODUCTION The intention of this study was to formulate guidelines for the implementation of Performance Management System (PMS) regarding line managers (LM) and employees (E) in a level 2 public hospital in the North–West Province. From a preliminary evaluation it was evident that the implementation of performance management as outlined in the NWPG policy No. 13, was not effective. The results of the research was to provide baseline data of the current policy implementation by the line managers and employees; an indication of the ability of the PMS to reach its goal of improved performance between line managers and employees in the long term; and the barriers to the policy implementation discovered over the course of the study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the statement of the problem, the following research questions were asked: * How is PMS implemented from the perspective of line managers in a level 2 public hospital? * How is PMS implemented from the perspective of employees in a level 2 public hospital? * What guidelines can be formulated for line managers and employees regarding PMS? AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The principal aim of this study was to formulate guidelines for implementation of PMS by line managers and employees. The objectives below of the research which are derived from the principal aim were: * To describe the implementation of the PMS from the perspective of line managers in a level 2 public hospital. * To describe the implementation of the PMS from the perspective of employees in a level 2 public hospital. * To formulate guidelines for line managers and employees regarding PMS? RESEARCH DESIGN A quantitative, explorative, descriptive, and contextual design was used in this study to reach the overarching aim and respective objectives. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher firstly conducted a literature review to understand implementation of PMS and related constructs. Thereafter the researcher used two similar structured questionnaires for both LM and E to collect data. The questionnaires were developed to measure the perceptions of both LM and E in the implementation of PMS in a level 2 public hospital. The questionnaires were based on the six steps (performance planning, developing performance criteria, performance monitoring, performance review and assessment, annual performance assessment and performance assessment outcomes) of the current PMS policy used in a level 2 public hospital. The study is based on transformational leadership whereby the line managers (LM) as nurse leaders with transformational characteristics are assumed to be empowering the employees (E) and creating enthusiasm for nursing practice. Minor adaptations were made to the questionnaires prior to administration to the nursing personnel in a level 2 public hospital in North West Province. An all inclusive sample was taken, representative of a larger population and this amounted to twenty four line managers (n=24) and fifty five employees (n=55) that participated in the study. RESULTS There were problems identified from both the line managers (LM) and employees (E) in performance planning, developing performance criteria, and monitoring performance, organizing and the process of performance review and assessment and lastly the annual performance assessment. The main two main findings are: * The effect size of all the questions indicates a practically visible and thus significant difference with regard to LM and E perceptions of the implementation of PMS. * There is statistical evidence of improper implementation of PMS from both groups regarding some of the performance implementation items. Based on the empirical evidence and the problems identified from the results, guidelines for the implementation of PMS were formulated. It is suggested that these be used and implemented to streamline the PMS in level 2 public hospitals. Keywords: Key result areas (KRAs), Generic assessment factors (GAFs), reward, work plan, Performance Agreement (PA), Performance Management System (PMS). / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

[pt] Em um mercado onde para se manter a competitividade é preciso atender aos requisitos dos clientes o mais rápido possível e com menor custo, os sistemas de medição de desempenho vêm para auxiliar na medição da eficiência e da eficácia das organizações. Por isto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivos propor um framework e uma classificação de temas de sistemas de medição de desempenho e, avaliar sua evolução nos últimos 50 anos. Com esta finalidade, adotou-se uma análise terciária das revisões da literatura sobre o tema e uma análise bibliométrica sobre a evolução dos temas utilizando o software SciMAT. Como resultados, um framework sobre sistemas de medição de desempenho foi desenvolvido, dados das publicações e assuntos do campo de pesquisa nos últimos 50 anos foram reconhecidos e, propostas de futuras pesquisas foram sugeridas. / [en] In a market where to keep competitiveness it is important to respond to the customer requirements as quickly as possible and at a lower cost, measurement performance systems have come to assist in measuring the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organizations. Therefore, this work aims to propose a framework and a classification of themes in measurement performance system and to evaluate its evolution over the past 50 years. For this purpose, a tertiary analysis of the literature was adopted on the subject and a bibliometrics analysis about the evolution of the themes was performed using the SciMAT software. As a result, a framework for performance measurement systems was developed, the data from publications and subjects in the research field in the last 50 years were identified, and proposals for future research were suggested.

[pt] Hoje no Brasil, o setor de telecomunicações encontra-se em estágio avançado de desenvolvimento, se considerarmos a transição desencadeada há cerca de seis anos com a privatização das empresas do setor, que resultou em uma alteração no modelo institucional, devido à introdução da concorrência na exploração dos serviços e a obrigação da universalização do acesso aos serviços básicos. Neste ambiente, as empresas buscam um novo posicionamento no mercado para serem competitivas e se manterem rentáveis. A fim de lograrem êxito, estas empresas necessitam manter uma gestão estratégica com foco no mercado, e com indicadores que possibilitem o acompanhamento do desempenho financeiro e operacional, assim como da qualidade de seus produtos e serviços e da satisfação de seus clientes. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar como assegurar a adequação estratégica do sistema de medição de desempenho organizacional na Unidade de Negócios Empresariais da Telemar (UNE). A investigação foi desenvolvida, usando a metodologia de estudo de caso, escolhendo como objeto de pesquisa a UNE - Telemar. Coletados por meio de investigação documental / telematizada, questionários predominantemente estruturados e entrevistas, os dados da pesquisa foram tratados com métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A interpretação e análise dos dados foram realizadas com base no referencial teórico, fundamentado em revisão de literatura pertinente à área de estudo, com auxílio do modelo genérico integrativo de Macedo - Soares (2001b). Os resultados evidenciaram algumas inconsistências entre o sistema de medição de desempenho organizacional e a estratégia da Unidade. Também, foi possível identificar os fatores organizacionais que contribuem e os que não contribuem para este adequação. Ao final do trabalho, são compartilhadas as lições a respeito do estudo de caso na UNE - Telemar. / [en] The telecommunication industry in Brazil has evolved to an advanced state since the privatization of the sector in 1998. The transition from government controlled segment to public owned institutions, regulated by a government agency, has revamped the structure of the industry, created the foundation for an open market with free and fair competition, and defined the minimum network structure with the so called Universal Plan for Basic Access to Telecommunication Services. In the last six years, the Brazilian telecommunication system has progressed from inefficient and outdated to world class. To succeed in the current highly competitive environment, telecommunication service providers must focus their strategy on their market and clients. These firms must develop metrics that allow them to monitor financial and operational performances, evaluate the quality of their products and services, and assess client satisfaction. The objective of this research is to assess the efficiency and strategic adequacy (fit) of the organizational performance measurement system in the Business Units of Telemar, also known as UNE - Unidade de Negócios Empresariais da Telemar. The investigation was prepared in a case study format, and the object of study defined as the UNE - Telemar. Data was collected through documental/telematic investigations and structured questionnaires. Data compilation and analysis were performed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Information analysis and interpretation were based on academic references, structured through the research of available literature, and in most part rooted on with the support of the systemic and integrative model developed by Macedo-Soares (2001b). The results of the analysis indicate inconsistencies between the method currently used to evaluate the organizational performance in the Business Units of Telemar and the company s strategy. The work also revealed the aspects in the organization that contribute or hinder the implementation of the company s strategies and, ultimately, its success. The lessons captured in the study of the UNE - Telemar case are detailed in the final analysis.

abstract: This is a project about medicine and the history of a condition called premenstrual syndrome (PMS), its “discovery” and conceptual development at both scientific and socio-cultural levels. Since it was first mentioned in medical literature, PMS has been explored empirically as a medical condition and conceptually as non-somatic cultural phenomenon. Many attempts have been made to produce scientific, empirical evidence to bolster the theory of PMS as a biological disease. Some non-medical perspectives argue that invoking biology as the cause of PMS medicalizes a natural function of the female reproductive system and shallowly interrogates what is actually a complex bio-psycho-social phenomenon. This thesis questions both sides of this debate in order to reveal how criteria for PMS were categorized despite disagreement surrounding its etiology. This thesis illustrates how the concept of PMS developed and was informed by the discovery of hormones and the resulting field of endocrinology that provided a framework for conceptualizing PMS. It displays how the development of the medical diagnostic category of PMS developed in tandem with the emergence of the field of endocrinology and was legitimized and effectively medicalized through this connection. The diagnosis of PMS became established though the diagnostic techniques like questionnaires in spite of persistent disagreement over its definition. The thesis shows how these medical concepts and practices legitimated the category of PMS, and how it has become ubiquitous in contemporary culture. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2016

Os impactos causados na manufatura das empresas que buscam a implementação das técnicas e ferramentas guiadas pelos conceitos da produção enxuta não se limitam às questões técnicas. Para que se atenda ao dinamismo nas operações requerido por essa filosofia, é dado empowerment aos operadores do chão-de-fábrica para que executem ações corretivas e de melhoria por si próprios, mudando os papéis desses funcionários de simples cumpridores de ordens para tomadores de decisão. Para isso, é necessário que, além da autoridade, esses operadores tenham disponíveis as informações requeridas para fomentar adequadamente suas decisões, e que essas informações sejam atuais e alinhadas às diretrizes definidas para a empresa. Este trabalho propõe um modelo de sistema de medição de desempenho e elementos estruturais que têm por objetivo eliminar a lacuna identificada entre outras propostas de sistemas desse tipo e as necessidades identificadas em ambientes de produção enxuta reais. O modelo é baseado no levantamento bibliográfico da literatura técnica sobre o tema e na realização de estudos de casos de duas empresas reconhecidamente bem-sucedidas na implantação da produção enxuta em suas operações. Propõe-se uma estrutura que internaliza as melhorias desenvolvidas pela empresa em políticas que servirão de base para análises e tomada de decisões futuras, formalizando um ciclo virtuoso de estruturação e gestão do sistema de medição de desempenho para ambientes de produção enxuta. / The impacts caused in the manufacturing in companies that look for the implementation of techniques and tolls driven by lean manufacturing concept are not restricted to technical aspects. In order to achieve the dynamism required by this philosophy, the shop floor workers are empowered and they have to conduct corrective and improvement actions by themselves, what changes their roles from command executioners to decision makers. Therefore, it is necessary that, in addition to the authority, these operators have access to the information required to support their decisions adequately - this information must be up to date and related to the guidelines defined by the company. This dissertation proposes a model of performance measurement system that seeks to eliminate the gap identified among other similar proposals and the needs identified in real lean manufacturing environments. The model is based on bibliographical research in the technical literature and on case studies conducted in two companies recognized as successful in implementing lean manufacturing in their operations. It proposes a framework that incorporates the improvements developed in the company into a policy which will serve as basis for future analysis and decisions, i. e., it formalizes a virtuous circle for structuring and managing the performance measurement system for lean manufacturing environments.

This thesis contains introduction to PMS motor control using development board ZedBoard with Xilinx Zynq-7000 SoC. After that, there is a description of development environment Vivado and other modules. Finally, it contains description or created modules in Vivado environment which were combined together with peripheral drivers to demonstrate field oriented motor control algorithm of small PMS motor.

Title: Key Performance Indicators - Refine, adjust or remove Level: Final assignment for bachelor's degree in business administration. Author: Isabelle Nilsson and Maria Bäckström  Supervisor: Niklas Bomark Date: Autumn - 20  Aim: The aim of this study is to seek understanding of how the change process of KPIs works and whether information asymmetry and conflicts of interest can arise in the interaction between managers and group leaders in process. Method: The study is based on a qualitative research design and an interpretive hermeneutic research methodology. The empirics are collected through semi-structured interviews with managers and group leaders in a fintech company. A total of 4 managers and 5 team leaders have contributed to the content of the empirics. Secondary data have been collected from previous scientific research. The analysis is structured according to themes that have been compiled based on our research questions as well as collected data from previous research and empirics. Result & Contribution of the thesis: We have come to the conclusion that the process of changing KPIs goes through four different phases; 1. Problems are identified, 2. Measures are taken, 3. Delegation and 4. Evaluation. In connection with this, we have seen that conflicts of interest and/or information asymmetry can arise between managers and group leaders, which should be taken into account in the change process. The study has also found that conflicts of interest may in themselves cause a need to change KPIs. Suggestion for future research: - A longitudinal study could contribute to a deeper understanding of the changing process, by looking at the phenomenon for a longer time and doing repeated analyzes to detect any deviations or patterns. - The possibilities of the study could be broadened by not only measuring the end goal but also the ongoing process in sales, and for example look at factors such as customer satisfaction, returning customers or customer recommendations and references.

Die Straßeninfrastruktur ist die wichtigste Grundlage für die Mobilität von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und stellt ein großes Anlagevermögen für Bund, Bundesländer, Landkreise und Gemeinden dar. Aufgrund der hohen Beanspruchungen aus Verkehr und Witterung ist die Infrastruktur kontinuierlich durch geeignete Maßnahmen zu erhalten. Die Erhaltungsplanung wurde in den vergangenen Jahren stärker systematisiert. Auf Netzebene werden durch die „Richtlinien für die Planung von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen an Straßenbefestigungen“ (RPE-Stra 01 - FGSV 2001a) Verfahren beschrieben, um an formulierten Zielen ausgerichtete und strategische Erhaltungsprogramme aufzustellen. Zur Darstellung netzweiter Strategieszenarien werden heutzutage Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) eingesetzt. Sie ermitteln diejenigen Erhaltungsmaßnahmen, die bei vorgegebenem Betrachtungszeitraum und Mitteleinsatz den maximalen Nutzen (Verbesserung des Straßenzustands) versprechen. Die Erhaltungsmaßnahmen können hinsichtlich ihres Umfangs nach Maßnahmen der Instandsetzung und Erneuerung differenziert werden. Der verbesserte Fahrbahnzustand und der Eindruck einer neuen, richtliniengerechten Straße, der speziell bei Erneuerungsmaßnahmen entsteht, führt erfahrungsgemäß zu höheren Geschwindigkeiten der Verkehrsteilnehmer (WEISE 1991). Diese geschwindigkeitserhöhende Wirkung ist insbesondere auf Landstraßen kritisch zu prüfen. Die Landstraßen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland sind in ihrer Gestaltung sehr heterogen. Aus Netzergänzungen, den Bau von Ortsumgehungen und grundlegenden Modernisierungen sind sukzessive Streckenabschnitte entstanden, die den Anforderungen aktueller Regelwerke hinsichtlich Verkehrssicherheit und Leistungsfähigkeit genügen. Demgegenüber existieren Straßen, deren Linienführung aus den Anfängen des motorisierten Individualverkehrs stammt und die im Zuge von Erhaltungsarbeiten nur ungenügend an die Entwurfsparameter der entsprechenden Regelwerke angepasst wurden. Sie entsprechen oft nicht dem Stand der Technik. Diese Tatsache spiegelt sich auch im Unfallgeschehen wider. Etwa 57 % der Verkehrstoten sind auf Landstraßen zu verzeichnen (DESTATIS 2017). Diese besondere Unfallschwere ist u. a. auf das instabile Verhältnis von dem vorhandenen Geschwindigkeitsniveau zu der Güte der Gestaltung zurückzuführen. Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit ist außerorts die Hauptunfallursache bei Unfällen mit Getöteten (DESTATIS 2017). Die Unfallstatistik unterstreicht also die Bedeutung, entwurfstechnische Belange auch im Zuge von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zu berücksichtigen. Trotz dieser besonderen Bedeutung werden die entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Belange bei der Erhaltungsplanung noch nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, ein Verfahren zu entwickeln, welches die Geometrie eines Straßennetzes bewertet und - daraus abgeleitet - entsprechende Kriterien für die Integration in Pavement-Management-Systeme definiert. Um darauf aufbauend entwurfstechnische Um- und Ausbauempfehlungen wirksam in das PMS zu implementieren, war die derzeitige Nutzendefinition um sicherheitstechnische Aspekte weiterzuentwickeln. Dazu waren zunächst die maßgebenden Entwurfsmerkmale abzugrenzen. In diesen Untersuchungen haben sich vor allem die Fahrbahnbreite und die Größe/Abfolge der Lageplanelemente als sicherheitsrelevant herausgestellt. Fahrbahnbreiten von 7,00 m ≤ B ≤ 8,50 m sind - ähnlich wie bei VIETEN U. A. (2010) - durch ein geringeres Unfallgeschehen gekennzeichnet. Dieser Sicherheitsvorteil breiterer Querschnitte wurde insbesondere bei nicht relationstrassierten Streckenabschnitten festgestellt. Es zeigte sich jedoch, dass die Belange der Linienführung im Lageplan stärker auf die Verkehrssicherheit wirken als die Querschnittsgestaltung. Relationstrassierte Strecken wiesen unabhängig von der Fahrbahnbreite durchschnittlich nur halb so hohe Unfallkennwerte auf wie nicht relationstrassierte Straßenabschnitte. Zur Bewertung der Relationstrassierung hat sich das Maß der Abweichung von den Forderungen der RAL (FGSV 2012a) als geeignetes Kriterium herausgestellt. Bei einer prozentualen Abweichung von Abw > 25 % stiegen in den vorliegenden Streckenkollektiven die Unfallkennwerte sprunghaft an. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse wurde ein Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßennetzen erarbeitet. Das Verfahren basiert auf einem dreistufigen Bewertungssystem, welches das Maß der Abweichung von den Entwurfsrichtlinien beschreibt. Im Ergebnis werden allgemeine Empfehlungen zur Anpassung der Linienführung in Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurven an der Gesamtlänge des Straßenabschnitts formuliert. Die Empfehlungen für entwurfstechnische Maßnahmen können über sogenannte Anwendungsbereiche bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung mittels PMS berücksichtigt werden. In Abhängigkeit vom Längenanteil sicherheitskritischer Kurvenbereiche sind nur bestimmte Erhaltungsmaßnahmen zulässig. Damit können höherwertige (und somit geschwindigkeitserhöhende) Maßnahmen der baulichen Erhaltung bei Straßenabschnitten mit unzureichender geometrischer Gestaltung ausgeschlossen bzw. abgegrenzt werden. Diese Bereiche sind in der Linienführung elementweise bzw. gänzlich anzupassen. Entsprechende Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen waren daher im letzten Schritt wirksam in das PMS zu integrieren. Den erfahrungsgemäß höheren Kosten dieser Maßnahmen steht der zu erwartende volkswirtschaftliche „Gewinn“ infolge vermiedener Straßenverkehrsunfälle gegenüber. Daher wurde die Definition des Nutzens bei Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen um einen Wichtungsfaktor erweitert, welcher das tatsächliche Unfallgeschehen der jeweiligen Straßenabschnitte berücksichtigt. Mit dem entwickelten Verfahren können bei der strategischen Erhaltungsplanung nun entwurfstechnische Belange ebenfalls berücksichtigt werden. Die aus den Sicherheitsuntersuchungen abgeleiteten Parameter und Kriterien orientieren sich an der Grundstruktur der Straßendatenbanken. Damit ist es möglich, bestehende PMS-Module anzupassen sowie ein eigenständiges Modul „Um- und Ausbau“ zu entwickeln und in das Gesamtsystem zu implementieren. Die erforderliche Datengrundlage ist zum Teil bereits in den Straßendatenbanken vorhanden bzw. kann mit vertretbarem Aufwand berechnet werden. Bei konsequenter Anwendung des Verfahrens wird sich die Sicherheit auf Landstraßen mittel- und langfristig verbessern.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand von Wissenschaft und Technik 2.1 Sicherheitstechnische Aspekte bei der Festlegung von Entwurfselementen 2.1.1 Elemente des Querschnitts 2.1.2 Elemente des Lageplans 2.1.3 Elemente des Höhenplans 2.1.4 Räumliche Linienführung 2.1.5 Sichtweite 2.1.6 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung von Straßen 2.1.7 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 2.2 Stand der Regelwerke 2.2.1 Gestaltungsgrundsätze der Entwurfsrichtlinien 2.2.2 Richtlinien für die Anlage von Landstraßen (RAL) 2.2.3 Merkblatt zur Übertragung des Prinzips der Entwurfsklassen auf bestehende Straßen (M EKLBest) 2.2.4 Erhaltungsplanung 2.2.5 Schlussfolgerungen für die Untersuchung 3 Ziel der Arbeit und Vorgehensweise 3.1 Ziel und Abgrenzung der Arbeit 3.2 Allgemeine Vorgehensweise 3.3 Möglichkeiten der Datenbereitstellung und Datenerhebung 3.3.1 Straßendatenbanken 3.3.2 Kinematische Datenerfassung und Datenaufbereitung 3.4 Netzweite Berechnung entwurfstechnischer Parameter 3.4.1 Abgrenzung der Straßenabschnitte 3.4.2 Berechnung der Fahrbahnbreite 3.4.3 Berechnung der Elementrelationen 3.4.4 Berechnung der Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.4.5 Detektierung von kritischen Sichtschattenbereichen 3.4.6 Detektierung verdeckter Kurvenbeginne 3.5 Analyse des Unfallgeschehens 3.5.1 Kenngrößen der Unfallanalyse 3.5.2 Netzzuordnung der Unfälle 3.5.3 Spezifizierung der Unfalldaten 3.5.4 Berechnung der relativen Unfallkenngrößen 3.5.5 Bildung von Untersuchungskollektiven 3.5.6 Fahrbahnbreite 3.5.7 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 3.5.8 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 3.5.9 Sichtschattenbereiche 3.5.10 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4 Einfluss ausgewählter Entwurfsmerkmale auf die Verkehrssicherheit 4.1 Darstellung des Streckenkollektivs 4.2 Fahrbahnbreite 4.3 Kurvenradien und Elementfolgen 4.3.1 Kurvenradius 4.3.2 Folge gegensinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.3 Folge gleichsinnig gekrümmter Kurven 4.3.4 Kurvenradien im Anschluss an Geraden 4.4 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens und Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.4.1 Kurvigkeit des Einzelbogens 4.4.2 Kurvigkeitsdifferenzen 4.5 Kritische Sichtschattenbereiche 4.6 Verdeckter Kurvenbeginn 4.7 Zusammenfassung 5 Konzept zur Berücksichtigung entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischer Aspekte bei PMS 5.1 Verfahren zur entwurfstechnischen Bewertung 5.1.1 Bewertungsphilosophie 5.1.2 Linienführung im Lageplan 5.1.3 Querschnittsgestaltung 5.1.4 Ableitung von Um-/Ausbauempfehlungen 5.2 Maßnahmen für Pavement-Management-Systeme (PMS) 5.2.1 Begriffe der Baulichen Erhaltung 5.2.2 Struktur und Aufbau von PMS 5.2.3 Wahl der Erhaltungsmaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.4 Ableitung zulässiger Erhaltungsmaßnahmen für PMS 5.2.5 Berücksichtigung von Um- und Ausbaumaßnahmen in PMS 5.2.6 Bewertung von Maßnahmen in PMS 5.3 Berücksichtigung von entwurfs- und sicherheitstechnischen Aspekten bei PMS - Verfahrensablauf 5.4 Abschätzung des Ausbaubedarfs von Straßennetzen - Verfahrensablauf 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Anhangverzeichnis