Yes / This text discusses the films of French director Albert Lamorisse in relation to the poetics of cinema. It focuses on three of Lamorisse’s films, Crin Blanc (1953), Le Ballon Rouge (1956) and Le Vent des Amoureux (1978), in order to examine his fascination with wind, a force of nature, due to its invisibility, that is virtually impossible to capture on film. Certain French theorists, however, have tried to explain the power of the wind, most notably Gaston Bachelard, whose works are quoted here as part of the analysis, while a few distinguished filmmakers, such as Joris Ivens and Andrei Tarkovsky, have used wind in interesting ways. But only Lamorisse had what could be described as a sustained obsession. Despite early success (the great French film theorist André Bazin was praiseworthy about his short films), Lamorisse has been somewhat neglected in recent years. Thus, this essay highlights the unique skills of a ‘forgotten man’ of French post-war cinema.

The aim of this thesis was to clarify the reasons of the formal diversity that can be observed in selected films by director Jim McBride. The hypothesis is based on the fact that these movies are characterized by different tendencies of independent American cinema in the 50s and 60s. The aim of the work was to prove that similar diversity of stylistic devices was accepted and even supported in the ecosystem of American underground. The starting point for historical research and analysis was a poetics of cinema approach outlined by David Bordwell in Poetics of Cinema. From this perspective, the thesis examines the immanent and distant factors that may have influenced McBride's works. After an introduction of these theoretical starting points, working hypotheses connected with individual films and with the creative ecosystem were defined. Formal heterogeneity was demonstrated on Shirley Clarke's work and in Marie Menken's film Notebook. The chapters are followed by an analysis of three McBride's movies. A closer analysis of selected categories of film form confirmed the hypothesis that the films are really distinct and that their director interacted with various traditions and norms.

La présente thèse étudie la transformation de l’Italie vers la postmodernité (1957-1978) à travers le cinéma de trois auteurs : Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini et Pier Paolo Pasolini. Elle explore l’historicité du cinéma, en interrogeant la manière par laquelle le septième art constitue une mise en forme et une écriture de l’histoire. Dans la convergence de deux histoires, celle humaine et celle du cinéma, elle met en récit l’expérience de la transformation sociétale et artistique. En dernière analyse, il est question d’étudier le cas italien comme un paradigme. En réactualisant les propositions des trois cinéastes dans le contexte contemporain de la mondialisation, de l’hypermédiatisation et de la domination technologique, le présent travail nous invite à repenser la vie humaine et la création artistique face aux défis de la postmodernité. / This thesis examines the transformation of Italy towards postmodernity (1957-1978) through the cinema of three film directors: Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. It explores the historicity of cinema, by questioning the concrete means through which film constitutes a form and a writing of history. In the coming together of two histories, the human one and that of the cinema, the thesis recounts the experience of a societal and artistic transformation. In the final analysis, it is a question of studying the Italian case as a paradigm. By updating the proposals of the three filmmakers in the contemporary context of globalization, hypermedia and technological domination, this work invites us to rethink human life and artistic creation, facing the challenges of postmodernity.

Depuis les années 1990, un motif formel particulier a pris de l’ampleur au cinéma : il s’agit de la conjonction du caméscope intradiégétique et du point de vue médiatisé, deux procédés qui représentent respectivement un caméscope intégré à une narration filmique et le point de vue de ce que tourne une caméra intradiégétique (caméscope ou non) dans une scène donnée. À partir de cette constatation, cette thèse propose d’observer certaines caractéristiques propres à ces procédés, en utilisant les outils du néoformalisme de Kristin Thompson et de la poétique historique de David Bordwell, autant en ce qui concerne leur utilisation dans les films et leur évolution dans l’histoire du cinéma. La problématique comporte deux volets. Le premier est analytique et se penche sur un corpus de films qui utilisent le caméscope intradiégétique ou le point de vue médiatisé de façon importante, soit American Beauty (1999), Blair Witch Project (1999), Caché (2005) et Le journal d’un coopérant (2010). L’objectif est de dégager des séries de fonctions, de stratégies, de normes, de conventions et d’alternatives propres à l’usage de ces procédés. Pour cela, le corpus principal sera comparé à un corpus plus large, comprenant une variété de films provenant autant du cinéma classique que moderne. Le second volet est historique et concerne l’évolution stylistique particulière de ces deux procédés et de leur conjonction, principalement dans le cinéma classique hollywoodien. Dans un premier temps, l’étude des caméras intradiégétiques au cinéma avant les années 1980, donc durant la période qui précède l’arrivée du caméscope, permet de comprendre les différences et les ressemblances avec le cinéma actuel. Dans un deuxième temps, l’évolution récente du caméscope intradiégétique et du point de vue médiatisé depuis les années 1980 est une façon d’observer comment cette conjonction s’est développée en parallèle à d’autres phénomènes comme la progression du mode amateur, les nouvelles possibilités de tournage en vidéo au cinéma, l’essor du cinéma pornographique gonzo ou la popularisation du style run and gun et de la caméra-épaule. Derrière ces observations, il sera question de voir à quel point la popularité de la conjonction du caméscope intradiégétique et du point de vue médiatisé est représentative d’une fragmentation ou d’une intensification du style du cinéma contemporain par rapport à celui qui l’a précédé. / Since the 1990s, a formal pattern that has become increasingly popular in film is the combined use or “conjunction” of the intradiegetic camcorder and the mediated point of view, two devices that are represented respectively by a camcorder integrated to a filmic narration and the point of view of what an intradiegetic camera (camcorder or not) is shooting in a given scene. Taking this observation as a starting point, this dissertation proposes to examine some of the characteristics of these devices, using the tools of Kristin Thompson’s neoformalism and David Bordwell’s historical poetics, with concern both for their uses in movies and their evolution in the history of cinema. This research problem is divided into two aspects. The first is analytical and is concern with a corpus of movies that make salient use of the intradiegetic camcorder or the mediated point of view: American Beauty (1999), The Blair Witch Project (1999), Caché (2005) and Le journal d’un coopérant (2010). The objective is to reveal a series of functions, strategies, norms, conventions and alternatives that are characteristic of the use of these devices. To achieve this, the main corpus will be compared with a larger one composed of a variety of movies from classical as well as modern cinema. The second aspect is historical and is concerned with the particular stylistic evolution of these two devices and their conjunction, primarily in classical Hollywood cinema. On the one hand, the study of intradiegetic cameras prior to the 1980s (during the period before the invention of the camcorder) elucidates the differences and similarities between previous and actual cinema. On the other hand, the recent evolution of the intradiegetic camcorder and the mediated point of view since the 1980s provides insight into the way in which this conjunction has developed in parallel with other phenomena such as the development of the amateur mode, the new possibilities offered by shooting in video for the film industry, the expansion of pornographic gonzo cinema or the popularization of the run and gun style and of the hand-held camera. Using these observations, we will determine the extent to which the popularity of the conjunction of the intradiegetic camcorder and the mediated point of view is representative of a fragmentation or an intensification of the style of contemporary cinema compared to the cinema of previous periods.