Mechanochemistry, the use of mechanical stress to activate chemical reactions, has emerged as a significant area of interest in recent years. Two theoretical approaches have been developed to simulate mechanochemical processes: COnstrained Geometries Simulate External Force (COGEF) and External Force is Explicitly Included (EFEI). In the COGEF method, mechanical stress is simulated by increasing the distance between atoms in a molecule that serve as pulling points (PPs) at a constant rate. In the EFEI methods, a constant external force (Fext) is applied between PPs, allowing the atoms to move to maintain that force. Both methods have been used in the literature to study the ring opening of cyclobutene under mechanochemical conditions. These studies have shown that applying a force between cis PPs in cyclobutene induces ring opening along the conrotatory pathway in COGEF-based simulations and ring opening along the disrotatory pathway in EFEI-based simulations. The latter is consistent with experiments. The work in this thesis identifies the origin of the differences in the outcomes obtained with these two methods, which may be of interest in the context of researchers selecting methods to simulate mechanochemical processes. The results demonstrate that the origin of the difference in behaviour is related to the manner in which these methods alter the potential energy surface (PES) through the application of a mechanical stress. Specifically, the PES obtained with the COGEF method does not contain a minimum energy pathway (MEP) linking cyclobutene to the disrotatory product, whereas the EFEI surface does contain such a path. The differences in PESs suggest that the EFEI method is more suitable to simulate mechanochemical processes. The EFEI approach was then used to examine how the electronic structure evolves to permit a formally forbidden disrotatory reaction to occur. The circumvention of the Woodward-Hoffmann rules was not due to a change in the electronic structure. Instead, the application of an external force shifts the transition state along the reaction coordinate towards the reactants, lowering the barrier for the reactions. The orbital effects that disfavor movement from reactants to products are rendered secondary to mechanochemical factors. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2011-12-14 16:47:24.197

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Tyrimo objektas. 2011 metų Europos moterų krepšinio čempionato ir 2012 metų olimpinių žaidynių moterų krepšinio komandų baudos metimų rodikliai. Hipotezė – komandos, laimėjusios rungtynes baudos metimais pelnys daugiau taškų, nei komandos, kurios pralaimėjo rungtynes. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti 2011 metų Europos moterų krepšinio čempionato ir 2012 metų moterų olimpinių žaidynių moterų krepšinio komandų baudos metimų rodiklius, bei įtaką galutiniam oficialių rungtynių rezultatui. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti rungtynes laimėjusių ir pralaimėjusių komandų baudos metimais pelnomų taškų skaičių rungtynėse ir pagal atskirus kėlinius; 2. Nustatyti moterų krepšinio komandų baudos metimais pelnomų taškų skaičių įtemptose rungtynėse, kurios baigėsi mažesniu nei 10 taškų skirtumu; 3. Nustatyti moterų krepšinio komandų baudos metimais pelnomų taškų skaičių atkrintamųjų ir finalinių rungtynių metu; 4. Nustatyti ir įvertinti rungtynes laimėjusių ir pralaimėjusių komandų baudos metimais pelnomų taškų įtaką galutiniam rungtynių rezultatui. Tyrimo rezultatai. 2011 metų Europos moterų krepšinio čempionate, baudos metimais buvo pelnoma 11,7 ± 4,8 taško vidutiniškai per vienas rungtynes, o olimpinėse žaidynėse 12,6 ± 5,2 taško. Įtemptose rungtynėse, kurios baigėsi mažesniu nei 10 taškų skirtumu, moterų Europos čempionato metu baudos metimais pelnyta 11,4 ± 4,1 taško, o olimpinių žaidynių metu baudos metimai sudarė 13,9 ± 4,9 taško vidutiniškai per vienas rungtynes. Europos čempionate... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research object. The rates of penalty free throws of women basketball teams, during the 2011 European Women Basketball Championship and 2012 Summer Olympics. Hypothesis – the teams which have won the game, will earn more points of the free-throw, than the ones who have lost the game. The aim of the research. To determine the rates of penalty free throws of women basketball teams, during the 2011 European Women Basketball Championship and 2012 Summer Olympics, and their influence to the final, official result of the game. Research objectives: 1. To determine the points earned from the free-throw line of both: winning and loosing teams, during the whole game and by individual quarters; 2. To determine the points earned from the free-throw line by women basketball teams, during tense games which have ended by less than a 10 point difference; 3. To determine the points earned by women basketball teams, from penalty free throws, during the play-offs and finals; 4. To determine the influence of the points earned from the free-throw line by the winning and the loosing teams to the final, official result of the game. Research results. During the 2011 European Women Basketball Championship, the average number of points earned from the free-throw line during one game was 11,7 ± 4,8, while during the 2012 Summer Olympics the number was 12,6 ± 5,2. During tense games which have ended by less than a 10 point difference, 11,4 ± 4,1 points were earned from the free-throw line... [to full text]

ABSTRACT Effect Of Physical Properties And Anaerobic Training On 100 Meters Swimming Results In Competition Purpose: The objective was to examine which physical property has the biggest influence on 100 meters swimming result and to find out whether anaerobic training increase swimming performance. Methods: The research was devoted into 3 main stages. The goal of the 1-st stage was to examine connection between FINA points and the results of different physical capacity tests. In this stage of research were examined 20 elite swimmers (males, n=20, age 21 ± 2). In the 2-nd stage of the research were examined 37 elite male swimmers (n =37, age 21.6 ± 2.3). The goal is to investigate connections between FINA points and strength indexes. In the third stage of the research 6 male swimmers (age 20 ±1.8) were assigned to the training group. The specific anaerobic training consisted of approximately 60 % anaerobic intensity of all physical loading, 5 times a week, for 6 weeks. The aim of this stage of research was to find out whether anaerobic training increase swimming performance. Results: There are no significant connections between FINA points and the indexes of physical development, indexes of velocity and endurance. The direct coefficient of correlation was observed in FINA points and strength index (r = 0.86, p <0.05, n = 37). 6 weeks of anaerobic training improved swimming result, in distance of 100 meters, approximately 8 ± 3%, also increased index of strength 12... [to full text]

<p>For the moduli stack $\mathcal{M}_{g,n/\mathbb{F}_p}$ of smooth curves of type $(g,n)$ over Spec $\mathbb{F}_p$ with the function field $K$, we show that if $g\geq3$, then the only $K$-rational points of the generic curve over $K$ are its $n$ tautological points. Furthermore, we show that if $g\geq 3$ and $n=0$, then Grothendieck's Section Conjecture holds for the generic curve over $K$. A primary tool used in this thesis is the theory of weighted completion developed by Richard Hain and Makoto Matsumoto.</p> / Dissertation

A connection is established between uniform rational approximation, and approximation in the mean by polynomials on compact nowhere dense subsets of the complex plane C. Peak points for R(X) and bounded point evaluations for Hp(X, dA), 1 ≤ p < ∞, play a fundamental role.

We introduce a hybrid approach in which images of an urban scene are automatically alignedwith a base geometry of the scene to determine model-relative external camera parameters. Thealgorithm takes as input a model of the scene and images with approximate external cameraparameters and aligns the images to the model by extracting the facades from the images andaligning the facades with the model by minimizing over a multivariate objective function. Theresulting image-pose pairs can be used to render photo-realistic views of the model via texturemapping.Several natural extensions to the base hybrid reconstruction technique are also introduced. Theseextensions, which include vanishing point based calibration refinement and video stream basedreconstruction, increase the accuracy of the base algorithm, reduce the amount of data that mustbe provided by the user as input to the algorithm, and provide a mechanism for automaticallycalibrating a large set of images for post processing steps such as automatic model enhancementand fly-through model visualization.Traditionally, photo-realistic urban reconstruction has been approached from purely image-basedor model-based approaches. Recently, research has been conducted on hybrid approaches, whichcombine the use of images and models. Such approaches typically require user assistance forcamera calibration. Our approach is an improvement over these methods because it does notrequire user assistance for camera calibration.

L'étude du comportement sous incendie des bétons a particulièrement pris son essor depuis des incendies répétés de tunnels comme celui sous la Manche ou du Mont-Blanc. La problématique de résistance au feu est essentielle puisque les éclatements qui peuvent accompagner la diminution de résistance du matériau sont de nature à fragiliser fortement les structures. Depuis plusieurs décennies, le domaine de la résistance au feu des bétons ordinaires et à hautes performances a été exploré tant expérimentalement que théoriquement. Cependant il existe des matériaux plus récents, que sont les bétons fibrés à ultra performances (BFUP), pour lesquels le phénomène d'instabilité thermique est accentué et dont le comportement mécanique à chaud n'a pas été beaucoup exploré. L'étude menée ici a pour vocation de s'intéresser à un BFUP particulier, le BCV®, fourni par l'entreprise Vicat. Les résultats exposés permettent de mieux comprendre l'efficacité des fibres de polypropylène face aux autres fibres synthétiques, grâce à une approche expérimentale originale complétée par une étude à l'échelle microscopique. Cette dernière est constituée de nombreuses analyses au microscope électronique à balayage ainsi que d'études de porosimétrie au mercure. Cette première phase est suivie d'un vaste programme de caractérisations mécaniques à chaud sur le BCV® à des températures variant de 20°C à 1100°C, essais peu courants pour ce genre de matériau. Ce travail contribue à la compréhension du comportement des BFUP à haute température, et montre que l'évolution avec la température de leurs caractéristiques mécaniques principales (résistance en flexion, résistance en compression et module d'élasticité) est assez semblable à celle des bétons ordinaires. Les résultats de cette étude contribuent à une meilleures connaissance du comportement à haute température des bétons fibrés à ultra performances.

En orthodontie, le diagnostic et la planification d'un traitement reposent sur la connaissance de l'architecture dentaire du patient relevée, entre autre, par un moulage en plâtre. Aujourd'hui, des logiciels permettent de manipuler des modèles numériques des arcades dentaires obtenus après numérisation des moulages. Afin d'observer l'engrènement des dents, il est nécessaire de mettre en occlusion les deux arcades numérisées séparément. Cette étape est actuellement manuelle et l'objet de ces travaux de thèse est de proposer une chaîne robuste de traitements permettant un recalage automatique des deux arcades guidé par plusieurs photos "en bouche" du patient. L'approche proposée consiste à définir trois types de points singuliers et à mettre en place des méthodes robustes de détection automatique à la fois sur les modèles 3D et les images couleur s'appuyant sur la courbure et la texture. Une fois mis en correspondance, ces points homologues 2D/3D permettent d'estimer les matrices de projection puis la transformation rigide (6ddl) pour positionner au mieux la mandibule par rapport au maxillaire en minimisant les erreurs de reprojection dans plusieurs vues. Afin de s'affranchir du bruit de détection, les positions 2D et/ou 3D des points sont améliorées au cours du processus d'optimisation. De nombreux tests sur des données virtuelles et réelles valident l'approche choisie. L'occlusion finale obtenue par recalage automatique est proche de la référence de l'expert. Les résultats sont encourageants pour fournir une alternative automatique à intégrer dans un outil d'aide au diagnostic.

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate a technique in producing reproductions of points in acrylic. Based on an article by John R. Rohner in Volume 35 of American Antiquity entitled, "Techniques of Making Plastic Casts of Artifacts 'From Permanent Molds".The project expanded on this idea, and added different steps in order to simplify the procedure. Completed, the finished points will be used as teaching aids.