Dans notre travail de recherche, nous avons essayé d'expliciter quels sont les traits distinctifs d’un anarchiste italien du vingtième siècle. Pour cela, suivant le modèle proposé par Carlo Ginzburg dans Le fromage et les vers, nous avons pris en considération le cas d’un militant libertaire qui a été considéré comme une exception au sein de son mouvement. À ce propos, il nous a paru particulièrement intéressant d'analyser la vie de Camillo Berneri pour le rôle qu’il a tenu au sein de son mouvement car cet intellectuel italien peut être considéré comme un représentant très important du mouvement anarchiste italien car il a milité toute sa vie dans cette organisation politique et il est devenu un martyr de la Révolution libertaire en Espagne. Cependant, nous pouvons aussi considérer Camillo Berneri comme une figure assez originale au sein de son mouvement car ses positions politiques et philosophiques ont suscité souvent plusieurs discussions au sein de son mouvement. Pour mieux comprendre les caractéristiques de cet intellectuel, nous avons pris en considération la représentation que la police et les anarchistes ont donnée de lui, sa formation intellectuelle et la relation entre ses positions politiques et son activité militante. Cette étude nous a permis de comprendre qu’il existe un strict lien entre les images que les autorités italiennes et les anarchistes ont donné de Camillo Berneri, que son parcours intellectuel a été influencé par des auteurs de différentes orientations idéologiques et que son activité politique a été fortement conditionnée par la vision que l’anarchiste avait de son mouvement d’appartenance, au début de son militantisme. Ces observations nous invitent à réfléchir sur la signification historique de l’appartenance au mouvement libertaire et sur la complexité de la définition des traits qui caractérisent un anarchiste. / The aim of the present thesis was to identify the features of an Italian anarchist in the twentieth century. For this reason, following the model proposed by Carlo Ginzburg in The Cheese and the Worms, an analysis is presented of the case of an anarchist militant who was considered an exception within his movement. In this connection, the life of Camillo Berneri was chosen for his role in the anarchistic movement. This Italian intellectual can be considered as a very important example of the anarchist movement, given that he spent all his life in this political organisation and he became a martyr of the libertarian revolution in Spain. Nevertheless, Camillo Berneri could also be taken as a unique specimen inside the anarchist movement, considering that his political and philosophical positions incited several discussions in the heart of his movement. In order to understand the character of this intellectual, Camillo Berneri’s representation both by the police and by the anarchists is analysed in this thesis, as well as his intellectual formation and the relationship between the political positions and militant activity. This study revealed a close connection between the representations of Camillo Berneri given by the police and by the anarchists; additionally, it showed that his intellectual formation was influenced by authors of various ideological orientations; and finally, that his political activity was determined by Camillo Berneri’s own vision of the anarchist movement. These observations led to a reflection on the historical meaning of belonging to the libertarian movement and the complexity of defining the traits that characterize an anarchist.

Esta dissertação aborda o controle da polícia no Brasil, apresenta características institucionais e elementos da cultura policial presentes nesse processo. Levanta as principais questões que envolvem o controle da instituição policial exercido pelas ouvidorias de polícia. Toma como universo empírico a Ouvidoria do Sistema de Segurança Pública do Estado do Pará e, como referência para a análise, a observação direta de documentos internos da instituição referentes ao período compreendido entre 2002 e 2006, e entrevistas. Discute as causas que explicam as dificuldades da sociedade em estabelecer controle mais efetivo sobre o aparato policial, observando a que tipo de mecanismo de controle a polícia tem se submetido. / The present dissertation deals with the police control in Brazil, shows institutional features and the elements of the police culture present in this process. It brings to light the main issues that involve the police institution control exerted by the Police Ombudsman. The experiential universe of the Ouvidoria do Sistema de Segurança Publica do Estado do Pará is taken here, and, as reference for the analysis, daily observations, internal documents of the institution, and interviews are shown. The analysis period ranges from 2002 to 2006. The main issue here is to analyze the causes that explain the difficulties in establishing more effective control over the police apparatus, observing what kind of control mechanism the police have been under

No description available.

This study aims to examine the relation between Sudanese police and peacebuilding in the country following an exceptionally long period of varied and complex violent conflict Literature on peacebuilding acknowledges the increasing role of police in peacebuilding, but is more often focussed on international police forces than domestic police. in order to investigate the roles of domestic forces in peacebuilding an analysis of the Sudan police is undertaken, which includes its history, organisation, management, training and the adoption of a policy of ‘community policing’. The study evaluates community policing as relatively modern policing style that is espoused by international peace builders in post conflict settings. It also examines the placement of police in peace agreements. The study concludes that whilst international police efforts in peacebuilding are not without pitfalls, domestic police, such as the Sudanese, may also be unfit for peacebuilding roles without changes in certain aspects of their organisational, management, recruitment, training and policing approaches. The study proposes a more combined approach that brings together domestic and international police for more effective role in peacebuilding.

Esta dissertação aborda o controle da polícia no Brasil, apresenta características institucionais e elementos da cultura policial presentes nesse processo. Levanta as principais questões que envolvem o controle da instituição policial exercido pelas ouvidorias de polícia. Toma como universo empírico a Ouvidoria do Sistema de Segurança Pública do Estado do Pará e, como referência para a análise, a observação direta de documentos internos da instituição referentes ao período compreendido entre 2002 e 2006, e entrevistas. Discute as causas que explicam as dificuldades da sociedade em estabelecer controle mais efetivo sobre o aparato policial, observando a que tipo de mecanismo de controle a polícia tem se submetido. / The present dissertation deals with the police control in Brazil, shows institutional features and the elements of the police culture present in this process. It brings to light the main issues that involve the police institution control exerted by the Police Ombudsman. The experiential universe of the Ouvidoria do Sistema de Segurança Publica do Estado do Pará is taken here, and, as reference for the analysis, daily observations, internal documents of the institution, and interviews are shown. The analysis period ranges from 2002 to 2006. The main issue here is to analyze the causes that explain the difficulties in establishing more effective control over the police apparatus, observing what kind of control mechanism the police have been under

Le maintien de l’ordre est l’une des missions principales des forces de police, l’ordre public étant une condition indispensable à la vie en société. Depuis près d’une dizaine d’année, la légitimité du maintien de l’ordre est en question à cause des mouvements de protestation de grande ampleur pour des raisons politiques comme les printemps arabes, mais aussi au nom d’évolutions économique, sociale et environnementale dans les pays occidentaux. Les opérations de maintien de l’ordre répondent aux débordements des contestations. Elles n’ont pas vocation à réduire la liberté d’expression. Elles encadrent les rassemblements dans l’intérêt des participants et protègent la société contre les actions d’éléments violents. Les principes de nécessité et de proportionnalité reconnus à l’échelle internationale assurent la légitimité des interventions policières. Il arrive qu’une utilisation excessive de la force conduise à mettre en cause la légitimité de la police et plus largement celle de l’état. Si tous les pays sont confrontés périodiquement à des actes regrettables, certains recourent systématiquement à la répression pour réduire les oppositions politiques ou protéger des intérêts personnels. La contestation des débordements des opérations de maintien de l’ordre devient alors un motif de protestation, alimentant un désordre permanent. Le maintien de l’ordre est devenu un enjeu politique qui pose aux forces de police des problèmes juridique et technique complexes. La légitimité du maintien de l’ordre relève des décisions de l’exécutif, mais également de la manière dont ces opérations sont conduites sur le terrain. La légitimité conditionne l’efficacité du maintien de l’ordre / The maintenance of order is one of the main tasks of the police force, public order being a prerequisite for life in society. For nearly ten years, the legitimacy of law enforcement has been in question because of large-scale protest movements for political reasons such as the Arab spring, but also in the name of economic, social and environment developments, in Western countries. The law enforcement operations respond to the overflowing challenges. They are not intended to reduce freedom of expression. They frame the gatherings in the interest of the participants and protect the society against the actions of violent elements. Internationally recognized principles of necessity and proportionality ensure the legitimacy of police interventions. Excessive use of force sometimes leads to questioning the legitimacy of the police and more broadly that of the state. While all countries periodically face regrettable acts, some resort systematically to repression to reduce political opposition or protect personal interests. Contestation of the overflowing of law enforcement operations then becomes a reason for protest, fueling a permanent disorder. The maintenance of order has become a political issue that poses complex legal and technical challenges for police forces. The legitimacy of policing depends on the decisions of the executive, but also on the way these operations are conducted on the field. Legitimacy determines the effectiveness of the maintenance of order

Doctor of Philosophy / Using the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service in 1994 as its major case study, this thesis hypothesises that, although this inquiry had a far reaching impact on both the personal and working lives of police officers in the organisation itself, it proved ineffectual in its attempt to control corruption. It argues that corruption, and the subsequent inquiries into this corruption, can be seen to have a cyclic nature and the failure of such inquiries has a long and international history. It contends that the nature of the public inquiry itself can be seen to contribute to the continuation of the cycle of corruption. Clearly, putting an end to corruption requires more than the investigation, public exposure and punishment of a few corrupt police, followed by a generalised tightening of the chain of command. Instead, this thesis demonstrates that the problem is primarily an organisational one and it is important to look at management reforms. This thesis contends that the cycle of corruption involves the nature of police work; the catalyst that triggers the inquiry; the inquiry itself and the issue of the report; and the police and community responses. An examination of all these factors is crucial to understanding the cycle’s dynamics. The final report of the Wood Royal Commission was in 1996 and this thesis specifically analyses the cycle of corruption in relation to the response of the police executive to this inquiry. It shows how the police response focused on the tactical crisis response central to operational policing — in this case appeasing official censure and community fears. As little more than a public relations exercise, senior management strategically addressed the specific recommendations of the report rather than creatively considering the implications exposed during the inquiry. The idea that corruption is a symptom of an ineffective system and not simply a slackening of effective control by senior management was never considered. In the aftermath of the Wood Royal Commission there was much discussion about ‘police culture’ being ‘a culture of corruption’. The forgotten casualties of the inquiry has been individual police officers, many of whom see policing as a vocation. This thesis has allowed many voices to be heard and used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse a wide range of information and data, which included personal interviews with serving police officers and members of external organisations, as well as printed material from Royal Commission Reports, Hansard and other government documents, internal Police Service documents and media reports.It has used Bourdieu’s theoretical approach which allows an analysis of the complex relationships involved between police officers as individuals who operate within the wider networks of a specific organisation and the way the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu’s theory also facilitates analysis of the interactions of this network with the wider community, putting in context the responses of both the police service and the community. The connection with the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu constructs an understanding of the ‘nature of the game’ of policing and the shaping of the individual within police culture, giving insight into the source of moral dilemmas, personal beliefs and personal behaviour. As the current management system of command and control is at the heart of this response, this thesis has also analysed the assumptions inherent in this management philosophy, considering both necessary operational strengths as well as organisational weaknesses. A central theme of the thesis is that open dialogue will reduce the incidence of corruption and risk within policing institutions. This thesis argues that there must be an integrative approach to reform — accountable, active leadership combined with critically constructed practical approaches that tackle the complexity of the dynamics embedded in the ‘nature of the game’ of policing itself.

Focusing on a community-policing pilot-project initiated in Kikuyu, a suburb of Nairobi, Kenya, the current paper seeks to create an understanding concerning local premises for community-policing implementation. It is based on a field study that combined participatory observations and semi-structured interviews to investigate how the management of the pilot-project on the one side and the local police officers on the other side perceives the latter’s professional duty in Kikuyu. These perceptions and their correlation were analyzed through an institutional approach, involving regulative, normative and culture-cognitive perspectives. Initially, the findings show that intentions held within the management about how to change police practice in Kikuyu correlated to a large degree with the understanding local police officers already posses concerning their professional duty. However, applying the institutional approach, possible discrepancies were found. Concerning this, while the regulative and normative aspects of how to police Kikuyu seem to correlate between the two groups, differences on the culture-cognitive level indicate that the management and the local police officers have differing perceptions concerning police practice. Conclusively, following a distinction between a proactive approach to policing, expressed by the management, and a reactive approach to policing, expressed by the local police officers, the paper issues a warning regarding how historical and current social structures might result in a misinterpretation and misuse of community-policing on the side of the local police officers, which could lead to contradictive and counterproductive end results following the continued implementation of community-policing.

Texte remanié de: Habilitationsschrift--Universität Oldenburg, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 240-260. Résumés en allemand et en polonais.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Droit public : Lyon 3 : 2006. Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Droit public : Université d'Ankara : 2006. / Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.