L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d'évaluer, à partir d'outils de caractérisation électrique (spectroscopie d'impédance basse fréquence et courants thermo-stimulés), l'impact des étapes de polissage mécanochimique (CMP) et de recuits thermiques sur les propriétés diélectriques de matériaux utilisés pour les dernières générations de circuits intégrés. Une première partie est focalisée sur le matériau SiOCH poreux déposé par voie chimique « en phase vapeur » assisté par plasma (PECVD) suivant une approche porogène (p=26%, d=2nm et er=2,5). Son intégration dans les technologies 45nm nécessite l'utilisation d'un procédé de ‘CMP directe' qui induit une dégradation des propriétés isolantes attribuée à l'adsorption de surfactants et de molécules d'eau. L'analyse diélectrique sur une large gamme de fréquence (10-1Hz- 105Hz) et de température (-120°C -200°C) a mis en évidence plusieurs mécanismes de relaxation diélectrique et de conduction liés à la présence de molécules nanoconfinées (eau et porogène) dans les pores du matériau. L'étude de ces mécanismes a permis d'illustrer le phénomène de reprise en eau du SiOCH poreux ainsi que d'évaluer la capacité de traitements thermiques à en restaurer les performances. Une seconde partie concerne l'étude d'une résine époxy chargée avec des nanoparticules de silice, utilisée en tant que ‘wafer level underfill' dans les technologies d'intégration 3D. Les analyses en spectroscopie d'impédance ont montré que l'ajout de nanoparticules de silice s'accompagne d'une élévation de la température de transition vitreuse et de la permittivité diélectrique, ainsi que d'une diminution de la conductivité basse fréquence. L'autre contribution majeure des mesures diélectriques a été de montrer qu'un refroidissement trop rapide de la résine à l'issue de la réticulation était responsable d'une contrainte interne qui pourra occasionner des problèmes de fiabilité pour l'application. / The aim of the thesis was to investigate, by electrical means (dielectric spectroscopy and thermally stimulated current), the impact of the chemical-mechanical polishing process and of thermal treatments on the dielectric properties of materials used in state-of-the-art Integrated Circuit (IC) technologies. A first part focuses on the nanoporous SiOCH (p=26%, e=2 nm and er=2,5) thin films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a porogen approach. After undergoing a process of direct CMP for its integration in the 45 nm node technology and beyond, those films experience a degradation of the insulating properties due to the adsorption of water and surfactants. A dielectric analysis performed on a wide range of frequency (10-1Hz - 105Hz) and temperature (-120°C - 200°C) exhibited many dielectric relaxation and conduction mechanisms due to molecules (water and porogen) nano-confined in pores. The phenomenon of water uptake of the porous SiOCH has been enlightened and the efficiency of thermal treatment to restore its performances has been evaluated through the study of these mechanisms. A second part deals with an epoxy resin filled with nano-particles of silica used as ‘wafer level underfill' for the 3D integration. Impedance spectroscopy showed that the addition of nano-particles induces an increase in the glass transition temperature and dielectric permittivity, as well as a decrease of the low frequencyconductivity. Furthermore, the dielectric measurements showed that a fast cool down of the resin after the cross-linking stage give rise to internal stresses which could potentially lead to reliability issues.

Orientador: Carlos Kenich Suzuki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T19:32:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ogata_DanielaYuri_M.pdf: 14373801 bytes, checksum: 37390613963c28ba54f71a665d3cefb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se investigar a influência do tratamento da superficie (tensão/rugosidade provocado pelo processo de desbaste com pó abrasivo) na devitrificação e na dissolução da sílica vítrea. Para tanto, utilizou-se de métodos de caracterização de materiais, tais como difratometria de raios-X, espectroscopia de infravermelho, microscopia óptica e eletrônica e espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo. Para o estudo da influência do tratamento superficial na devitrificação, os resultados de difração de raios-X e microscopia, mostraram que a devitrificação possui forte correlação com o tratamento superficial da sílica vítrea, onde amostras com maior rugosidade, apresentaram também uma maior devitrificação em comparação à outra com menor rugosidade. A dissolução da sílica vítrea por ácido fluorídrico ("etching") também foi estudado, e os resultados mostraram que a taxa de dissolução é dependente da rugosidade superficial, concentração do ácido e tempo de "etching". Resultados adicionais mostraram a formação de cavidades arredondadas na forma de "larvas" (padrão superficial) após "etching". Após um tempo de "etching" entre 33 e 88 horas, as amostras apresentaramum padrão superficial semelhante a "grãos" e no interior dos "grãos", outros "sub-grãos" da ordem de 4-10 'mu¿m, que denotam a existência de microtensões na estrutura amorfa. Neste trabalho, este resultado inédito foi denominado "grão ou sub-grão amorfo", que podem estar relacionados com heterogeneidades em nível atômico da estrutura da sílica vítrea / Abstract: The effect of surface stress and roughness, produced by polishing process with abrasive powder, was investigated on the devitrification and dissolution of silica glass. The characterization studies of the silica glass treated by grinding, polishing and etching and their effect on the devitrification were conducted by X-ray diffraction, optical and electronic microscopy, inftared spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. The samples were heat treated at 1250°C for a period of 15 min and 150 mino X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy observation showed more intense devitrification effect into a-cristobalite for higher degree of surface roughness, and the samples treated with HF etching presented the lowest devitrification effect. The silica glass surfaces exposed to the furnace atmosphere (air) presented a much bigger crystallization effect, inversely to the bottom surface in contact with a silica base. The dissolution of silica glass by chemical etching (HF solutions) was studied, and the results showed that dissolution rate is dependent on the surface roughness, HF concentration and etching time. For example, the dissolution rate of samples treated with SiC #320 and 'Ce IND. 2¿¿O IND. 3¿, were estimated as 0.16 'mu¿m/min and 0.14 'mu¿m/min, respectively. The results showthat sampleswith longtime etching(~1000 min) revealed grain-like etch pattern of 4 to 10 11min diameter, which suggests reveals the existence of micro-stress in the amorphous structure. This "amorphous grains or sub-grains" might be correlated with atomic into inhomogeneities of amorphous silica structure / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The diploma thesis deals with the influence of machining technologies (turning, milling, grinding and polishing) on the surface texture of functional surfaces of selected materials from technical plastics. In the first part of the thesis there is a theoretical analysis of the possibilities of machining plastic materials. Furthermore, an analysis of the most commonly used parameters for evaluating the roughness of the machined surface and their effect on functionality is performed. The experimental part of the thesis describes samples preparation, analysis of measured data and subsequent evaluation with benefits for machinery industry.

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la rugosidad superficial de resinas Bulk Fill sometidos a diferentes sistemas de pulido. Materiales y métodos: Noventa especímenes de resinas compuestas: Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNC), Filtek™ Bulk Fill (FB) y Opus Bulk Fill (OBF) fueron divididos en 9 grupos (n=10). Cada grupo fue sometido a un sistema de pulido: Cauchos Politip (CP), Discos Sof-lex™ (DS) y Discos Diamond Pro (DDP). La rugosidad superficial inicial y final fue evaluada mediante un rugosímetro. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva (media ± d.e) y para la comparación de diferencias de rugosidad inicial y final se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (p<0.05). Resultados: La rugosidad superficial inicial (media + d.e, CP/DS/DDP) fue: TNC (1.23± 1.30µm/0.94±0.53µm/0.90±0.57µm); FB (0.53±1.29µm/0.59±0.54µm/0.63±0.26µm) y OBF (0.74±0.50µm/0.96±0.62µm/0.65±0.25µm). La rugosidad final fue: TNC (0.19± 0.04µm/0.32±0.23µm/0.28±0.22µm); FB (0.29±0.17µm/0.22±0.19µm/0.25±0.19µm) y OBF (0.15±0.05µm/0.26±0.24µm/0.20±0.14µm). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la rugosidad inicial y la rugosidad final TNC (p=0.479); FB (p=0.163) y OBF (p=0.919). Conclusión: Existe una disminución en los valores de rugosidad superficial de las resinas Bulk Fill evaluadas después de ser sometidas a tres sistemas de pulidos. / Aim: To compare in vitro the surface roughness of Bulk Fill resins using different polishing systems. Materials and methods: Ninety specimens: Tetric® N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNC), Filtek™ Bulk Fill (FB) and Opus Bulk Fill (OBF) were divided into 9 groups (n=10). Each group was polished using a different polishing system: Politip Polishers (PP), Sof-lex Polishing Discs™ (SPD) and Diamond Pro Sandpaper Disk (DPSD). The initial and final roughness were assessed using a profilometer. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean ±s.d) and for the comparison of differences in initial and final roughness was analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: The initial surface roughness (mean ± s.d, PP/SPD/DPSD) was: TNC (1.23 ±1.30um/0.94±0.53um/0.90±0.57um); FB (0.53±1.29um/0.59±0.54um/0.63±0.26um) and OBF (0.74±0.50um/0.96±0.62um/0.65±0.25um). The final surface roughness was: TNC (0.19±0.04um/0.32±0.23um/0.28±0.22um); FB (0.29±0.17um/0.22±0.19um/0.25±0.19um) and OBF (0.15±0.05um/0.26±0.24um/0.20±0.14um). There were no significant differences between the initial and the final roughness measurements: TNC (p=0.479); FB (p=0.163) and OBF (p=0.919). Conclusion: There is a minor decrease in the surface roughness measurements of the Bulk Fill resins after using three different polishing systems. / Tesis

Road safety is a complex problem. It is influenced mainly by the driver, the vehicle and the road surface. This thesis is focused on the road surface properties and especially skid resistance that directly affect the braking distance and keeping the vehicle in the horizontal curves and thus traffic accidents. The thesis deals with the durability of pavement surface skid resistance, the type of pavement layers and aggregate polishing used in wearing course. The aim of this thesis was to develop the methodology for improvement of road surfaces skid resistance durability and implementation of functional test for their assessment.

工業製品の高機能化や低価格化実現のため，難削材と呼ばれる加工の困難な材料の高精度かつ高能率な加工方法の開発要求が増大している．そこで，本研究では難削材の難削性を，機械的・熱的特性によって分類したうえで，その難削材の適用分野を具体的に想定し，バインダレス超硬合金やCFRP，チタン合金，ステンレス合金などの難削材の高精度・高能率加工の実現に向けた新規加工工具および加工方法の開発に取り組んだ． / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Im Bauwesen kommen verschiedene Kantenausführungsarten von Glas zum Einsatz. In Abhängigkeit ihrer Art erfüllen sie Anforderungen an den Schnittschutz, die Maßhaltigkeit und die Ästhetik. Nach DIN 1249-11 erfolgt die Einteilung entsprechend des äußeren Erscheinungsbildes in geschnittene (KG), gesäumte (KGS), maßgeschliffene (KMG), geschliffene (KGN) und polierte (KPO) Kanten. Die mechanische Festigkeit der Glaskante ist jedoch gesondert zu betrachten. Die charakteristische Biegezugfestigkeit von Glas ist maßgeblich von dessen Oberflächenzustand abhängig. Die Herstellung und Bearbeitung der Kante erfolgt durch einen Materialeingriff mit harten Schneid- und Schleifwerkzeugen. Dabei werden die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit verändert und das Bruchverhalten beeinflusst. Bisher regelt die europäische Normung Kantenfestigkeiten in der Bemessung in Form von Beiwerten, welche die charakteristische Biegezugfestigkeit pauschal oder in Abhängigkeit der Kantenausführungsart abmindern. Bestehende Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch wesentliche Unterschiede der Kantenfestigkeit in Abhängigkeit von Kantenausführungsart und Herstellungsprozess. Die Bemessungswerte der Kantenfestigkeit gelten als untere Grenze der auf dem Markt verfügbaren Qualitäten. Wissenschaftlich belegte Beurteilungen der visuellen Kantenqualität mit Einschätzung ihrer mechanischen Festigkeit liegen bisher nur für die geschnittene Kantenausführung vor. Für den industriellen Schneidprozess wurden auf Basis systematischer Untersuchungen Parameter detektiert, die sich positiv auf die Kantenfestigkeit auswirken. Es ist unbekannt, wie sich der Oberflächeneingriff durch Schleif- und Polierprozesse auf die mechanische Festigkeit der dabei hergestellten Kantenausführungsarten auswirkt und welche Ursachen dafür zu benennen sind. Zudem fehlen geregelte, einheitliche Methoden, um die Kantenqualitäten optisch und mechanisch zu erfassen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine Versuchsmethodik entwickelt, welche über mikroskopische Analysen und Bruchversuche die Erfassung vergleichbarer optischer und mechanischer Kennwerte ermöglicht. In einer Zusammenführung der Methoden erfolgt erstmalig die Charakterisierung bruchverursachender Fehlstellen und deren Rückführung auf den Entstehungsort im Herstellungsprozess. Anhand einer systematischen Untersuchung verschiedener Kantenausführungsarten eines Herstellers findet die Erprobung und Bewertung der entwickelten Versuchsmethodik statt. Anschließend werden Prozessanpassungen zur Fehlstellenreduzierung vorgenommen und in Bezug auf eine Steigerung der Kantenfestigkeit untersucht. Weitere Analysen des Herstellungsprozesses eines zweiten Herstellers erfolgen für verschieden polierte Kanten. Entsprechend der ermittelten bruchverursachenden Fehlstellen werden Hypothesen für zukünftige Untersuchungen abgeleitet. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit stellen die wissenschaftliche Grundlage für verfahrenstechnische Handlungsempfehlungen zur Herstellung von Glaskanten dar. Der aktuelle Stand bedeutender europäischer Bemessungsregeln wird für abschließende normative Empfehlungen einbezogen. Die gesäumte Kante ergibt sich beim ersten Hersteller als Kantenausführungsart mit der höchsten Kantenfestigkeit. Für die maßgeschliffene, geschliffene und polierte Kante ergeben sich im Vergleich zur geschnittenen und gesäumten Kante geringere Festigkeiten. Die Untersuchung der polierten Kantenausführung des zweiten Herstellers ergibt, verglichen mit der polierten Kante des ersten Herstellers, eine höhere Kantenfestigkeit. Daraus leitet sich der Einfluss der Maschinenkonfiguration als einflussreicher Prozessparameter ab. Die Analyse der bruchverursachenden Fehlstellen zeigt, dass höherfeste Kanten mit einer Reduzierung von mikroskopisch erfassbaren Fehlstellen für die geschnittene, gesäumte und polierte Kante korrelieren. Darüber hinaus gewährleisten die in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Fehlstellenanalysen eine Detektion festigkeitsmindernder Fehlstellen, die auf eine Einbringung nach der Herstellung hindeuten und somit die Notwendigkeit von Kantenschutzmaßnahmen nach sich ziehen. Definitionen allgemeingültiger Prozessparameter in Schleif- und Polierprozessen, die eine positive Auswirkung auf die Kantenfestigkeit bearbeiteter Kanten haben, sind bisher in der Literatur nicht vorhanden. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Ergebnisse dienen als Grundlage zur Optimierung der Prozessparameter für hohe Kantenfestigkeiten. Experimentelle Nachweise der mechanischen Festigkeit sind dabei unabdingbar. Die Kantenqualität ist in optische und mechanische Eigenschaften zu unterscheiden. Die optisch als am hochwertigsten geltende polierte Kante geht nicht zwangsläufig mit einer hohen Kantenfestigkeit einher, was eine in der Praxis weitverbreitete Annahme widerlegt. In diesem Kontext leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Herstellungsprozesse und der Bemessung von Glasbauteilen, um den steigenden Anforderungen im konstruktiven Glasbau gerecht zu werden.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen zu Glaskanten 3 Wissensstand zur Kantenfestigkeit 4 Entwicklung einer Versuchsmethodik zur Erfassung der Kantenqualität 5 Systematische Analyse der Kantenqualität eines Herstellers 6 Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf die Kantenfestigkeit nach Kantenausführungsart 7 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 8 Bemessungsansätze für Glaskanten 9 Handlungsempfehlungen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 11 Literatur / In the building industry, different types of glass edges are used. Depending on their type, they fulfil requirements for cutting protection, dimensional accuracy, and aesthetics. According to DIN 1249-11, the classification is based on the visual appearance and includes cut (KG), arrissed (KGS), ground (KMG), smooth ground (KGN), and polished (KPO) edge finishing type. However, the mechanical strength of the glass edge requires additional consideration. The characteristic bending tensile strength of glass depends mostly on its surface condition. During production and processing the edge comes in contact with hard tools, which modifies the optical appearance and influences the strength. Presently, the European standardization regulates the edge strength in the design by general coefficients, which reduce the characteristic bending tensile strength depending on the edge finishing type. Existing studies show a large range of values in edge strength depending on the edge finishing and the manufacturer. The design edge strength considers the lower limits of the available glass edge finishing types. Scientifically based evaluation of the optical edge quality with assessment of the mechanical strength is available only for the cut edge. For the industrial cutting process, parameters have been determined on the basis of systematic investigations that show a positive influence on edge strength. It is still unknown how surface interferences by grinding and polishing processes affect the edge strength of processed glass edges and what are the underlying mechanisms. In addition, there is a lack of unified methods for assessing the mechanical edge quality. Within the scope of this work, a test methodology is developed that enables the determination of comparable optical and mechanical characteristics by means of microscopic analysis and destructive tests. A combination of different methods is used to characterize fracture-causing defects and to identify the location of their creation in the manufacturing process. The testing methods are approved and evaluated on the basis of a systematic examination of different edge types of one manufacturer. Subsequently, process adjustments for defect reduction are conducted and investigated with regard to an increase in edge strength. Moreover, the manufacturing process of various polished edge types of a second manufacturer are examined. Thereby, fracture-causing flaws are identified and hypotheses for future investigations are derived that form the basis for processing recommendations for the manufacturing of glass edges. The current status of relevant European design rules is finally discussed for normative recommendations. The arrised edge finishing type revealed the highest edge strength. For the ground, smooth ground, and polished edges, the edge strength is lower compared to the cut and arrised edges. The examination of the polished edge from the second manufacturer resulted in a higher edge strength compared to the polished edge from the first manufacturer. Therefore, the influence of the machine configuration is derived as an impacting process parameter. The analysis of fracturecausing defects has confirmed that a higher edge strength correlates with a reduction in microscopically detectable defects for the cut, arrised, and polished edge types. The defect analysis also enables the detection of strength-reducing defects that are introduced after production and require edge protection measures. Definitions of generally valid process parameters in grinding and polishing that positively affect the edge strength of machined edges are unknown. However, the results of this work enable manufacturers to optimize processes specific to their (manufacturing) process in order to ensure high values of edge strength. Nonetheless, experimental verifications are indispensable in this respect. Optical and mechanical properties of glass edges need to be considered separately. For example, the polished edge is considered to offer the highest optical quality. However, contrary to a widespread assumption, it does not necessarily display high edge strength. A better understanding of the manufacturing processes and the verification of edge strength are necessary for the design to meet the increasing demands in structural glass applications.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen zu Glaskanten 3 Wissensstand zur Kantenfestigkeit 4 Entwicklung einer Versuchsmethodik zur Erfassung der Kantenqualität 5 Systematische Analyse der Kantenqualität eines Herstellers 6 Einfluss von Prozessparametern auf die Kantenfestigkeit nach Kantenausführungsart 7 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 8 Bemessungsansätze für Glaskanten 9 Handlungsempfehlungen 10 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 11 Literatur

Additive manufacturing of Nitinol is a promising field, as it can circumvent the challenges associated with its conventional production processes and unlock unique advantages. However, the accompanying surface features such as powder adhesions, spatters, ballings, or oxide discolorations are undesirable in engineering applications and therefore must be removed. Plasma electrolytic polishing (PeP) might prove to be a suitable finishing process for this purpose, but the effects of post-processing on the mechanical and functional material properties of additively manufactured Nitinol are still largely unresearched. This study seeks to address this issue. The changes on and in the part caused by PeP with processing times between 2 and 20 min are investigated using Nitinol compression springs manufactured by Laser Beam Melting. As a benchmark for the scanning electron microscope images, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, and the mechanical load test cycles, conventionally fabricated Nitinol springs of identical geometry with a medical grade polished surface are used. After 5 min of PeP, a glossy surface free of powder adhesion is achieved, which is increasingly levelled by further polishing. The shape memory properties of the material are retained without a shift in the transformation temperatures being detectable. The decreasing spring rate is primarily attributable to a reduction in the effective wire diameter. Consequently, PeP has proven to be an applicable and effective post-processing method for additively manufactured Nitinol.

In many cases, the functional performance of additively manufactured components can only be ensured by finishing the functional surfaces. Various methods are available for this purpose. This paper presents a procedure for selecting suitable processes for finishing laser beam melting additive–manufactured parts which is ultimately based on technological knowledge. It was experimentally proven that the use of several consecutive finishing processes is beneficial to achieve better surface quality. One finishing process chain was particularly effective (namely particle blasting/vibratory grinding/plasma electrolytic polishing) and the technological limits of this method were investigated in this study. The optimal parameters for this process combination ensured a surface roughness Sa < 1 µm.

Syfte Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka böjhållfastheten på 3D-printat material avsett för stabiliseringsskenor som är tillverkade i olika vinklar och både före och efter polering. Material och Metod Totalt framställdes 50 rektangulära provkroppar i vinklarna 0°, 25°, 45°, 75° och 90° med måtten 64 x 10 x 4,5 mm av Keysplint Hard och hälften polerades med Otec poleringsmaskin. Alla provkroppar utsattes för ett trepunktsböjhållfasthetstest med Instron 4465 med en lasthastighet på 5 mm/min till fraktur och värdena dokumenterades i Bluehill-mjukvara. Resultatet analyserades med One-Way ANOVA, Tukey s’ test och signifikansnivån sattes till α = 0,05. Resultat Enligt resultat från programmet SPSS (IBM® SPSS® Statistics powerful statistical software platform) observerades högst böjhållfasthet i den 3D-printade gruppen vid 25° som var polerad, vilket innebar en signifikant skillnad mellan denna grupp (25°) och de övriga grupperna (p&lt;0,05). Statistisk påvisades inga signifikanta skillnader mellan de andra grupper oavsett om det var opolerade och polerade provkroppar printade i vinklarna 0॰, 45॰, 75॰,90॰ (p&gt;0,05). Slutsats Inom ramen för studiens begränsningar kan följande slutsats dras: Printningsvinkel och polering påverkar böjhållfastheten hos 3D-printad polymer. En printningsvinkel på 25॰ i kombination med polering ger högst böjhållfasthet. En printningsvinkel på 0॰ger numeriskt lägst böjhållfasthet. Mer omfattande studier beträffande olika printningvinklar, olika printningsmaterial (resin) och 3D-printrar och dess inverkan på böjhållfastheten krävs för att säkerställa resultaten. / Aim The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the flexural strength of 3D-printed material intended for stabilization splints that are manufactured at different angles, both before and after polishing. Material and Method A total of 50 rectangular specimens at angles of 0°, 25°, 45°, 75° and 90° with dimensions of 64 x 10 x 4.5 mm were produced by Keysplint Hard and half were polished with the Otec polishing machine. All specimens were subjected to three-point flexural strength test using the Instron 4465 at a loading rate of 5 mm/min to fracture and the values were documented in Bluehill software. The result was analyzed with One-Way ANOVA, Tukey's test and the significance level was set at α = 0.05. Results According to results from the software SPSS (IBM® SPSS® Statistics powerful statistical software platform), the highest flexural strength was observed in the 3D-printed group at 25° that was polished, which means a significant difference between this group (25°) and the other groups (p&lt;0.05). Statistically, no significant differences were detected between the other groups regardless of whether they were unpolished and polished specimens printed at angles 0°, 45°, 75°, 90° (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of the study, the following conclusion can be drawn: Printing angle and polishing affect the flexural strength of 3D-printed polymer. A printing angle of 25° in combination with polishing gives the highest flexural strength. A printing angle of 0° gives the numerically lowest flexural strength. More extensive studies regarding different printing angles, different printing materials (resin) and 3D-printers and the effect on the flexural strength are required to ensure the results.