I den här uppsatsen analyserar jag tilltal och artighetsstrategier i tolv läkare-patientsamtal från Sverige och Svenskfinland. Jag utgår från Brown & Levinsons politeness theory och gör en empirisk prövning av materialet utifrån begreppen solidaritets- och respektstrategier, direkt och indirekt stil. Syftet är att se vilket samband som finns mellan artighetsstrategier och tilltal, och om dessa skiljer sig mellan de olika språkvarieteterna. Det finns också en institutionell aspekt av mitt material som skiljer den från tidigare jämförande studier mellan sverigesvenska och finlandssvenska tilltal och artighetsstrategier. Materialet visar att varieteterna har en jämn fördelning av samtal som är huvudsakligen direkta eller huvudsakligen indirekta, men däremot att de finlandssvenska samtalen präglas av en högre grad av indirekthet än vad de sverigesvenska gör. Det bekräftar också ett samband mellan ni-tilltal och indirekt samtalsstil, om än inte ett lika tydligt mellan du-tilltal och direkt samtalsstil. Slutligen visar uppsatsen att den institutionella kontexten är relevant för att förstå valet av artighetsstrategier och hur dessa hänger ihop med tilltal, både för att den styr vilka möjliga språkhandlingar som finns för samtalsdeltagarna, och för att den skapar roller de måste förhålla sig till i sin interaktion med varandra.

Over the last sixty years, overtly intertextual poems with titles such as “Poem Beginning with a Line by John Ashbery” and “Poem Ending with a Line by George W. Bush” have been appearing at an increasing rate in magazines and collections. These poems wed themselves to other texts and authors in distinct ways, inviting readers to engage with poems which are, themselves, in conversation with lines from elsewhere. These poems, which I refer to as “apprompted” poems, explicitly challenge readers to investigate the intertextual conversation, and in doing so, they adopt inherent risks. My thesis will chart the various effects these poems can have for readers and the consequences they may hold for the texts from which they borrow. Literary critics such as Harold Bloom and J. H. Miller have described the act of borrowing as competitive and parasitic—“agon” is Bloom’s term for what he sees as the oedipal anxiety of poets and poets’ texts to their antecedents, but an investigation of this emerging genre in terms of linguistic pragmatics shows that apprompted poems are performing a wider range of acts in relation to their predecessors. Unlike Bloom’s theory, which interprets the impulse of poetic creation through psychoanalysis, I employ linguistic terms from Brown and Levinson’s linguistic Politeness theory to analyze apprompted poems as conversational speech events. Politeness theory provides a useful analysis of these poems by documenting the weight of threats to the positive and negative “faces” of the participants in each poetic conversation. I have documented these “face-threatening-acts” and used them to divide apprompted poems into five major speech events: satire, revision, promotion, pastiche, and ecclesiastic. Ultimately, this paper serves at the intersection of literary criticism and linguistics, as I suggest a theoretical approach to the interpretation and criticism of apprompted poems by way of linguistic pragmatics.

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This paper studies the use of violations of conversation principles in the written dialogue of Tyrion Lannister in Game of Thrones. The aim is to establish if and how these violations aid in making him seem clever. The character's dialogues are matched against three theoretical principles: Politeness Theory, The Cooperative Principle and Turn-taking Principles. The findings suggest that by breaking basic principles of conversation, Tyrion provides entertaining dialogue and manages to create unexpected solutions to different threatening situations. Results show an even distribution of strategic violations, among the three theoretical approaches, which could suggest that the dialogue is consciously written to help make the audience feel impressed by the character's features. Tyrion's violations of conversation principles is a contribution in what makes him seem witty. This ability in the character seems to be closely linked to a lack of fear for any negative social consequences. The character's ability to act free from rules of social behavior could be considered one of the reasons behind his popularity among fans of the show.

This essay aims to research the writing of George Orwell by analysing the four main pigs in his novel Animal Farm from a linguistic and rhetorical perspective. The paper's purpose is to explore occurrences of chosen phenomena tied to linguistic and rhetorical theory, with the goal to create an understanding of how Orwell portrays his characters exercising leadership and how their communicative strategies differ or coincide. In order to investigate occurrences of linguistic and rhetorical phenomena, the method of qualitative content analysis with a directed approach will be applied. This method of choice leaves room for interpretation based on the chosen theories and can assist in answering the research question. The results incline towards the pigs in Orwell’s novel applying various forms of linguistic and rhetorical strategies, often to persuade, manipulate and/or deceive the animals. Additionally, it is prevalent that there are both similarities and differences in the pigs' use of leadership as well as the use of linguistic and rhetorical strategies. Lastly, the paper will discuss and reflect on the results in order to draw conclusions and answer the research question.

本研究主要依據語言行為理論(theory of speech acts) 及語言使用的客氣理論(politeness theory) ，探討一段以要求為主題的對話中，要求者不同果斷性 (assertiveness) 的言語行為，與對話雙方性別此二因素，如何影響知覺此對話的受試(1) 記憶要求者所說目標論辭的百分比高低與論辭果斷性的強弱；(2) 推論對話雙方的權力高低與關係親密度；(3) 評價要求者所採用的言語行為與預測對話雙方長期關係的後果。 本研究採3 （言語行為的果斷性：標準果斷、同理果斷、不果斷）×4 （要求者對接 收者的性別訊息：男對女、男對男、女對女、女對男）的受試者間實驗設計，參與實 驗的三百六十位大學生受試，先閱讀某一種實驗處理情況的文字對話，然後再填寫一 份包含回憶論辭作業與各種社會判斷題目的問卷。經二因子便異數分析與單純主要效 果模式(simple main effect model)考驗的結果發現：(1) 受試對果斷性愈強的目標論辭，回憶的百分比愈高，且同理果斷的論辭由「男對女」此由「男對男」中的男要求者說出，有更高的回憶百分比；(2) 性別訊息對受試所回憶目標論辭的果斷性、權力高低、親密度、言語行為的評價與後果，比接收者的權力更高，且雙方關係愈親密；(4) 受是本人較喜歡女要求者與男接收者互動時採用同理果斷，甚於採用不果斷的言語行為；(5) 不論接收者是男或女，女要求者採用不果斷比採用標準果斷的言語行為，更有利於長期關係的後果。 鑑於上述結果，實驗者討論了本研究的意涵(implication) 與可能的限制，並對相關議題的研究者與果斷性訓練(assertiveness training;AT) 的應用者提出建議；特別是，過去十多年來為AT重視的標準果斷，並未此另兩種果斷性的言語行為，有更佳的立即評價；而近年來也頗受AT強調的同理果斷，亦未有最好的長期關係後果。實驗者認為，AT中的女性學員，學習較具果斷性的言語行為，其負面的評價與後果之議題，直的深思。

Oggi, l'Italia è un paese multietnico. Dietro i movimenti migratori non vi sono però solo dati statistici, ma persone con culture e storie personali diverse, con cui gli operatori a contatto con gli immigrati devono confrontarsi. Ciò ha condotto alla nascita della mediazione linguistico-culturale, un settore sorto nella fase più acuta del fenomeno dell'immigrazione, gli anni Novanta, per rispondere alle esigenze specifiche di assistenza medica e legale degli immigrati. L'intento del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di studiare l'interazione verbale e non verbale tra medico o infermiere e paziente straniero nel contesto della mediazione linguistica-culturale in una struttura socio-sanitaria. All'interno dell'interazione verbale si analizzeranno le teorie della cortesia linguistica applicate a un contesto socio-sanitario multietnico. Si andrà a verificare se esiste una lingua di mediazione, se la lingua inglese funge da lingua franca nell'interazione verbale medico o infermiere e paziente straniero e se esistano strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali comunemente utilizzate in corsia dal personale ospedaliero. Si studierà inoltre come l'analisi della conversazione, in particolare l'analisi delle strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali, possa essere utilizzata a fini didattici e pedagogici nella formazione linguistica e interculturale di studenti di medicina nel nuovo contesto sociosanitario multiculturale. / Italian society has undergone massive transformation, arising today as a true multiethnic society. Migration movements are not simply a phenomenon of statistical data but involve people from different cultures and personal backgrounds. Immigration is behind the onset of community interpreting in Italy at the beginning of the '90s. Community interpreters catered for all medical and legal needs of immigrants. Today, it is common practice in Italy that doctors and nurses interact with immigrant patients. The aim of the thesis is to study verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication between doctors or nurses and immigrant patients in this new multiethnic medical environment. The study will examine strategies of politeness theory, whether English is a lingua franca in the doctor or nurse and immigrant patient interaction and whether there are empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication commonly used in the hospital ward by doctors and nurses. The study will also examine how conversational analysis, in particular the analysis of empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication can be used for didactic and pedagogical purposes so as to prepare medical students linguistically and culturally to interact with their future patients in this new multiethnic medical environment.

i Abstract The MA thesis examines the politeness strategies which native speakers and non-native speakers of English employ in written English requests addressed to the faculty. The requests represent by nature the category of Face threatening acts and require a certain level of politeness. The account of politeness is based on the Face management theoretical framework by Brown and Levinson (1987). The empirical part compares on-record (positive and negative) and o↵-record politeness strategies and the level of directness (Blum-Kulka, 1987) comprised in two hundred email messages sent by students of British and Irish, German, and French nationality. The analysis discovered that the nationality/native language is to some extent a determinative feature in the choice of politeness strategies, while the gender of the student influences the level of directness of the request. The Appendix contains the full sample of examined emails. Keywords politeness theory, face management, request, on- record politeness (negative and positive), o↵-record politeness, directness of request

This essay aim to examine face-threatening acts (FTA) during two lessons with a group of students in class 9 in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze sharp face-threatening acts, how they emerge in the classroom and whatkind of strategies the teacher uses to maintain classroom management. The material is based on sound recordings from October 2021 which have been transcribed and analyzed based on Brown & Levinsons politeness theory. Two participants, one student and one teacher, act as front figures to illustrate examples. Results show that sharp face-threatening acts occur during classes due to possible reasons such as impatience, fewer present adults and the structure of the lesson. The teacher is using a variety of strategies to handle the FTA, among which the strategy of ignoring and continue with the lesson seems to be the most successful to assuage the conflicts. Although it is plausible to assume that a variation of strategies is necessary to maintain authority. / Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka ansiktshotande handlingar under två lektioner i en klass i årskurs 9. Syftet med studien är att identifiera och analysera skarpa ansiktshotande handlingar, hur de uppstår i klassrummet och vilken typ av strategier läraren använder för att upprätthålla klassrumsordning. Materialet är baserat på ljudinspelningar från oktober 2021 som har transkriberats och analyserats utifrån Brown & Levinsons artighetsteori. Två deltagare, en elev och en lärare, fungerar som frontfigurer för att illustrera exempel. Resultaten visar att skarpa ansiktshotande handlingar förekommer under lektionerna på grund av möjliga orsaker som otålighet, färre närvarande vuxna och lektionens struktur. Läraren använder olika strategier för att hantera ansiktshoten, varav strategin att ignorera och fortsätta med lektionen verkar vara den mest framgångsrika för att lindra konflikterna. Det är dock rimligt att anta att en variation av strategier är nödvändig för att behålla auktoritet.

This study examines levels of politeness in real time instructor responses to classroom incivility behaviors. Student participants were randomly assigned to view a video of an instructor responding to either passive or active student incivility behaviors in various ways. The responses were based on politeness theory conceptualizations of avoidance, mid-level politeness, or bald on record responses. A 2 (i.e., passive, active student incivility) x 3 (i.e., avoidance, mid-level, or bald on record instructor response) experimental design formed six conditions. High quality video simulations of a classroom environment, portraying one of the six conditions, were created to specifically address these dimensions. Participants took a web based survey and evaluated the instructor with respect to effectiveness, credibility, and impact on student motivation. Results demonstrate students had most positive responses to bald on record instructor responses to active student incivility. When responding to passive student incivility, a less harsh response (i.e., avoidance, mid-level), while not significantly different from a bald on record response, indicate better outcomes. Therefore, in accordance with politeness theory, instructors should consider the level of imposition created by uncivil student behavior when calibrating responses, as student perceptions can be greatly affected. Theoretical and practical considerations as well as avenues for future research are presented.