The overall goal of this work is to study the effect of a crisis on the distribution and employment and the space of manoeuvre of the government for supporting and reverting the negative shock produced by such a crisis. Every chapter of this work and the related models are supported by both a theoretical background analysis and by numerical dynamic simulations. Stylized facts show that the income and wealth inequality in all the OECD countries has been constantly increasing after the 1960s. Piketty has been one of the most important authors that highlighted the rising inequality issue, mainly in the OECD countries. For example, Piketty (2014) shows that the income share held by the top percentile in countries such as US, Canada and UK increased from 8%-10% in the 1960s up to 14%-18% in the current decade. Similar figures are now provided by the World Inequality Lab that has updated data for almost every country up to 2016. At the same time, the wage share for the majority of the OECD countries substantially decreased. For example, countries such as Italy and Spain experienced a decrease in wage share from about 73% in the 1970s to about 63% in the current decade (Hein, 2014). Taking into account such a stylized fact, we will consider a model with two social classes, workers and capitalists. These social classes differ in terms of their initial endowment, their consumption behaviour, the different loans repayment conditions required to them by the banks and in terms of the ways in which they can use their financeable wealth. This is a very important departure hypothesis from the mainstream point of view models that generally consider a population made up of “a representative agent” of the whole society. Considering the inequality levels that the OECD countries are experiencing, we took the Post-Keynesians school of thought as a very good reference point since it always focused its attention on the relation between the level of employment, the aggregate demand and the distribution between social classes. In line with the post-Keynesians tradition, we believe that a theory cannot be correct unless it starts from realist or realistic hypotheses, although it is recognized that assumptions are always abstractions and simplifications (Lavoie, 2014). Therefore, we developed a step by step model with the analysis of an economy based on some well-known stylized facts. Beyond the social classes distinction, we take into consideration the temporal lag between production and sales of products by firms and the one between income received by the social classes and their expenditure. Those two temporal lags are the very key aspects we focus our attention on in the model presented in Chapter II named “Keynes, Kalecki and Metzler in a Dynamic Distribution Model”. In that chapter, we merge the hints of Keynes and Kalecki about the distribution of social classes and the intervention of the government in supporting the aggregate demand together with Metzler’s hint about the mismatching process between aggregate demand and aggregate production. Metzler’s mismatching process would finally generate inventories of consumption goods. More specifically, it is argued that even if Post-Keynesians models focused their attention on output growth, employment and income distribution relating those issues with a stronger intervention of the state, they all (even the canonical Kaleckian model) overlooked the adjustment - or non-adjustment - dynamics from the ultra-short run to the short run period upon which the short run and long run models are then constructed. In fact, even if the Kaleckian models completely reject the standard neoclassical production function (rejecting diminishing returns and rejecting the substitution between capital and labour) they also very strongly rely on a final equilibrium between aggregate demand and aggregate production. The canonical Kaleckian short run models are constructed upon the consideration of the effective labour demand curve defined as “the locus of combinations between real wages and levels of employment which ensure that all produced goods are sold at the price set by firms” (Lavoie, 2014). As argued by Lavoie (2014), this construction assures that an increase of real wage leads to an increase in the employment level. That has been and still is definitely one of the cornerstones for the Post-Keynesian authors. We argue that the equilibrium assumption between the aggregate demand and the aggregate production plays a key role in obtaining the standard Kaleckian conclusions regarding the relation between effective demand, employment levels and the distribution of surplus product between the social classes. The main question arising from the previous enquiring exercise about adjustment dynamics in the Kaleckian framework is that, because of the overlooking on that adjustment process between aggregate production and aggregate demand, also its conclusions might be consequentially affected. More precisely the main Post-Keynesian Kaleckian conclusions to assess are the following: would it still be true that higher real wages lead to a higher level of employment? Would it still be true that a decrease in the propensity to save will lead to an increase in output and employment? Would it still be true that in order to keep employment from falling, whenever there is an increase in productivity there must be some increase in real wages? And finally, most importantly in terms of policies, would it still be true that in order to keep employment from falling, even when the economy faces a pari passu increase of real wage and productivity level, it would be necessary an increase in real autonomous expenditure such as a strong government one? In this way, our model analyses under which conditions the standard Kaleckian conclusions are still valid considering a disequilibrium situation. Two scenarios are simulated: one with fixed expectations as in Metzler (1941) and another new one based on adaptive expectations and asymmetric behaviour of the wages-unemployment relation. The model questions the effective demand labour curve and suggests that an increase in real autonomous expenditures, mainly by the Government, might be even more essential than what is generally considered in the Kaleckian literature, to avoid increasing unemployment in an increasing wage world. The model presented in Chapter III named “The stabilising role of the Government in a Dynamic Distribution Growth Model” builds upon the model presented in Chapter II and considers once again the effect of a crises on the relation between aggregated demand, employment and distribution between social classes adding important characteristics of realism that were absent in the previous chapter. Here, we consider the gestation period of the investments and the presence of the government investigating its margin of manoeuvre in such an economy. The first aspect takes inspiration by Kalecki (1971) himself who considers the three different Investment stages: investment order or Demand (I^D), investment Production (I^P) and investment delivery or Completion (I^C). In line with a post-Kaleckian perspective, we consider the expected profitability and the capacity utilisation as the two main variables as driving forces for the investment decisions. The second new aspect of this model compared to the one presented in Chapter II is the explicit presence of the government. In fact, even if chapter II suggested the Government as the emblematic autonomous figure able to foster expenditure in times of recession, its actual role in the economy was not analysed. Many post-Keynesian scholars have underlined how recent decades have been characterised by a strong downgrading of the fiscal policy role as a stabilisation instrument of macroeconomic policy (Arestis and Sawyer, 2003). In this way, this chapter analyses exactly the space of manoeuvre of the government and the role of the fiscal policies into a “functional finance” framework where the government "can and should be called upon as a key part of the remedy" (Fazzari, 1994) to ensure a high level of economic activity whenever the private sector is unable to do so by itself. In the light of such a functional finance framework, the government actions should be inspired to achieve a more stable and sustainable growth path. More specifically, we here investigate the possibilities that the Government has to boost and support the economic activity with its two main tools, public investments spending and a taxation system in two scenarios. The first scenario simulates an exogenous fall of private investments while the second one relates to an exogenous increase in labour productivity and real wages. In particular, here we test the canonical Kaleckian model conclusion according to which even when the economy faces a pari passu increase of real wages and productivity level it would be necessary an increase in real autonomous expenditures - such as the one implemented by the government - in order to keep employment from falling. At the same time, the aim of this chapter is also to explore the role of the Government in stabilising the economy exactly thanks to the previous tools. In fact, Chapter II underlined the possibility of an arising unstable path from a mismatching dynamic between aggregate demand and aggregate production. It was argued that such an unstable path might develop because of “wrong” oversensitive expectations of firms regarding the production of consumption goods. Therefore, chapter III focuses exactly on the space of manoeuvre of the government in stabilizing an unstable economic scenario caused by a crisis. The model built in Chapter IV named “The distributive monetary analysis of a sustainable ecological economy” is the natural evolution of the models developed in Chapters II and III. In such a model all the previous stylized facts are contained, namely the temporal lag between production and sales of products by firms, the temporal lag between income received by the social classes and their expenditure, the gestation period of the investments and, finally, the intervention of the government. The most important difference with respect to the models presented in the previous chapters is its overall monetary and ecological framework. In fact, for simplification purposes the previous models were assuming that, in line with a horizontalist approach, commercial banks were providing funds on demand to firms for financing their investments. However, the explicit relations among all the sectors of our economy were not fully exposed. In this chapter Graziani’s endogenous money theory is used and we are developing a Post-Keynesian Stock Flow Consistent (SFC) model to track all the economic relations, both the real and monetary ones. At the same time, the use of a SFC model ensures that “there are no black holes - every flow comes from somewhere and goes somewhere” (Godley W. , 1996) through a rigorous accounting framework, which guarantees a correct and comprehensive integration of all the flows and the stocks of an economy. Such as Kalecki, Graziani and the circuitists economists introduce a preliminary distinction between producers and wage earners. The first step of the monetary circuit is always characterized by firms’ decision to activate production and, in order to do so, they take up loans by commercial banks. In this sense, commercial banks are able to create deposits ex nihilo, granting them loans and, at the same time, creating deposits. In this way, the starting logical cause of the expansion of money is exactly the firms’ willingness of contracting a liability to activate production. In the second step, firms use those loans to pay workers and in this way to obtain the amount of consumption goods desired through the production process. When such funds are transferred by firms to households they instantaneously become income paid for the work provided to firms by workers. Finally, the last step of the Monetary Circuit is characterized by the households’ spending decision to use the money balances previously obtained as income. In this step, while households use their funds to buy consumption goods, firms obtain back those money balances they initially paid to households for their work. In this way, the previous Monetary Circuit analysis is not in contrast with the one made by Kalecki upon the way workers obtain their wages and use all of them to buy consumption goods while capitalists are able to spend just a proportion of their income. Finally, together with its social and monetary framework, our economy is also characterized by an environmental one since we here study the impacts that the economic consumption has in terms of ecological erosion of natural resources. In this way, the model of chapter IV questions the expenditure margins of the Government – in particular after a crisis - and uses the suggestions of the monetary circuit theory to analyse the space for fiscal policies to reduce unemployment boosting the economic activity, to obtain a more equitable distribution between social classes in a sustainable ecological way. Our understanding is that despite many contributions focused on the topics of recovery, distribution and ecological sustainability, few of them tried to tackle them all in a comprehensive way considering the rediscovery of the endogenous money phenomena as one of the most important breakthroughs in the last decades. Here we argue that exactly the endogenous money feature is the essential fil rouge to better understand and connect the three previous important aspects. It is so when we analyse the sectors connections and the policies ones devoted to recovery, and also if we consider how the different incomes and wealth are captured and distributed by the different social classes and finally when we point out the ways of financing long term ecological path to preserve a sustainable environment. Indeed, our overall work in Chapter II, Chapter III and Chapter IV is a step by step construction of an organic and consistent model. It starts with a more theoretical and simplified approach through Chapter II which investigates the (in)stability conditions of the Kaleckian approach while suggesting the presence of an autonomous figure such as the government one. Chapter III adds more real base features through endogenous investments and government presence while Chapter IV finally concludes considering all the real and monetary links of the sectors into a social and ecological framework.

Organizzata in tre saggi, questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo di consentire una migliore comprensione del legame tra crescita e istituzioni, e dei meccanismi attraverso cui gli assetti istituzionali possono condizionare i sentieri economici. Riconoscendo, sulla base di considerazioni storiche, il potere esemplificativo delle ex Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche e della loro comune esperienza passata, questo lavoro fornisce, da un lato, una struttura empirica di riferimento per esaminare l’impatto sulla performance economica di un insieme di istituzioni, concretamente legate al funzionamento dell’attività economica; dall’altro, approfondisce lo studio degli effetti e delle determinanti delle azioni di policy. Il primo saggio offre una disamina della letteratura riguardante il legame crescita e istituzioni, fornendo un quadro esaustivo degli sviluppi teorici ed empirici, e illustra diversi aspetti che possono essere concepiti come obiettivi per la ricerca futura; il secondo, attraverso la costruzione di un modello statico e di un modello dinamico, quantifica l’impatto delle istituzioni economiche sui sentieri di crescita di questi paesi, impiegando e analizzando numerose tecniche di stima; il terzo saggio formula diverse specificazioni e affronta il tema rilevante del ruolo degli interventi di policy sullo sviluppo economico e dell’effetto delle istituzioni politiche su comportamenti e decisioni del governo. / Organized in three essays, this thesis aims at achieving a better understanding of the link between growth and institutions, and of the mechanisms through which the institutional arrangements affect the economic paths. Exploiting the past common experience of the Former Soviet Union economies, this work provides an empirical framework to examine the impact on the economic performance of a set of institutions concretely related to the “functioning” of the economic activity and offers a first attempt to include in this research program the study of the consequences of the government actions. The first essay offers a thorough review of the literature researching on the link between economic growth and institutions, and elucidates several issues that deserve further attention; the second develops a static and a dynamic approach to assess, using multiple estimation techniques, the impact of a set of economic institutions on the growth paths of these countries; the third essay, through several formal specifications, deals with the relevant issue of the role of policy measures and of the effect of the political institutions on the governments behaviour.

Della proprietà astratta è associata con lo stato, potere e ricchezza nelle società più africane e terreni agricoli di proprietà appartiene agli uomini. Lo scopo di questo studio è di esaminare il legame tra proprietà fondiaria e differenze di genere nei sistemi di possesso della terra. Questo studio esplora l'accesso delle donne alla terra nell'ambito dei sistemi di consueto possesso. Rassegna i principali aspetti del contributo delle donne africane alla produzione alimentare e raccolto in contanti e offre alcuni suggerimenti per migliorare la loro partecipazione e intensificazione nel settore dei piccoli. Inoltre, lo studio esamina come i cambiamenti nella proprietà fondiaria, proprietà, accesso e diritti alla terra come conseguenza di leggi consuete stanno influenzando la produttività dell'agricoltura, sicurezza alimentare e lotta alla povertà. Il dibattito è incentrato sulle preoccupazioni di un'equa distribuzione tra uomini e donne e Guarda le donne rurali come operai agricoli a un livello in cui le disuguaglianze di genere coincidono. I risultati da questo studio illustrano la cultura predominante e le pratiche tradizionali ancora colpiscono le donne, andare a loro discapito a favore degli uomini per quanto riguarda l'ereditarietà e la diretta proprietà di terreni e proprietà in casa. Parole chiave: Equità di genere, Proprietà della terra, Riforma agraria, Sicurezza alimentare. / Landownership is associated with status, power and wealth in most African societies and agricultural land property belongs to men. The aim of this study is to examine the link between land ownership and gender differences in land tenure systems. This study explores women’s access to land under the customary tenure systems. It reviews the major aspects of African women's contribution to food and cash crop production and offers some suggestions to improve their participation and intensification in the smallholder sector. Also, the study examines how the changes in land tenure, ownership, access and rights to land as a consequence of customary laws are affecting agricultural productivity, food security and poverty alleviation. The debate is centred on concerns of equitable distribution among men and women and looks at rural women as agricultural workers at a level where gender inequalities coincide. The findings from this study illustrate the predominant culture and traditional practices still affect women, disadvantaging them in favour of men regarding inheritance and direct ownership of land and property in the household. Keywords: Gender Equity, Land ownership, Land Reform, Food Security.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Adriana Keiko Miyake.pdf: 3746552 bytes, checksum: 6dd1aaa0e7aa880c56b3871870d50940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As transformações ocorridas nas últimas décadas na economia internacional provocaram graves crises monetárias e fmanceiras em diversos países, resultando em crises cambiais e no abandono do regime de câmbio fixo. O aumento do poder do capital financeiro sobre o produtivo, decorrente da maior abertura e da desregulamentação dos mercados financeiros, foi um dos fatores que aumentou a vulnerabilidade de economias menos preparadas para essas mudanças, como foi o caso de muitos países em desenvolvimento. Ainda, a abertura comercial ocorrida nesses países expôs seu setor produtivo à crescente concorrência externa de grandes empresas multinacionais. Aliada a esses fatores, a forma com que a política foi conduzida por seus respectivos governos contribuiu para a deflagração da cnse. A crise cambial brasileira, ocorrida no início de 1999, acarretou problemas para toda a economia brasileira. Diante disso, este trabalho procurou estudar os fatores que poderiam ser apontados como responsáveis por esse acontecimento, para que, no futuro, situações semelhantes sejam previstas com maior antecedência e para que medidas sejam tomadas para evitar este tipo de desfecho. Foi feito um acompanhamento da economia, ao longo da década de 1990, para se identificar as variáveis que levaram à crise cambial. A partir disso, foi utilizado um instrumental matemático (regressão do tipo Probit) para se chegar a um modelo econométrico que relacionasse essas variáveis à probabilidade de ocorrência de crise. Diferentemente do que ocorreu nos países do leste asiático, que suscitou o desenvolvimento dos modelos chamados de terceira geração, o resultado obtido no caso brasileiro se mostrou em conformidade com aspectos tanto dos modelos de primeira quanto de segunda geração

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Guedes Viana.pdf: 572988 bytes, checksum: 4fcd32f1b8649a63030e09f26c448edf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-04 / During the 1930s and 1940s, the Swedish State introduced a set of measures that had as goals reducing the unemployment, raising the economic growth and increasing the welfare. However, this set of measures was blocked by challenges that appeared after the World War II, specially the conflict between inflation and unemployment. To solve this conflict, the economists Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner presented in 1951 an economic model that has been recognized as the synthesis of the Swedish model. This model reveals as an alternative for the economic policy management, therefore it has as objective to reach the full employment and the price stability simultaneously, using labour market policies and a restrictive fiscal policy. These objectives had been reached from the middle of 1950s until the beginning of 1990s, period when Sweden faced a hard economic crisis. One of the crisis consequences was the sharply unemployment rising rates, which raised questions about the validity of the model. Thus, the aim of this paper is to introduce the Swedish model and the full employment issue, analyzing the unemployment rising rates after the 1990s crisis. To reach this aim the theoretical aspects of the Swedish model are discussed, as well as the macroeconomic policies adopted by Sweden after the World War II and the reasons for the unemployment rising rates. This is a worthy issue because the Swedish model was efficient in maintain the full employment for almost four decades / Durante as décadas de 1930 e 1940, o Estado sueco introduziu uma série de medidas que tinham como objetivo reduzir o desemprego, elevar o crescimento econômico e aumentar o bem-estar social. Porém, essas medidas esbarraram em desafios que surgiram após a II Guerra Mundial, destacando o dilema entre inflação e desemprego. Para resolver esse dilema, os economistas Gösta Rehn e Rudolf Meidner apresentaram em 1951 um modelo econômico que passou a ser reconhecido como a síntese do modelo sueco. Esse modelo mostra-se como uma alternativa singular para a gestão da política econômica, pois possui como objetivos atingir o pleno emprego e a estabilidade de preços simultaneamente, utilizando políticas de mercado de trabalho e uma política fiscal restritiva. Esses objetivos foram atingidos de meados da década de 1950 até o início da década de 1990, momento em que a Suécia enfrentou uma forte crise econômica. Um dos reflexos dessa crise foi a expressiva elevação dos índices de desemprego, o que levantou questionamentos sobre a validade do modelo. Desse modo, o propósito deste trabalho é apresentar o modelo sueco e a questão do pleno emprego, além de analisar a elevação do desemprego após a crise da década de 1990. Para atingir este objetivo são discutidos os aspectos teóricos do modelo sueco, as políticas macroeconômicas adotadas pela Suécia após a II Guerra Mundial e as hipóteses para a elevação das taxas de desemprego. Analisar essas hipóteses se mostra relevante, uma vez que o modelo sueco foi eficaz em manter o pleno emprego por praticamente quatro décadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre S Lima.pdf: 430082 bytes, checksum: 55a7148c113d872ba3b6e5be0c1a0f7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-04 / In 1952, The BNDE Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico was created, with the objectives of providing long term financing and guiding the industrialization and economic development in Brazil. The creation of BNDES is a consequence of an accelerated industrialization process; need to reduce under development and the external dependency, all of which have derived from the primary-exporter characteristic of the Brazilian economy. For over fifty years, the Bank has gone through many different economic and development policies that have been conducted by the Brazilian Government. During its first thirty years, BNDE was tightly tied to infrastructure foundation and heavy industries, supported by public and domestic private capital investments. During the last decade of the 20th century, with the changes in the State s role, from agent to enabler of development, the Bank has new attributions, as the main figure in the privatization process and economic development through private companies, domestic or international, having the State as the main tutor. This paper s objective is to study BNDE s evolution throughout its first fifty years of existence, focusing on the period between 1990 and 2002 / Em 1952, o BNDE Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico foi criado com os objetivos de suprir a necessidade de financiamento de longo prazo e guiar a industrialização e o desenvolvimento econômico brasileiro. A criação do BNDE foi fruto da necessidade de um processo de industrialização acelerada, como forma de combater o subdesenvolvimento e a dependência externa, derivado da característica primário-exportadora da economia brasileira. Ao longo de mais de cinqüenta anos, o Banco vivenciou distintas formas de condução de política econômica e de desenvolvimento pelos governos brasileiros. Durante seus primeiros 30 anos, esteve diretamente ligado à criação da infra-estrutura e das indústrias de base, por meio do apoio ao investimento público e ao capital privado nacional. Na última década do século XX, com a mudança no papel do Estado, de agente para gerente do desenvolvimento, o Banco tem novas atribuições, como figura principal no processo de privatização e no desenvolvimento econômico mediante a iniciativa privada, nacional ou estrangeira, tendo o Estado como tutor. Este trabalho busca estudar a sua evolução ao longos dos seus primeiros cinqüenta anos de existências, com ênfase nos no período entre 1990 e 2002

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Calsavara Garcia Junior.pdf: 972843 bytes, checksum: 5843736e2e883eb49e723d697cffc90e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-18 / This dissertation analyzes the evolution of the debt ratio of the biggest companies of Brazil in the years from 1995 to 1998. The relevance of analyzing such a short period is justified for its peculiarities: accentuated fall of the inflation, maintenance of the valued fixed exchange rate, expressive increase of the tributary load and high interests rates, results of the implantation of a new economic plan, Plano Real, as well as, of the turbulences brought by the crises in Mexico in 1995, in Asia in 1997 and Russia in 1998. The analysis is made starting from picked data of the Balance Sheet of the biggest companies of Brazil, published by the Exame As Melhores e Maiores revue. The data are contained by economic sections and they show strong differences among them. The general tendency is of debt growth, with significant fall in 1996. The obtained results don't allow the establishment of clear relationships of this growth with the main macroeconomics variable. It is not also possible to obtain of there evidences that are indicated the increase of the debt elapsed of larger needs of working capital for increase of the production or of financial embrittlement of the companies / Esta dissertação analisa a evolução do grau de endividamento das maiores empresas do Brasil nos anos de 1995 a 1998. A relevância de analisar um período tão curto se justifica por suas peculiaridades: queda acentuada da inflação, manutenção do câmbio fixo valorizado, aumento expressivo da carga tributária e taxas de juros elevadas, resultados da implantação de um novo plano econômico, o Plano Real, bem como, das turbulências trazidas pelas crises no México em 1995, na Ásia em 1997 e na Rússia em 1998. A análise é feita a partir de dados colhidos dos Balanços Patrimoniais das maiores empresas do Brasil, publicados pela Revista Exame As Melhores e Maiores. Os dados estão agrupados por setores econômicos e mostram fortes diferenças entre eles. A tendência geral é de crescimento do endividamento, com queda significativa em 1996. Os resultados obtidos não permitem o estabelecimento de relações claras deste crescimento com as principais variáveis macroeconômicas. Também não é possível obter daí evidências que indiquem se o aumento do endividamento decorreu de necessidades maiores de capital de giro para aumento da produção ou de fragilização financeira das empresas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Djalma Santana Gomes.pdf: 922321 bytes, checksum: c1eea3c2d054128bad5ccce1eccbc1f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-02 / This paper tries to evaluate the evolution process of Industrial Occupancy in the Greater ABC Area, during the period 1995 to 2005. The first chapter points the influence of macroeconomic policy, since Economic Collor Plan, over the labour market of the industry. The second chapter describes the Industrial Occupancy in Brazil, focusing the profile of the workers allocated on the Brazilian industry sector. The third chapter analysis the profile changing on the industries of Great ABC Area, showing up local characters, changes in organizational framework, technological change and productivity. The fourth chapter introduces a discussion about the workers allocation on the industries of Great ABC Area, with special attention on the behavior of indicators related to the level of occupancy and the profile of industries located on Great ABC Area / Esta dissertação busca avaliar o processo da evolução da Ocupação Industrial na Região do Grande ABC, no período de 1995 2005. O primeiro capítulo trata da influência da política macroeconômica, a partir do Plano Collor, no mercado de trabalho da indústria. O segundo capítulo retrata a Ocupação Industrial no Brasil, com destaque ao perfil dos ocupados da indústria do Brasil. O terceiro capítulo traz a análise sobre a Transformação da Indústria no ABC, com destaque aos fatores locacionais, transformações e mudanças organizacionais, mudanças tecnológicas e produtividade. O quarto capítulo faz uma discursão sobre a ocupação Industria na Região do ABC, com ênfase no exame do comportamento das variáveis do nível de ocupação e o perfil dos ocupados na indústria do ABC

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Gontijo Lauar.pdf: 347182 bytes, checksum: bc6816345331a10fe7480489968af1c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Regarding the Argentine economy, more unexpected than the economic chaos of 2001-2002, when the GNP has fallen 11%, a default was declared and it has irrupted with the convertibility regime, was the inversion of the economic tendency, which was remarked by an uninterrupted annual growth of 8.5% until 2006. The objective of this research is the comprehension of the period characterized by the accentuated recovery of the crisis passed by that country. In order to do so, we have written three papers related to the reconstruction of such economy. In the first one it s analyzed the convertibility, regime present in the 90 s, and the dynamics that conduced to economy crisis. The second paper treats issues centered in Argentina post-convertibility, with special regard to the aspects of the ruptures generated by the crises that explain the recovery. The third analyses the debate regarding some interpretations of the Argentine experience, with focus in the causes and consequences of the contracts ruptures and discretionary state action in the economic policy. As assumption, we see the govern measures along with the end of the convertibility model as essential to the return of positive growth rates and macroeconomic stability. Our framework stands in the keynesian and structuralist theories, mainly based in the works of Frenkel, Damill, Heymann and Calcagnno / Em se tratando de economia argentina, mais inesperado que o caos econômico de 2001-2002, quando o PIB caiu 11%, decretou-se uma moratória recorde e rompeu-se com a conversibilidade, foi a inversão da tendência econômica, marcada por um crescimento médio anual ininterrupto de 8,5% até 2006. O objetivo deste trabalho é a compreensão do período caracterizado pela recuperação acentuada da crise atravessada por aquele país. Para tal, foram elaborados três artigos relativamente independentes relacionados à reconstrução de tal economia. No primeiro, analisa-se a conversibilidade, regime vigente nos anos noventa, e a dinâmica que conduziu à crise. O segundo artigo trata de questões centradas na Argentina pós-conversibilidade, com especial atenção para os aspectos das rupturas geradas na crise que explicam a recuperação. O terceiro analisa o debate sobre algumas interpretações da experiência argentina, com ênfase nas causas e conseqüências da ruptura de contratos e da ação discricionária do Estado na política econômica. Como hipótese, colocamos as medidas do governo juntamente à ruptura com o modelo de conversibilidade como fundamentais para o retorno das taxas de crescimento e da estabilidade macroeconômica. Nosso arcabouço teórico apóia-se nas teorias keynesiana e estruturalista, baseada, fundamentalmente, nos trabalhos de Frenkel, Damill, Heymann e Calcagno

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendell Gomes Schmiedecke.pdf: 619717 bytes, checksum: 94fc273bce9584548d12e9f9ba12f34e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / The objective of this work is to answer the following question: How we can explain the recent rise in the commodities prices, due to the entry of China in the international market and which are the tendencies for the next years? For this, the work initially will present the deterioration in terms of trade from Prebisch and Singer, with an evolution of this thought, as well as criticism of this thesys. Afterwards we will present the Chinese economy, as well his impact in the demand of raw-materials and food and in the production capacity of industrialized products, presenting impacts over the terms of trade in the worldwide scenario, after that, we will use the Enzo Grilli and Maw Cheng Yang series updated, to show the prices behavior of the main commodities, with a special focus in the high occurred in this prices in the period comprehended between the Chinese market overture to the worldwide economy until 2007, fact contrary to the Prebisch and Singer thesis. At least we will conclude the work answering the question object of this work / O objetivo deste trabalho é responder a seguinte questão: Como podemos explicar a alta recente do preço dos commodities, face a entrada da China no mercado internacional e quais as tendências para os próximos anos? Para isso, o trabalho inicialmente apresentará a tese de deterioração dos termos de troca de Prebisch e Singer, com uma evolução desse pensamento, bem como críticas a estas teses. Posteriormente apresentaremos a economia chinesa, bem como seu impacto sobre a demanda de matérias-primas e alimentos e na capacidade de produção de produtos industrializados, apresentando impactos sobre os termos de troca no cenário mundial, em seguida, utilizaremos a série de preços formulada por Enzo Grilli e Maw Cheng Yang, que mostra uma evolução de preços dos principais commodities ao longo do tempo, focando na alta ocorrida nos preços de produtos primários no período compreendido entre a abertura do mercado chinês a economia mundial até 2007, fato este que contrária a tese de Prebisch e Singer. Por último teremos a conclusão que responderá a questão objeto deste trabalho