No description available.

No description available.

Carl Schurz, appearing on the American political stage during a period of great change, felt the influence of human events as he formulated his political thinking. He also was affected by his German birth, education, and revolutionary activity before his immigration to the United States. Indeed, it appears that much of his political thought was reaction to existing circumstances or events rather than pure contemplative thinking.

No description available.

The study of legislator political career path so far has indicated that it can be influenced by legislative resources and local ecology. The legislative resources consists of salary of legislator, assistant¡¦s numbers, time in session , staff and facilities while local ecology depends on faction, party, and opportunity structure. By using of Taipei city council and Kaohsiung city council as study objects, we analyzed the difference of legislator political career, legislative resource and local ecology between Taipei city council and Kaohsiung city council. In conclusion, we found that the legislative resources not only give progress of legislator but also help their development in legislature. Moreover, the faction is also facilitated their development in legislature while party influence contributing higher position of legislator, and their opportunity structure are related the higher office of them.

none

The world first heard of Sun Yat-sen in 1896 when the British government intervened to save him from deportation to Chine as a refugee. A decade and half later the public read with amazement that this name refugee had lived to be proclaimed the First President of the Republic of China. This men conspirator, a "visionary", socialist dreamer, a fighter for right end Justice became the hero and idol of the Chinese people. Today he is held in greater entres then any living statesmen or any political philosopher of the pet century. The respect mid his memory is paralleled in Chinese history only by the veneration due Confucius. His ultimate position in Chinese history is yet to be determined, but five years after his death he lives in the hearts of the people as the nation's greatest lender and as the outstanding figure of the Chinese Revolution

As mulheres são a maioria do eleitorado brasileiro, quase metade da/os filiados a algum partido político e, mesmo com a lei de cotas de gênero que obriga o registro de pelo menos 30% de candidaturas femininas, elas ainda perfazem pouco mais de 10% da/os eleita/os. A literatura aponta diversas barreiras para essas mulheres, como o processo de socialização voltado para a esfera privada da vida, uma suposta falta de interesse em seguir uma carreira política e a falta de recursos para conduzir uma campanha eleitoral. Analisando a trajetória das vereadoras eleitas nas eleições municipais de 2016 da cidade de São Paulo, esse trabalho investiga quais foram os meios encontrados ou utilizados pelas candidatas para superar estes obstáculos comumente impostos às mulheres, com um interesse específico e investigar a atuação dos partidos e lideranças partidárias no fomento ou bloqueio desse caminho até a vitória. Utilizando principalmente entrevistas em profundidade com as vereadoras, a dissertação percorre o momento do primeiro envolvimento político, da decisão da candidatura e a campanha eleitoral para ponderar, à luz das teorias e evidências acumuladas pela literatura sobre cada um desses estágios, a narrativa dessas mulheres sobre o seu sucesso eleitoral e os dados empíricos disponíveis sobre sua candidatura e campanha. O questionamento comum feito em cada uma dessas etapas de suas carreiras é o quanto a organização e as lideranças partidárias atuaram, direta ou indiretamente, para tornar efetiva a participação e o sucesso eleitoral destas candidatas; ao mesmo tempo, ponderar o quanto e como essas mulheres se aproveitaram, se utilizaram ou criaram oportunidades para participar. Os resultados apontam que, embora nem sempre estejam presentes nas primeiras atividades políticas das vereadoras, o partido político e suas lideranças muitas vezes, na figura de familiares das candidatas aparecem de forma decisiva no momento da decisão da candidatura e no suporte ao longo da campanha eleitoral, especialmente por darem legitimidade e o acesso às redes de contato com outras figuras políticas já bem estabelecidas. Com esses indícios, é possível questionar a crença de que os partidos não têm relevância ou influência na arena eleitoral e na baixa representação feminina em cargos eletivos, bem como requalificar os argumentos e propostas pela maior inclusão de mulheres na política. / Women are the majority of the Brazilian electorate, almost half of the members of political parties, and even with the gender quotas law obliging the party list to have at least 30% female candidates, they still make up around 10% of the elected representatives to the Chamber of Deputies. The literature on this issue lists several barriers for these women, such as the socialization process focused on the private sphere of life, their supposed lack of interest in pursuing a political career and the lack of resources to conduct an electoral campaign. Analyzing the trajectory of city councilors elected in the municipal elections of 2016 in the city of São Paulo, this work investigates the ways candidates found to overcome these commonly imposed obstacles on women, with special interest in the political parties and partisan leadership presence in encouraging or dissuading their political career. Based mostly on in-depth interviews with female city council members, this dissertation describes their trajectory, from their first political involvement, going through the decision to run for office up until electoral campaigning to investigate how the narrative of these women about their electoral success and available data resonate with theories and evidences from previous studies about each of these stages. The main question asked is how much the party organization and its leaders have influenced, directly or indirectly, to make the candidature and success of these candidates effective; at the same time, I try to consider how and when these women have created or taken advantage of opportunities to run for - and win - elections. Results show that, although political parties are not always present in these womens first political activities, the party organization and its leaderships - often as a family member of the candidate have a crucial role in the decision to run and at the support throughout the electoral campaign, especially providing legitimacy and access to networks with other wellestablished political figures. With these results, it is possible to question the established notion that Brazilian political parties have no relevance or influence in the electoral arena and in womens sub representation, as well as to reassess the arguments and proposals for improving women\'s political participation.

This thesis seeks to contribute to the literature by studying the impact of a legislators gender on health and public security policies passed in the Brazilian Congress and whether such policies are aligned with voters preferences. Evidences have shown that women face stronger barriers to being elected as compared to their male counterparts (Lawless 2015; Speck and Mancuso 2014) and they face a complex and demanding electoral playing field when running for re-election (Palmer and Simon, 2010). My hypothesis is that female politicians need to establish their credibility by proposing public policies in masculine areas, such as public security. Once a congresswoman has political experience, as a mayor, state deputy or another office, she risks making policy more aligned with female voter preferences. Using data from a national survey and a low-income voter survey, I analyze whether male and female Brazilian voters differ in the priority they assign to health and security policies. This enables me to predict what effects gender representation should have on health and public security policy choices. Then, I examine the differences in the types of health and public security budget amendments sponsored by male and female legislators. Finally, I analyze the impact of a politicians gender conditional on experience in politics. With these results, I compare the preferences and priorities of male and female voters with the representatives priorities and see if they correspond. Employing logistic regressions, the voter surveys analyses show that female voters do not present different policy preferences than male voters. Moreover, the results of the budget amendments analysis using linear regressions suggest that (i) female deputies do not focus more on health policy than their male counterparts, and (ii) female deputies that are professional politicians allocate less resource for security policy than male professional deputies. / Esta dissertação busca contribuir com a literatura estudando o impacto do sexo do deputado nas políticas públicas de saúde e segurança aprovadas no Congresso brasileiro, e se tais políticas estão alinhadas com as preferências dos eleitores. A literatura tem mostrado que mulheres enfrentam fortes barreiras para serem eleitas se comparado aos homens (Lawless 2015; Speck e Mancuso 2014) e elas também enfrentam um complexo e exigente jogo eleitoral quando concorrem à reeleição (Palmer e Simon 2010). Minha hipótese é de que deputadas precisam estabelecer sua credibilidade propondo políticas públicas em áreas masculinas, tal como segurança pública. Uma vez que a deputada tenha experiência política, como prefeita, deputada federal ou um outro cargo político, ela se arriscará fazendo política mais alinhada com as preferências das eleitoras. Utilizando dados de um survey nacional e de um survey com eleitores de baixa renda, eu analiso se as eleitoras e os eleitores brasileiros apresentam diferentes prioridades com relação a políticas de saúde e de segurança. Com esses resultados, eu posso predizer quais os efeitos a representação de homens e mulheres deveria ter sobre a escolha de políticas públicas de saúde e segurança. Então, eu analiso as diferenças nos tipos de emendas orçamentárias de saúde e de segurança que são propostas pelos deputados e deputadas. Finalmente, eu analiso o impacto do sexo do parlamentar condicional à experiência na política. Com estes resultados, eu comparo as preferências e prioridades de eleitores e eleitoras com as prioridades dos parlamentares e vejo se elas correspondem. Empregando regressão logística, a análise dos surveys mostra que eleitoras não apresentam diferentes preferências políticas que os eleitores. Além disso, os resultados da análise das emendas orçamentárias utilizando regressão linear sugere que (i) deputadas não priorizam política de saúde mais que seus colegas o fazem; e (ii) deputadas que são políticas profissionais alocam menos recursos para política de segurança do que fazem os deputados profissionais.

No description available.