• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 53
  • 20
  • 6
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 95
  • 95
  • 36
  • 20
  • 19
  • 13
  • 13
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • 10
  • 9
  • 8
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Avaliação do desempenho de blocos de concreto estrutural dosados com politereftalato de etileno (PET) micronizado.

SILVA, José Bezerra da. 12 June 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-12T20:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ BEZERRA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 3353599 bytes, checksum: f4b72aa0752341e7ae682a1f07daef15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T20:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ BEZERRA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 3353599 bytes, checksum: f4b72aa0752341e7ae682a1f07daef15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-05 / Os blocos de concreto são os componentes mais importantes da alvenaria estrutural, uma vez que eles são os principais responsáveis pela resistência à compressão. Para que estes sejam de qualidade, a sua fabricação deve ser realizada utilizando materiais com propriedades adequadas e procedimentos de dosagem e cura controlada. A utilização de novos materiais na produção de blocos de concreto estrutural vem crescendo em todo o mundo, e , com isso, a possibilidade de utilizarem materiais alternativos, cuja principal preocupação é o equilíbrio entre os aspectos ambientais, tecnológicos e econômicos. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de blocos estruturais de concreto simples com adição de Politereftalato de etileno (PET) micronizado para uso na construção civil. Inicialmente as matérias-primas foram submetidas às caracterizações físicas, químicas e mineralógicas, e em seguida realizou-se o estudo da dosagem do concreto, objetivando-se determinar o proporcionamento dos materiais e os teores de PET a serem utilizados. Sequencialmente foram moldados blocos de concreto nas dimensões de 14cmx19cmx29cm, com teores de 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5% e 10% de Politereftalato de etileno micronizado em substituição ao agregado miúdo para a determinação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Observou-se que o PET provocou o aumento da absorção e a redução do peso específico do concreto, e que o teor de 2,5% resulta em valores de absorção que satisfazem os requisitos normativos para blocos de concreto estrutural em que se utiliza agregado normal ou leve. Para a resistência característica à compressão, observou-se que o PET promoveu a redução da resistência do concreto, e, quanto maior o teor de substituição, menor a resistência à compressão. No entanto, para os teores de 2,5%, 5,0% e 7,5% de PET os valores obtidos para a resistência característica permitiram classificá-los como blocos estruturais classe B, com função estrutural, para uso em elementos de alvenaria acima do nível do solo. Portanto, é viável, nos percentuais e nas condições estabelecidas nesta pesquisa, sob o ponto de vista técnico, a utilização do Politereftalato de etileno triturado em concreto para produção de blocos de alvenaria estrutural, por possibilitar a obtenção de propriedades físicas e mecânicas que satisfazem os parâmetros normativos. / The concrete blocks are the most important components of structural masonry, since they are mainly responsible for the compressive strength. For these to be quality, their manufacture must be carried out using materials with appropriate properties and strength and controlled curing procedures. The use of new materials in the production of structural concrete blocks has been growing throughout the world, and with it, the possibility of using alternative materials, whose main concern is the balance between the environmental, technological and economic. This work aims to evaluate the performance of simple concrete building blocks with the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) micronized for use in construction. Initially, the raw materials were subjected to physical characterization, chemical and mineralogical, and then held the actual dosage of the study, aiming to determine the proportioning of the materials and PET content to be used. Sequentially were molded concrete blocks in the dimensions of 14cmx19cmx29cm, at levels of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% of micronized polyethylene terephthalate replacing the fine aggregate for determining the physical and mechanical properties. It was observed that the PET caused the increased uptake and reduction of the specific weight of the concrete, and that the content of 2,5% results in absorption values which satisfy the regulatory requirements for structural concrete blocks which uses regular aggregate or light. For the characteristic compressive strength, it was observed that the PET caused a reduction of strength of concrete, and the higher the replacement content, the lower the compressive strength. However, for contents of 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% PET values obtained for the resistance trait enabled to classify them as class B structural units, structural function, for use in masonry units above ground level. Therefore, it is feasible, in percentages and conditions set out in this study, from a technical point of view, the use of polyethylene terephthalate triturated in particular for the production of masonry blocks, by enabling obtaining physical and mechanical properties which meet the normative parameters.
52

Sur l'analyse multiéchelle du changement de morphologie du PET sous l'effet de la température ou des sollicitations mécaniques / Multi-scale analysis of the morphological changes of the PET under the effect of temperature or mechanical stress

Gong, Yang Hao 06 June 2018 (has links)
Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la simulation de l’évolution de la microstructure d’un polymère. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié le changement de la morphologie du polyéthylène téréphthalate (PET) sous l’effet de différents mécanismes. Ces simulations sont réalisées par la méthode des champs de phase. Il s’agit d’une méthode basée sur l’équation de Cahn-Hilliard ou l’équation de Ginzburg-Landau. Elle utilise un paramètre d’ordre pour décrire l’état du matériau, des variables thermodynamiques et cinématiques. Ainsi on peut décrire l’évolution d’une microstructure sans suivre l’interface et ainsi reproduire l’évolution de la structure cristalline sphérolitique qui apparait lors d’une cristallisation induite par la température. Dans le cadre d’un changement de morphologie induit par la température, le calcul par champ de phase a été simulé par la méthode de différences finies et la méthode d’éléments finis. Le coefficient cinétique a été identifié à partir de données expérimentales de la littérature. En introduisant un modèle du champ de phases multiples (the MPF model) on a aussi simulé l’évolution de plusieurs sphérolites et gérer la jonction lorsque deux sphérolites se rencontrent. La croissance et la jonction des sphérolite a été modélisée par la méthode d’éléments finis : elle reproduit parfaitement l’évolution expérimentale de cristallisation isotherme d’un polymère. En comparant ces résultats avec le modèle macroscopique d’Avrami, une évaluation de la constante d'Avrami, K(T), a été discutée en fonction des fluctuations des conditions initiales (positions et taille des germes).Dans le cadre de la cristallisation induite par la déformation mécanique, nous avons couplé le champ de phase aux équations de la mécanique pour un comportement viscoélastique différent pour chaque phase. L’influence, sur la cristallisation et l’orientation, de la déformation, de la vitesse de sollicitation, du contraste entre les phases sont étudiées et comparées qualitativement aux observations expérimentales. Il s’agit d’une étude préliminaire qui devra être poursuivie et affinée afin de prédire une morphologie plus réaliste / In this thesis work, we are interested in simulating the evolution of the microstructure of a polymer. In particular, we have studied in the morphology change of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under different mechanisms. These simulations carried out by the phase field simulation. This method based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation or the Ginzburg-Landau equation. It uses an order parameter to describe the state of material, thermodynamic and kinetic variables. Thus we can describe the microstructure evolution without tracking the interface (which would require complex remeshing) and reproduce the evolution of the crystalline structure within the polymers, for example the growth of spherulites which appear during crystallization induced by temperature. Within the scope the morphology changing by the temperature, the evolution of phase field simulation is performed by the finite difference method and the finite element method. The kinetic coefficient is adjusted in order to fit the experiment data in of the literature. We introduce the multiphase field model (the MPF model) in order to simulate the evolution of several spherulites and to describe the junction of spherulites. The growth and junction of spherulites have been modeled by the finite element method and nicely reproduced in comparing the experimental evolution of isothermal crystallization of a polymer. Comparing these results with the Avrami macroscopic model, an evaluation of the Avrami constant, K (T), was discussed according to the fluctuations of the initial conditions (positions and size of the germs).In the following part, we study the crystallization induced by mechanical deformation. We are interested in the viscoelastic model to simulate the induced crystallization of PET in plane stress. The phase field model coupled to mechanics will be presented. Different viscoelastic behaviors have been considered for each phase. The influence on crystallization and orientation of the deformation, the stress velocity and the contrast between the phases are studied and compared qualitatively with the experimental observations. This is a preliminary study that will have to be continued in order to predict a more realistic morphology
53

[en] RECYCLING OF PET BOTTLES, AIMING AT SUBSTITUTION OF SMALL AGGREGATE IN MORTAR / [pt] RECICLAGEM DE PET, VISANDO A SUBSTITUIÇÃO DE AGREGADO MIÚDO EM ARGAMASSAS

SUSAN SALES CANELLAS 28 October 2005 (has links)
[pt] O desenvolvimento de tecnologias que utilizem energias limpas e a gestão integrada dos resíduos domiciliares e industriais visando uma reengenharia nos conceitos sócio-empresariais é uma necessidade urgente. A sociedade, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos, prioriza produtos de empresas que possuam atividades socialmente corretas. A indústria da construção civil, como uma das maiores geradoras de resíduos, podendo chegar a 3000 kg/hab.ano, não pode se eximir desta atitude. Uma vez que consome grandes quantidades de recursos naturais, um grande número de estudos para substituição de bens naturais não renováveis está sendo realizado nesse setor, aliando materiais convencionais com resíduos industriais e urbanos. Um dos materiais que vem sendo utilizado nestas pesquisas são as embalagens pós- consumo de PET ( polietileno tereftalato ), resíduos que estão atingindo percentuais cada vez maiores na composição do lixo urbano, com presença crescente no meio ambiente. Esse trabalho visa apontar uma nova perspectiva de utilização desse material, propondo a substituição parcial da areia natural, por material granulado oriundo de garrafas de PET, objetivando a produção de argamassas para uso na construção civil. No presente estudo, foram realizadas substituições nas proporções de 10, 30 e 50% , tendo sido observado a melhor possibilidade de utilização do percentual de 30%, devido a não ter apresentado perdas significativas na plasticidade e nas resistências a compressão e a tração. Foi possível concluir que o compósito obtido tem potencial para ser utilizado na confecção de artefatos de concreto, sem grande responsabilidade estrutural e em mobiliários urbanos, além de seu uso permitir uma economia significativa de volumes de areia lavada, um recurso natural cuja extração tem causado grandes danos ao ecossistema dos rios e suas margens. / [en] The development of technology that uses clean energy and the integrated management of domestic and industrial residues aiming at a new engineering in the social and company relationship, is a urgent necessity. The society, mainly in developed countries, are already giving priority to the products of companies that possess identity with socially correct activities. The industry of construction, as one of the larger generator of residues, that produces around 3000kg/hab.year, and can not exempt of this purpose. Since the civil construction consumes great amount of natural sector resources, a large number of studies aiming at the substitution of natural sand, considered a non renewable material, is being carried out, particularly by, mixing conventional material with industrial and urban residues. The material used in these this study, was granulated PET (polyethylene tereftalate), obtained from beverage bottles, residues that are reaching a high percentage in the composition of the urban wastes. The objective of this research aimed at create a new perspective for construction materials, by crushing bottles of PET and using the produced material as a substitute of the natural sands for production of mortar. In this study was used the PET/sand ratios of 10, 30 and 50%, being 30%, the best ratio observed, due to a still good workability, an acceptable compressive and tensile strengths. The innovation, proposed in this study for instance, in the production of pieces of concrete, without great structural value, and in urban furnitureleading to a significant economy of volumes of sands, a resource whose extraction has been caused great damages to the present ecosystem of the rivers and in its edges.
54

Estudo da estabilização termo-oxidativa e hidrolítica do poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) reciclado pós-consumo

Freitas, Flavia Leticia Silva January 2018 (has links)
Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sandra A. Cruz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2018. / O poli (tereftalato de etileno) é um material amplamente utilizado principalmente em garrafas e embalagens de rápido descarte, gerando, consequentemente, um elevado volume de resíduos pós-consumo. A reciclagem deste polímero destaca-se como uma alternativa para a sua (re)utilização e, um dos meios para minimizar a sua degradação é pelo emprego de aditivos. Assim, nesta tese de doutorado foram estudados os efeitos de três diferentes classes de aditivos: antioxidantes, desativadores de metais e anti-hidrólise, considerando suas capacidades de minimizar os efeitos degradativos na reciclagem de PET pós-consumo. Em uma primeira etapa, os efeitos sinérgicos e antagônicos do emprego de tais aditivos foram estudados por meio de planejamento de experimentos. Nesta etapa foram avaliadas de maneira individual e combinada cinco variáveis que influenciam na estabilidade do PET (umidade, antioxidante primário, desativador de metais, policarbodiimida e blenda de antioxidantes primários e secundários). Os resultados das medidas de viscosidade intrínseca mostraram que os antioxidantes tiveram pouca contribuição na estabilização do PET reciclado e o desativador de metais não apresentou coeficiente significativo no intervalo de confiança de 95%. Já o aditivo anti-hidrólise, representado pelo composto policarbodiimida, foi a variável que apresentou maior efeito na estabilização do PET reciclado, enquanto a umidade mostrou um efeito negativo. Assim, pôde-se concluir que as reações de hidrólise se sobrepõem às reações de degradação termo-oxidativa. Posteriormente, em uma segunda etapa, a influência da policarbodiimida na estabilização do PET foi analisada por meio da avaliação de suas propriedades térmicas e reológicas. Foi observado então que com a adição de 10% deste aditivo a viscosidade intrínseca aumentou aproximadamente 94% quando comparado ao PET flakes sem processamento, indicando a sua funcionalidade como um extensor de cadeias. Desta forma, foi possível a obter materiais com diferentes faixas de massa molar de acordo com a concentração empregada de aditivo. Os ensaios térmicos provaram que a policarbodiimida pode atuar como um estabilizante termo-oxidativo permitindo assim ampliar a faixa de trabalho do PET para temperaturas mais elevadas (350°C), além de proporcionar uma redução na temperatura de cristalização de até 37 °C com o aumento da concentração do aditivo. / Polyethylene terephthalate is a widely used material for bottles and rapid discard packaging, thus generating a high volume of post-consumer waste. The recycling of this polymer stands out as an alternative to its reuse and one of the means to minimize its degradation is by the use of additives. Thus, in this doctoral thesis the effects of three different classes of additives were studied: antioxidants, metal deactivators and anti-hydrolysis, considering their abilities to minimize the degradation effects on post-consumer PET recycling. In a first step, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of the use of such additives were studied through design of experiments. In this step, five variables that influence in the PET stability (humidity, primary antioxidant, metal deactivator, polycarbodiimide and blends of primary and secondary antioxidants) were evaluated individually and in combination. The results of the intrinsic viscosity measurements showed that the antioxidants had little contribution in the stabilization of the recycled PET and the metal deactivator showed no significant coefficient in the 95% confidence interval. The anti-hydrolysis additive, represented by the polycarbodiimide compound, was the variable that presented the greatest effect on the stabilization of recycled PET, while humidity showed a negative effect. Thus, it could be concluded that the hydrolysis reactions overlap the thermo-oxidative degradation reactions. Later, in a second stage, the influence of polycarbodiimide on the stabilization of PET was analyzed by means of the evaluation of its thermal and rheological properties. It was then observed that with the addition of 10% of this additive the intrinsic viscosity increased approximately 94% when compared to unprocessed PET flakes, indicating their functionality as a chain extender. In this way, it was possible to obtain materials with different ranges of molar mass according to the concentration of additive used. Thermal tests have proven that polycarbodiimide can act as a thermo-oxidative stabilizer thus allowing the working range of PET to be extended to higher temperatures (350 °C), as well as to provide a reduction in crystallization temperature of up to 37 °C with concentration of the additive.
55

Remoção de corante de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) através de recristalização e sua posterior despolimerização em meio ácido / Removing dye from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) by recrystallization and its subsequent depolymerization in acid medium

Stefanelli, Talita Katiuska Takizawa Dias, 1983- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Glaucia Maria Ferreira Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stefanelli_TalitaKatiuskaTakizawaDias_M.pdf: 1571611 bytes, checksum: 5c787cef4fc94a299d2b85a0e62656e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O consumo de polímeros sintéticos no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando há décadas, numa clara demonstração do enorme sucesso conseguido por esses materiais nas mais variadas aplicações. As características típicas dos polímeros sintéticos, como seu custo praticamente irrisório, baixo peso, boa resistência mecânica, impermeabilidade, transparência e capacidade de coloração mais impressão lhe conferiram trunfos irresistíveis para seu uso massivo na forma de embalagens, uma aplicação extremamente importante numa sociedade voltada para o consumo. O grande problema dos polímeros sintéticos reside na sua curta vida útil, o que conduz a um rápido aumento da corrente de resíduos, como é o caso das embalagens. Dentro desse âmbito, a reciclagem passa ser uma alternativa promissora. Por definição, a reciclagem é um processo de transformação dos materiais previamente separados para posterior utilização; é a recuperação de resíduos mediante uma série de operações que permitem que materiais processados sejam aproveitados como matéria-prima no processo gerador ou em outros. A primeira etapa deste trabalho foi a tentativa de fazer a despolimerização de PET utilizando o processo de destilação molecular. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível utilizar o destilador molecular na despolimerização do PET. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho o pet pósconsumo foi submetido à recristalização para remoção do corante, utilizando ácido trifluoracético como solvente, na tentativa de uma nova alternativa de reciclagem para este material. O material modificado e o PET pós-consumo foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) / Abstract: The use of synthetic polymers in the world and particularly in Brazil has been increasing for decades representing the huge success achieved by these materials in various applications. The main characteristics of synthetic polymers are their low cost and weight, good mechanical strength, impermeability, transparency and the possibility of coloring, which results in their massive use in the form of packaging an application extremely important in a society focused on consumption. Despite all its advantages, the polymers are generally used in the manufacture of objects whose useful life it is extremely short, like bottled water and soft drinks , produced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or as previously mentioned, in packs of all species, resulting in a rapid increase in the waste stream. In this scenario, recycling becomes a promising alternative. By definition, recycling is a process of transformation materials previously separated for later use or is the recovery of waste by means of a series of operations that allow processed materials to be utilized as raw material in generating process or in other process. The first stage of this work was to attempt to make the depolymerization of PET using molecular distillation process, but results showed that it is not possible to use the molecular distiller for the depolymerization of this type of polymer. In the second stage of the work, post-consumer PET was subjected to recrystallization to remove the dye, using trifluoroacetic acid as solvent in in a new attempt to recycle this material. The modified material and post-consumer PET were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química
56

Maturação de aguardente de cana composta com extrato de madeira de carvalho em embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET) / Brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation with brazilian sugar-cane spirit oak extract in PET packages

Forlin, Flavio João 05 October 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forlin_FlavioJoao_D.pdf: 1138330 bytes, checksum: 51a6f2384ea1ceebfd10fc6e31f2c879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A elaboração de extrato por maceração de madeira de carvalho triturada com destilado alcoólico simples de cana-de-açúcar (DASCA) para maturação de aguardente de cana mostra vantagens de processo e econômicas por racionalizar a utilização e otimizar a extração de compostos da madeira, reduzir o tempo de maturação da bebida, prescindindo da utilização de tonéis de carvalho. A utilização de embalagens de PET mostra viabilidade para o acondicionamento e/ou maturação de destilados em substituição aos tonéis de madeira tradicionalmente utilizados, por suas características de integridade estrutural, permeabilidade seletiva e inocuidade com a bebida. Foram obtidos 13 extratos por macerações contínuas em batelada a partir de mesma quantidade de madeira de carvalho triturada, nas formas tostada e não tostada, com DASCA de teor alcoólico de 55% em volume, a 20°C. O extrato de ca da maceração foi estudado quanto ao extrato seco, compostos fenólicos totais, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total e cor. A unificação dos extratos integrais das 5 primeiras macerações originaram um extrato resultante do qual foram obtidas as dosagens de 20, 40 e 60mL utilizadas na maturação de aguardente de cana em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L e vidro de 4,7L, durante 4, 8 e 12 meses. Aguardente de cana sem extrato foi maturada paralelamente em barris de carvalho de 200L, durante 4, 8, 12, 36 e 48 meses. A maturação da bebida foi acompanhada com o estudo de perda de massa, teor alcoólico real, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total, compostos fenólicos totais, cor, álcoois superiores (isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico), aldeídos e ésteres totais em cada período de maturação correspondente. As aguardentes de cana maturadas em embalagens de PET, vidro e barris de carvalho, em cada período de maturação, incluindo o tempo zero, foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação com 81 consumidores, avaliando-se os atributos cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global, utilizando escala hedônica não estruturada de 9cm. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensorial de aceitabilidade foram tratados com análise de variância e comparação de médias pelos testes de Duncan (p£0,05) e Tukey (p£0,10), respectivamente. O atributo impressão global da análise de aceitação foi complementarmente analisado pelo método Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O extrato resultante originado da mistura dos extratos integrais das cinco primeiras macerações (acumulando 41 dias de maceração), no contexto de 13 macerações (acumulando 346 dias de maceração), resultou na extração de 74,5% de extrato seco, 67,5% de compostos fenólicos totais, 83,9% de acidez fixa e 67,7% de acidez total. A maturação da aguardente de cana pela incorporação de 20, 40 e 60mL deste extrato/L de aguardente de cana alterou significativamente (p£0,05) o perfil físico-químico e sensorial da bebida, agregando cor e compostos fenólicos totais, reduzindo o pH, incrementando a acidez total, volátil e fixa e a composição orgânica de aldeídos e ésteres totais e de álcoois superiores isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico. O período de maturação de 12 meses em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L alterou o perfil físico-químico da aguardente de cana, diminuindo a acidez volátil e total e de aldeídos totais, incrementando a acidez fixa e o teor de ésteres totais. O aumento de volume das embalagens de PET refletiu em menores perdas de massa e maiores incrementos de ésteres totais. A aguardente de cana maturada 12 meses em embalagens de PET e vidro com a incorporação de extrato de carvalho mostrou similar aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, em relação à bebida maturada em barris de carvalho, entre 12 até 48 meses. A incorporação na aguardente de cana de dosagens de extrato de 20, 40 e 60mL/L determinou incrementos significativos (p£0,10) de aceitabilidade da bebida maturada em embalagens de PET e vidro, independentemente do tempo de maturação. O atributo cor, originado pela incorporação de distintas dosagens de extrato à aguardente de cana, foi o de melhor aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, seguido pelo aroma, impressão global e sabor / Abstract: The elaboration of extract through maceration of brazilian sugar-cane spirit (BSCS) with oak wood grinded for brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation shows advantages of process as well as economic ones, such as rationalization of the utilization, optimization of wood compounds extraction, reduction of the maturation time of the drink, renouncing the utilization of oak wood barrels. The utilization of PET packages shows its viability for storage and/or maturation of distilled beverages in substitution to the traditionally used wood structures for its structural integrity characteristics, selective permeability and innocuousness with the content. It was obtained 13 oak extracts by sequential units macerations using fixed quantity of toasted and not toasted grinded wood with BSCS 50°GL/20°C. Each extract was studied with the dry extract, total phenolic compounds, fixed, volatile and total acidity and colour. The unification of the integral units extracts from the five initial macerations produced the resultant extract for which were obtained the 20, 40, 60mL dosages for BSCS maturation in 0.250, 2, and 20L PET packages and in 4,7L glass packages during 4, 8 and 12 months. This study went along with the maturation of BSCS in 200L oak barrels during 4, 8, 12, 36 and 48 months. The maturation process of BSCS was physical-chemically accompanied by the study of mass losses, real alcoholic level, fixed, volatile and total acidity, total phenolic compounds, colour, superior alcohols (isoamilic, isobutilic, and n-propilic), total esters and aldehydes, in each specific times, included at zero time. An acceptance test also took place involving 81 BSCS consumers through their manifestation concerning the attributes colour, aroma, flavour and global impression using a nonstructured 9cm hedonic scale. The physical-chemical and acceptance tests results were statistically treated with variance analysis and Duncan (p=0.05) and Tukey (p=0.10) tests for average comparisons, respectively. The global impression attribute of the acceptance test was supplementary treated by Multidimensional Preference Analysis (MDPREF) method. The resultant extract obtained of the mixture of the five initial units macerations (totalizing 41 days of maceration) in context of thirteen units macerations (totalizing 346 days of maceration) resulted in 74.5% dry extract, 67.5% total phenolic compounds, 83.9% fixed acidity and 67.7% total acidity extraction. The incorporation of 20, 40, and 60mL of this extract per liter for BSCS maturation were significant effect (p£0.05) on physical-chemical profile of the beverage, associating to it colour and total phenolic compounds, reducing pH, adding volatile and fixed total acidity, the organic composition of superior alcohols, total esters and aldehydes. At 12 months BSCS maturation time in 0.250, 2 and 20L PET packages altered the physical-chemical profile of the beverage, decreasing the total and volatile acidity and total aldehydes and increasing the fixed acidity and total esters. The volume increase in PET packages reflected smaller indexes of mass losses and larger increments of total esters. The BSCS matured in PET and glass packages with the incorporation of oak extract during 12 months showed similar acceptability by consumers, in relation to the BSCS matured in oak barrels, during 12 to 48 months. The incorporation of the 20, 40, and 60mL oak extract dosage per liter for BSCS maturation determined significant increments (p=0.10) of acceptance of the BSCS matured in PET and glass packages independently of maturation time. The colour attribute originated by the distinct dosages of extract was the better acceptance by the consumers, followed by aroma, global impression and flavour / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
57

Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasification of Biomass and Refuse Derived Fuel

Robinson, Travis January 2015 (has links)
In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation. As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered. Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass. Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.
58

Biofilmes e enzimas sintetizados no processo de degradação do tereftalato de polietileno (pet) por bacillus subtilis e phanerochaete chrysosporium

Jara, Alícia Maria Andrade Torres 10 December 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alicia_jara.pdf: 8514825 bytes, checksum: e7811d2022af27360b50bd77f223f4ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, the consumption of the poly ethylene terephtalate plastic - PET is used in the manufacture of bottles, comes increasing in Brazil. PET is a polar thermoplastic, with raised dimensional stability and temperature of fusion, high impermeability the acid gases and chemical resistance to solvents. The biodegradation has been described as a possible methodology to reduce the accumulation of plastics. In this work it was carried through the evaluation by Bacillus subtilis and Phanerochaete chrysosporium performance on the biodegradation of the polyethylene terephtalate. In this direction, particles of polymer were submitted to the treatments: exposition to ultra violet light (6 and 36 hours) and temperatures (35ºC and 50ºC), followed incubation with the microorganisms during 30 and 60 days. The polymer degradation process was accompanied by determination of pH, biofilm formation and the cells viability, enzymes detection (amylase, protease, esterase, and polyphenoloxidase), as well as the scanning electron microscopy of biofilm and toxicity tests. The results obtained observed the biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis on polyethylene terephtalate surface particles. The treatment using the temperature of 50ºC demonstrated a higher alteration in the surface of the polymer, supported the colonization of the microorganisms followed of the hydrolytic enzymes production. It was observed that Bacillus subtilis does not produced polyphenoloxidase. The results indicated the temperature (50º.C), induces the esterase production and it is related to degradation process. The P. chrysosporium produced esterases and polyphenoloxidase, whose enzymes had demonstrated to be involved with the polyethylene terephtalate degradation process, and were formed products with higher toxicities to Artemia salina / O Tereftalato de Polietileno PET é um termoplástico polar,com elevada estabilidade dimensional e temperatura de fusão, alta impermeabilidade a gases e resistência química a ácidos e solventes, empregado na fabricação de garrafas no Brasil. A biodegradação tem sido descrita como uma possível metodologia para reduzir o acúmulo de plásticos. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho das linhagens de Bacillus subtilis e Phanerochaete chrysosporium isoladamente na biodegradação do tereftalato de polietileno. Neste sentido, foram preparadas partículas do polímero sendo submetidas aos tratamentos com luz ultra violeta (6 e 36 horas) e temperaturas (35ºC e 50ºC) em seguida, foram colocadas nos meios caldo nutriente (B.subtilis) e Sabouraud (P. chrysosporium), incubados por 30 e 60 dias, incubados a 35ºC e 28ºC, respectivamente. Com a degradação das partículas observou-se que o pH passou de 5 para >8, com formação de biofilmes e indução da produção de enzimas (amilase, protease, esterase e polifenoloxidases). A formação do biofilme foi evidenciada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os produtos metabólicos formados no meio de cultura foram avaliados pelo teste de toxicidade utilizando Artemia salina. A microscopia eletrônica demonstrou que B. subtilis colonizou completamente a superfície das partículas do PET, tanto nas condições controle (sem tratamento), como tratados. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o tratamento à temperatura de 50ºC, onde ocorreu alteração na superfície do polímero, perda da massa polimérica, permitindo maior colonização de ambos os microrganismos. As enzimas hidrolíticas foram produzidas pelos microrganismos em todos os tratamentos, em especial, à temperatura de 50ºC. Contudo, observou-se que B. subtilis não produziu polifenoloxidases. Os subprodutos da degradação do PET nas condições estudadas apresentaram alta toxicidade para Artemia salina no caso do P. chrysosporium e baixa toxicidade para B. subtilis. Os resultados obtidos sugerem o tratamento o prévio com a temperatura de 50ºC como importante para o processo de biorremediação
59

Study of Poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) Synthesis at Reduced Temperatures: Kinetics and Process Improvements

Alipourasiabi, Niloofar January 2020 (has links)
No description available.
60

Storage Stability of an Antioxidant Active Packaging Coated with Citrus Extract Following a Plasma Jet Pretreatment

Contini, C., Katsikogianni, Maria G., O'Neill, F.T., O'Sullivan, M., Boland, F., Dowling, D.P., Monahan, F.J. 05 October 2013 (has links)
yes / Antioxidant active packaging was prepared by coating a citrus extract on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays which had been either treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet or left untreated. The surface characteristics of the packaging were examined, as were its stability and antioxidant efficacy following storage for up to 24 weeks under the following three storage conditions: room temperature, 0 % relative humidity (RH) or 50 °C. Plasma pretreatment increased coating density, thickness and roughness, and oxygenated functional groups at the polymer surface, whereas water contact angle decreased. Trays stored at room temperature did not lose their antioxidant efficacy over 24 weeks and plasma pretreatment enhanced the efficacy from week 8 onwards. Gravimetric analysis of the coating revealed a loss of antioxidant compounds only after 16 weeks. Trays stored at 0 % RH lost coating from week 1 onwards, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays, while loss of coating was highest at 50 °C, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays only after 24 weeks. Overall, the surface characteristics of the antioxidant active packaging were modified by plasma pretreatment of the PET surface, with some improvement in antioxidant efficacy, and the efficacy of the packaging in delaying oxidative deterioration in cooked meats was retained during storage at ambient temperature.

Page generated in 0.1142 seconds