Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-05T00:24:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DE ARIMATÉIA ALMEIDA E SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 6946608 bytes, checksum: 04efbba58513fb4cbcc2225d2ade0888 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T00:24:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ DE ARIMATÉIA ALMEIDA E SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2015.pdf: 6946608 bytes, checksum: 04efbba58513fb4cbcc2225d2ade0888 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Capes / A adição do resíduo de Politereftalato de Etileno (PET) em Cimentos Asfálticos de Petróleo (CAP), triturados em partículas cujo diâmetro está entre 0,6 e 0,074 mm, pode ser uma alternativa técnica viável para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas e reológicas das misturas asfálticas. Esta adição tem como finalidade proporcionar uma menor susceptibilidade das misturas asfálticas a fadiga e, conseqüentemente aumentar a vida útil de revestimentos asfálticos em regiões com clima tropical e a temperaturas elevadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a incorporação de um aditivo no Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo. A adição de PET foi realizada em proporções de 4%, 5% e 6% relativas ao peso do teor de CAP ótimo e mensuradas as propriedades volumétricas e mecânicas. Além disso foram realizados análises físicas e reológicas do CAP puro e modificado. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa pode -se inferir que o PET micronizado pós consumo corresponde a um polímero melhorador das propriedades reológicas do CAP 50/70, em termos de rigidez, proporcionado a mistura asfáltica um incremento no comportamento mecânico a luz dos ensaios de Resistência à Tração por Compressão Diametral, Módulo de Resiliência, Resistência por Umidade Induzida, Flow Number e Ruptura por Fadiga. É possível aceitar que “o resíduo do PET micronizado, no teor de 5% pode ser utilizado como agente modificador do CAP e, que o mesmo e capaz de promover ganhos nas Propriedades Mecânicas de Revestimentos Asfálticos. / The addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste in binder, crushed into particles whose diameter is between 0.074 and 0.6 mm, may be a viable alternative technique to improve the mechanical and rheological properties of asphalt mixtures . This addition is intended to provide a lower susceptibility of fatigue in asphalt mixtures and consequently improve the durability of asphalt mixtures in regions with tropical climate and high temperatures. This work has the objective the incorporation of an additive in binder. It was add in proportions of 4% 5% and 6% relative to the weight of the optimum binder content and it was measured volumetric and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. Also performed were physical and rheological analysis of pure and modified binder. According to the results obtained in this study can be inferred that the micronized PET improve the performance of binder 50/70. The addition of PET provided an increase in the mechanical behavior in the Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus, Moisture susceptibility, Flow Number and Fatigue life. It is possible to accept that the use of 5% micronized PET waste may be used as modifying agent of binder, and that it improve mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most used fibre in the textile industry. PET is also used in other products, e.g. soft-drink bottles and food packaging. Approximately 60% of the globally produced PET is intended for production of textile fibres and the demand for polyester fibres have steadily increased over the last decade. Yet, most of the recycled PET fibres are produced from discarded bottles and not discarded textiles even though the generation of textile waste is increasing year by year. The importance of finding efficient recycling routes for discarded PET textiles is obvious. In thermo-mechanical recycling the thermoplastic characteristic of PET is utilized to re-melt and re-form PET waste into new valuable products. Today, this is used for bottle-to-fibre recycling but not for fibre-to-fibre recycling. The main research question asked in this Master thesis is if the process of exhaust dyeing compromise the possibility to recycle PET textiles through remelt spinning. It is believed that PET degradation through hydrolysis may occur during dyeing. The degradation behaviour of PET has been widely studied. However, degradation during exhaust dyeing has not been investigated.   The process parameters temperature, time and number of dyeing cycles have been investigated. Also, possible effects of different auxiliary chemicals have been studied. Dyeing and characterisation of two PET fabrics with filaments of different titer was performed in order to investigate if the filament titer is also a parameter to consider.   Tensile testing and surface characterisation through demand absorbency test showed that the filament titer seems to affect how the tensile and moisture related properties change due to dyeing. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the crystallisation rate is affected by the dyeing process. This can be an effect of formation of shorter PET chains during dyeing. The auxiliary chemicals have been shown to be the most critical factor in changes of the crystallisation behaviour. Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that chain scission has occurred during dyeing.   The results have shown that the exhaust dyeing process causes changes in tensile properties, moisture related properties, degree of crystallinity as well as crystallisation behaviour. DSC and FTIR results indicate chain scission. Based on the results it cannot be concluded if the changes are large enough to compromise the possibility to recycle PET textiles thermo-mechanically. Further research is required in order to correlate the observed changes with possible problems in thermomechanical recycling of dyed PET textiles.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-18T12:00:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3670112 bytes, checksum: d762a13cb07012ebb6bb3db0a6e3d4d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T12:00:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3670112 bytes, checksum: d762a13cb07012ebb6bb3db0a6e3d4d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The accumulated water on pavement surfaces is one of the factors responsible for the occurrence of traffic accidents, as it reduces the tire-pavement interface friction. The use of porous asphalt mixtures can increase road safety because it increases the adherence between a vehicle's tires and the pavement, especially in a wet highway, owing to its high drainage capacity. Accordingly, this research had the purpose of analyzing the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as an alternative of additives to porous asphalt mixtures. The work method consisted of materials characterization, determination of the optimum binder content, production of three kinds of asphalt mixtures (conventional, with the addition of PET, and with polymer asphalt) and the performance of draindown tests, moisture susceptibility, resilient modulus, flow number, fatigue test, permeability to the asphalt mixtures, in their respective optimum binder contents. The PET was added to the mixtures by a dry process in the proportions of: 0; 0,33; 0,5; 0,75 e 1% regarding to the weight of the aggregates. The asphalt mixtures with polymer asphalt were taken as reference. Considering the mixtures design, additions of 0,75% PET up carried out the lowest optimum binder content. Besides that, the addition of PET contributed for a binder draindown inhibition and improved the mixtures performance regarding to moisture susceptibility. The PET additivated mixtures presented an increasing in the resilient modulus and a tendency of a longer fatigue life at low tension levels and high number of load applications. However, the mixtures are susceptible to rutting, even though presenting stiffening. Concerning to permeability, the execution of only one test became inconclusive. Although, it was verified that PET can present viability of being used as additive porous asphalt mixtures. / A água acumulada sobre a superfície do pavimento é uma das responsáveis pela ocorrência de acidentes em rodovias, por reduzir o atrito na interface pneu-pavimento. A adoção de misturas asfálticas porosas pode aumentar a segurança viária, pois seu uso favorece a aderência entre os pneus dos veículos e o pavimento, especialmente em pista molhada, tendo em vista a sua alta capacidade de drenagem. Diante disso, esta pesquisa objetivou analisar o uso de resíduos de politereftalato de etileno (PET) como aditivo para misturas asfálticas porosas. O método de trabalho consistiu na realização de ensaios de caracterização dos materiais utilizados, determinação do teor de projeto de ligante asfáltico, confecção de três tipos de misturas asfálticas (convencional, com adição de PET e com asfalto polímero) e realização de ensaios de escorrimento, dano por umidade induzida, módulo de resiliência, deformação permanente, vida de fadiga e permeabilidade para as misturas asfálticas, em seus respectivos teores de projeto de ligante asfáltico. A adição de PET nas misturas foi realizada via processo seco nas proporções 0,00; 0,33; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00% em relação ao peso dos agregados. As misturas asfálticas com asfalto modificado por polímero foram tomadas como referência, tendo em vista a preferência do uso desse tipo de ligante em misturas porosas. Em termos de dosagem, adições de PET em até 0,75% resultaram na redução do teor de projeto de ligante asfáltico. Além disso, o PET contribuiu para a inibição do escorrimento do ligante e favoreceu o desempenho das misturas em relação ao dano por umidade induzida. As misturas aditivadas com PET apresentaram um aumento no módulo de resiliência e uma tendência de maior vida de fadiga para baixos níveis de tensões e elevadas repetições de carga. Porém, mostraram-se suscetíveis à deformação permanente, mesmo tendo apresentado um maior enrijecimento. Quanto a permeabilidade, é necessário a realização de mais ensaios de modo a garantir uma melhor confiabilidade nos resultados. De todo modo, pôde-se verificar que o PET pode apresentar viabilidade de ser utilizado como aditivos em misturas asfálticas porosas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 4834263 bytes, checksum: 9a0661df73e9955af44f0e37d15bf261 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The heterogeneous catalysis is a promising alternative to solve the environmental problems found in homogeneous catalysis, because it allows the continuous use of the catalyst until its deactivation and minimizes the generation of effluents. Thus, this work aims to synthesize, optimize and evaluate the activity of heterogeneous catalysts, using PET bottles as a starting material in the synthesis of the active phase and SiO2 as catalyst support for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil. The the catalysts were obtained by a impregnating reaction using methanol. The active phase, the catalysts and catalyst support were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS, thermal analysis (TG) and measurement surface area (BET). The biodiesels has been synthesized using a molar ratio of 1:9 (soybean oil: methanol), 0,1 g of active phase as catalyst (room temperature) and 1,2 g of the catalysts synthesized at 75 °C, where its kinematic viscosities were measurements. All catalysts were effective in the synthesis of biodiesel because the viscosity reduction of soybean oil used was very significant, indicating that may have occurred the transesterification process, among all biodiesels synthesized the catalyst that stood out was the 30%-K2CO3/70% SiO2, which was obtained greater viscosity reduction at a lower reaction time. The quality tests were made for 1h Bio-30%, which proved be inside the parameters established by the Agência Nacional de Patróleo (ANP). The experiment reuse of the catalyst used in the synthesis of Bio-1h 30%, showed that the catalytic activity is reduced due to possible leaching phenomenon, then preliminary studies have been proposed to study the possible leaching of the active phase. / A catálise heterogênea é uma alternativa promissora para resolver os problemas ambientais encontrados na catálise homogênea, pois permite o uso continuo do catalisador até sua desativação e minimiza a geração de efluentes. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa em sintetizar, otimizar e avaliar a atividade de catalisadores heterogêneos, utilizando a garrafa PET pós-consumo como matéria prima na síntese da fase ativa e SiO2 como suporte catalítico para a reação de transesterificação com óleo de soja. Os catalisadores foram obtidos pela o método de impregnação utilizando o metanol como solvente. A fase ativa, os catalisadores e o suporte catalítico foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e EDS, análise térmica (TG), e medida de área superficial (BET). Os biodieseis foram sintetizados utilizando uma razão molar de 1:9 (óleo de soja: metanol), 0,1 g da fase ativa como catalisador a temperatura ambiente e 1,2 g dos catalisadores sintetizados a 75 °C, onde suas viscosidades cinemáticas foram medidas. Todos os catalisadores foram efetivos na síntese do biodiesel, pois promoveu a redução de viscosidade do óleo de soja utilizado, no qual mostrou um indicativo que a reação de transesterificação ocorreu, dentre todos os biodieseis sintetizados o catalisador que mais se destacou foi o 30%-K2CO3/70%-SiO2, onde obteve-se a maior redução de viscosidade com um menor tempo reacional. Os testes de qualidade foram feitos para o Bio 1h-30%, o qual mostrou estar dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP). O experimento de reuso do catalisador utilizado na síntese do Bio 1h-30%, mostrou que a atividade catalítica é reduzida devido ao possível fenômeno de lixiviação, então estudos preliminares foram propostos para estudar a possível lixiviação da fase ativa.

In current enterprises, simulations are being utilized to lessen the cost of product advancement.  Along this line, there is an awesome enthusiasm for enhancing precision and accuracy of simulations. For an accurate and reliable simulation, it is essential to use an accurate material model and provide it with accurate material information. In exhibit industries, orthotropic materials are being simulated utilizing isotropic material model, as orthotropic material model requires more material data which is not promptly accessible. This proposal intends to test and identify orthotropic materials and simulate them using orthotropic material model in ABAQUS. Materials utilized as a part of this proposal are Aluminium, LDPE, PET. Required material data was gotten by performing Uni-directional tensile tests, DIC, and an algorithm we developed in light of Inverses method. To get highly accurate material data from DIC, a few kinds of patterns were examined, and a superior pattern was resolved for camera configuration being utilized.

Les isolateurs diélectriques utilisés dans les disjoncteurs haute tension développés par Areva, sont fabriqués à partir du PET (polyéthylène téréphtalate). Ce polymère semi-cristallin a remplacé, depuis quelques années, les résines époxy. Il a été choisi pour ses propriétés mécaniques et diélectriques, mais surtout pour sa recyclabilité. Le souci dans cette application, concerne l’évolution dans le temps de ses caractéristiques sachant les contraintes d’application. En effet, dans les conditions de travail, les isolateurs maintiennent des conducteurs électriques. Les pertes thermiques affectent certaines zones pouvant atteindre, voire dépasser, la température de transition vitreuse du matériau [70-80°C]. Par conséquence, les pièces isolatrices subissent un phénomène de vieillissement qui nécessite un suivi dans le temps afin d’étudier l’évolution de leur caractéristiques Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié le vieillissement thermique du PET. Ainsi des échantillons ont été mis dans des étuves sous vide, chacune réglée à une température : 60, 80, 115 et 125°C pendant différentes durées (jusqu’à 12 mois de vieillissement), puis retirés et testés au fur et à mesure du vieillissement. Différentes techniques ont été employées pour analyser les propriétés du semi-cristallin en question, i.e. l’étude calorimétrique différentielle (DSC), les diffractions aux rayons X aux grands et petits angles (WAXS/SAXS). L’analyse thermomécanique (DMA) et finalement les essais de traction.Les résultats de DSC révèlent une augmentation du taux de cristallinité. Les analyses thermomécaniques ont montré une faible augmentation du module de Young qui pourrait être le résultat d’une évolution de la cristallisation. Les températures de fusion sont restées quasiment stables, par contre une augmentation des températures de transition vitreuse a été remarquée. Les analyses des spectres de diffraction aux rayons X aux grands angles, ont confirmé la croissance du taux de cristallinité. En outre les longues périodes calculées, diminuent. Nous avons ainsi vérifié l’apparition de cristallites dans phase amorphe. Par ailleurs un comportement de fragilité continue en fonction du temps et de la température du vieillissement, a été constaté. Les observations au MEB ont révélé la présence d’une importante quantité de particules supposées être des agents nucléants (talc, SiO2, MgO…) / For insulating application, AREVA has chosen PET (polyethylene terephthalate) to substitute the epoxy resin as material for insulators in High Voltage Gas Insulated Substation. The main problem of this application is the fact that in operating conditions, the temperature of the PET plates would reach even exceed its glass transition [70°C-80°C]. The material undergoes aging phenomena which affect the temperature-dependent properties. The current investigation aims at observing and analyzing the gradual evolution of the mechanical, morphological and dielectric properties during thermal aging. To reach this goal, semi crystalline PET samples have been aged under vacuum at different temperatures i.e. 60°C, 80°C, 115°C and 125°C for various periods of time (until 12 months). The characterizations have been performed using several techniques: Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), wide and small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS), thermo-mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile test and morphological observation.The DSC measurements show that the crystallinity ratio increases with temperature and time of aging. The glass transition has increased. However no significant changes have been seen on the melting temperature. The DMA results agree with the DSC measurement in so far as it has revealed an expected increase of the Young modulus for all the samples studied. Significant differences have been observed using X-ray scattering: while the crystallinity ratio did increase, the long period has decreased specially for the case of aging at 115 and 125°C. The DMA measurements showed an almost stable glass transition around 80°C but an increase for samples aged at 125°C. When the samples have been subjected to the tensile test, a significant brittleness rise has been noticed. In addition, the SEM has revealed the presence of important amount of nucleant agent (talc, SiO2, MgO …)

El Poli-Tereftalato de Etileno y caucho en desuso, se encuentran toneles en los vertederos, en los ríos y océanos, su tasa de degradación es lenta, en la actualidad se han convertido parte de la crisis ecológica. Es vital un cambio de paradigma para tener un desarrollo sostenible. Se plantea reutilizar estos recursos para contribuir a construir sustentable, sostenible y ecológico. Este estudio tiene como objetivo, demostrar que la propuesta diseño de concreto con sustitución parcial de los agregados por PET y caucho reciclados mejorará sus propiedades mecánicas, en veredas, incrementando su vida útil, su resistencia a la meteorización, la acción química y el desgaste. Se empleó metodología con nivel de investigación exploratoria y diseño de investigación experimental. Se analizó los resultados de los 84 ensayos, todas las muestras superaron al concreto convencional, siendo la muestra tres con mejores valores, supero resistencia a compresión en 8.38%, resistencia a la flexión en 19.17%, resistencia a la tracción en 24.16% y disminución de densidad 13.17%. Se concluye que, se logra el objetivo de esta investigación, tales como la disminución de la densidad del concreto, aumenta la resistencia a la compresión, tracción y flexión, ello represente ventajas medio ambientales y sociales. Sin embargo, la desventaja es que representa mayores costos en 47.01% respecto a la muestra patrón. / Disused Polyethylene Terephthalate and rubber, barrels are found in landfills, in rivers and oceans, their degradation rate is slow, now they have become part of the ecological crisis. A paradigm shift is vital for sustainable development. It is proposed to reuse these resources to contribute to building sustainable, sustainable and ecological. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the proposed concrete design with partial replacement of aggregates by recycled PET and rubber will improve its mechanical properties in sidewalks, increasing its useful life, resistance to weathering, chemical action and wear. An exploratory research level methodology and experimental research design were used. The results of the 84 tests were analyzed, all the samples surpassed the conventional concrete, being the sample three with the best values, I surpass compression resistance in 8.38%, flexural resistance in 19.17%, tensile strength in 24.16% and decrease density 13.17%. It is concluded that, the objective of this research is achieved, such as the decrease in the density of the concrete, the resistance to compression, traction and flexión increases, this represents environmental and social advantages. However, the disadvantage is that it represents higher costs in 47.01% compared to the standard sample. / Tesis

El ángulo de fricción y la cohesión son parámetros de resistencia al corte establecidos por el modelo de Morh Coulomb, siendo estos necesarios para el diseño de estructuras geotécnicas utilizadas tanto en obras civiles como en obras mineras. Si durante la investigación geotécnica se concluye que las características de resistencia del material son menores a los requeridos, entonces es necesario realizar mejoras en terreno de fundación. Una de estas mejoras corresponde al uso de partículas PET, la misma que es mezclada con el suelo del terreno natural, obteniéndose un suelo con mejores características geotécnicas. El uso de las partículas PET como material de reforzamiento mecánico del suelo, nace de la necesidad técnica de obtener mejores características en el suelo y la búsqueda de reducir el impacto ambiental. La presente investigación busca encontrar el porcentaje óptimo de PET, que mejore el comportamiento geotécnico de un suelo gravoso arcilloso. Se preparó 5 probetas, donde se mezcló el suelo con porcentajes de 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% y 3 % de PET. Mediante el ensayo de corte directo se estimó la influencia del PET en la resistencia al corte del suelo. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el 2% de PET añadido a la grava arcillosa, aumenta la resistencia al corte en un 8.3% respecto al suelo sin refuerzo. / The angle of friction and cohesion are parameters of resistance to cutting that define the characteristics of the soil in civil works and buildings. If during the elaboration of a project, the soil does not comply with the necessary requirement, the way to improve or stabilize the soil to be used in the work is sought. The use of PET particles as a material for mechanical reinforcement of the soil, arises from the technical need to obtain better characteristics in the soil and the search to reduce the environmental impact. The present research seeks to find the optimal percentage of PET, which improves the geotechnical behavior of a clayey soil. Five test pieces were prepared, where the soil was mixed with percentages of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% of PET. Through the direct cut test you will find the variation of the cut resistance generated by adding PET particles. The results obtained will be analyzed to understand the influence of the addition of recycled PET waste on the cut resistance of a clayey soil. / Tesis

Thermomonospora curvata is a thermophilic actinomycete hylogenetically related to Thermobifida fusca that produces extracellular hydrolases capable of degrading synthetic polyesters. Analysis of the genome of T. curvata DSM43183 revealed two genes coding for putative polyester hydrolases Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 sharing 61% sequence identity with the T. fusca enzymes. Mature proteins of Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10. Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 exhibited an optimal reaction temperature against p-nitrophenyl butyrate at 60°C and 55°C, respectively. The optimal pH for both enzymes was determined at pH 8.5. Tcur1278 retained more than 80% and Tcur0390 less than 10% of their initial activity following incubation for 60 min at 55°C. Tcur0390 showed a higher hydrolytic activity against poly(ε-caprolactone) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles compared to Tcur1278 at reaction temperatures up to 50°C. At 55°C and 60°C, hydrolytic activity against PET nanoparticles was only detected with Tcur1278. In silico modeling of the polyester hydrolases and docking with a model substrate composed of two repeating units of PET revealed the typical fold of α/β serine hydrolases with an exposed catalytic triad. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the superior thermal stability of Tcur1278 considered as the main reason for its higher hydrolytic activity on PET.:Introduction; Materials and methods; Results; Discussion

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