South Georgia is renowned for the abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and a range of krill predators. Variability in krill availability at a range of scales, and the consequences of this for predator-prey interactions, mean that quantifying the spatially explicit demand for krill by those predators is essential to understanding the mechanisms underlying ecosystem changes in the region. In this thesis demand within a distinct study box to the northwest of the island has been assessed. The thesis has three sections; (1) the number of predators; (2) the distribution of predators; and (3) the demand for krill by those predators. (1) Predator densities with confidence intervals were determined from appropriately designed shipboard transect survey; counts of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus), gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), and Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) were adjusted for sea state, distance from observer and dive behaviour. Providing the first at-sea predator density estimates for the region. (2) A comparison of the distribution of female Antarctic fur seals engaged in pup-rearing (using satellite telemetry) and the whole population that were not restricted to a single part of the population (from shipboard transect survey) was undertaken. Using two general additive models based on the relationship between seal distribution (one derived from transect and the other from telemetry) and the physical environment indicated that the spatial distribution of lactating females is representative of the general population. (3) Using the derived predator density, the local krill demand estimate was 2581 tonnes krill per day, a consumption rate of 0.45% per day of the concurrently estimated krill biomass (using shipboard acoustics). Antarctic fur seals accounted for 75% of this demand. This level of demand was less than the increase in biomass resulting from krill growth. However, based on the length-specific demand, determined from concurrent predator diet samples demand exceeded growth for krill >48mm.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production on the semi-arid Canadian Prairies is challenging due to a short growing season and low and variable moisture. The current recommended chickpea population density of 44 plants m-2 is based on preliminary studies and a narrow range of 20 to 50 plants m-2. The aims of this study were to i) determine optimum population density of varying chickpea canopy types, i.e., leaf type and growth habit, by investigating seed yield responses at 30 to 85 plants m-2 and ii) identify desirable parental traits for breeding programs by assessing growth and yield parameter responses to varying leaf types and growth habits at a range of population densities. Field experiments were conducted from 2002 to 2005. Canopy measurements and calculated variables included light interception, biomass, growth rate, seed yield, harvest index, ascochyta blight severity and radiation- and water use efficiencies. The plant density which produced the highest seed yield when averaged over years for each location for each treatment revealed that a plant density of at least 55 plants m-2 produced a 23% to 49% seed yield increase above that of the currently recommended plant density. This indicates that a higher seed yield average over the long term in spite of periodic low seed yield episodes will be more profitable to producers. Increasing plant density increased lowest pod height significantly in all except one location-year but did not explicitly increase ascochyta blight severity or decrease individual seed size. This suggests that increasing the recommended chickpea plant density on the Canadian Prairies will increase seed yield but would neither negatively impact individual seed size nor ascochyta blight severity, especially, when combined with good agronomic practices. Fern-leaved cultivars had significantly higher maximum intercepted light (62 to 91%), seed yield (136 to 369 g m-2), harvest index (0.33 to 0.53), yield-based water use efficiency (0.56 to 1.06 g m-2 mm-1) and lower ascochyta blight severity (3 to 27%) than the unifoliate cultivars in all location-years. The fern-leaved cultivars also tended to show significantly higher cumulative intercepted radiation (221 to 419 MJ m-2) and biomass (306 to 824 g m-2) but leaf type showed no consistent effect on radiation use efficiency. Cultivars with bushy growth habit generally performed better regarding maximum intercepted light (62 to 90%), cumulative intercepted radiation (233 to 421 MJ m-2), biomass (314 to 854 MJ m-2), seed yield (120 to 370 g m-2), harvest index (0.37 to 0.50), yield-based water use efficiency (0.56 to 1.06 g m-2 mm-1) and ascochyta blight severity (7 to 36%) than the erect cultivars. The overall performance of the spreading cultivar was generally intermediate between the bushy and erect cultivars except for ascochyta blight severity where the spreading cultivar exhibited significantly lower disease severity (3 to 36%). Radiation use efficiency was generally not influenced by growth habit. Increasing plant population density generally increased intercepted light, biomass and cumulative intercepted radiation on each sampling day after seeding resulting in a general increase in seed yield. Harvest index, however, remained constant and ascochyta blight severity was generally stable but radiation use efficiency decreased with increasing population density. Chickpea cultivars with fern leaves and bushy growth habit at higher than currently recommended population densities would best utilize the limited resources of the short-season Canadian prairie environment to maximize and stabilize seed yield.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production on the semi-arid Canadian Prairies is challenging due to a short growing season and low and variable moisture. The current recommended chickpea population density of 44 plants m-2 is based on preliminary studies and a narrow range of 20 to 50 plants m-2. The aims of this study were to i) determine optimum population density of varying chickpea canopy types, i.e., leaf type and growth habit, by investigating seed yield responses at 30 to 85 plants m-2 and ii) identify desirable parental traits for breeding programs by assessing growth and yield parameter responses to varying leaf types and growth habits at a range of population densities. Field experiments were conducted from 2002 to 2005. Canopy measurements and calculated variables included light interception, biomass, growth rate, seed yield, harvest index, ascochyta blight severity and radiation- and water use efficiencies. The plant density which produced the highest seed yield when averaged over years for each location for each treatment revealed that a plant density of at least 55 plants m-2 produced a 23% to 49% seed yield increase above that of the currently recommended plant density. This indicates that a higher seed yield average over the long term in spite of periodic low seed yield episodes will be more profitable to producers. Increasing plant density increased lowest pod height significantly in all except one location-year but did not explicitly increase ascochyta blight severity or decrease individual seed size. This suggests that increasing the recommended chickpea plant density on the Canadian Prairies will increase seed yield but would neither negatively impact individual seed size nor ascochyta blight severity, especially, when combined with good agronomic practices. Fern-leaved cultivars had significantly higher maximum intercepted light (62 to 91%), seed yield (136 to 369 g m-2), harvest index (0.33 to 0.53), yield-based water use efficiency (0.56 to 1.06 g m-2 mm-1) and lower ascochyta blight severity (3 to 27%) than the unifoliate cultivars in all location-years. The fern-leaved cultivars also tended to show significantly higher cumulative intercepted radiation (221 to 419 MJ m-2) and biomass (306 to 824 g m-2) but leaf type showed no consistent effect on radiation use efficiency. Cultivars with bushy growth habit generally performed better regarding maximum intercepted light (62 to 90%), cumulative intercepted radiation (233 to 421 MJ m-2), biomass (314 to 854 MJ m-2), seed yield (120 to 370 g m-2), harvest index (0.37 to 0.50), yield-based water use efficiency (0.56 to 1.06 g m-2 mm-1) and ascochyta blight severity (7 to 36%) than the erect cultivars. The overall performance of the spreading cultivar was generally intermediate between the bushy and erect cultivars except for ascochyta blight severity where the spreading cultivar exhibited significantly lower disease severity (3 to 36%). Radiation use efficiency was generally not influenced by growth habit. Increasing plant population density generally increased intercepted light, biomass and cumulative intercepted radiation on each sampling day after seeding resulting in a general increase in seed yield. Harvest index, however, remained constant and ascochyta blight severity was generally stable but radiation use efficiency decreased with increasing population density. Chickpea cultivars with fern leaves and bushy growth habit at higher than currently recommended population densities would best utilize the limited resources of the short-season Canadian prairie environment to maximize and stabilize seed yield.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:47:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Creuza Rachel Vicente.pdf: 3384838 bytes, checksum: c3eca90bf4886725c29d5e5904662f2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-15 / Introdução: A ocorrência da dengue sofre influência do comportamento, estrutura social e distribuição da população e sua transmissão pode variar de acordo com as áreas do município. Seu prognóstico depende do diagnóstico precoce e da imediata instituição do tratamento. Este estudo avalia fatores associados à ocorrência da dengue, enfatizando a distribuição territorial e os relacionados à dengue grave. Métodos: Foram realizados dois estudos, sendo um transversal e outro retrospectivo, sobre a totalidade dos casos de dengue que ocorreram em Vitória no ano de 2011, com base nos dados do Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação. Resultados: Entre os casos confirmados, 53,4% ocorreram em mulheres, 74,7% em maiores de 15 anos e 6,3% evoluíram para gravidade. Os territórios de saúde de Jardim Camburi, Maruípe, Ilha das Caieiras, Santa Martha e Santo André responderam por 41,6% das notificações. Quase metade dos casos foram concluídos por critério laboratorial e, destes, 80% realizaram sorologia. Em todos os territórios, mais de 20% dos notificados realizaram sorologia e, na maioria, mais de 51% tiveram resultado positivo. Nas regiões de São Pedro, Maruípe e Santo Antônio, os afetados eram principalmente jovens, enquanto nas regiões Continental e Forte São João, eram pessoas mais velhas. Dos 371 casos de dengue grave, 78,7% foram de dengue com complicações e 21,3% de febre hemorrágica da dengue. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos ocorreram em pessoas com idade superior a 15 anos. As Regiões de Saúde de Maruípe e São Pedro foram responsáveis por mais da metade dos casos de dengue grave (56,35%). Houve associação estatisticamente significante entre ocorrência de febre hemorrágica da dengue com idades mais jovens (menores de 15 anos) e maior tempo decorrido na procura por atendimento. Também houve associação estatisticamente significante entre maior tempo decorrido na procura pelo atendimento e idade menor que 15 anos. Os casos de dengue grave estavam concentrados em faixas etárias mais jovens na região de São Pedro. Conclusão: A distribuição territorial não foi uniforme, e pode ser determinada pela alta densidade populacional e pelas condições socioeconômicas. As diferenças de idade entre as regiões podem estar relacionadas à incidência da doença nestes locais. A grande proporção de sorologias positivas e o número de exames realizados possibilitaram uma boa detecção e acompanhamento dos casos de dengue. Os resultados corroboram os de outras pesquisas que apontam uma mudança no perfil da febre hemorrágica da dengue nas Américas e no Brasil, com crescente acometimento de jovens, e apontam a demora no tempo de procura por atendimento, baixa qualidade urbana e alta endemicidade como possíveis fatores de risco. / Introduction: The incidence of dengue, influenced by human behavior, social structure and population distribution, may vary with respect to the geographical areas of a given city. Its prognosis depends on early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment. This study evaluates factors related to the occurrence of dengue, emphasizing the territorial distribution and risk factors for severe dengue. Methods: A cross-sectional and a retrospective study on all cases were conducted with dengue cases of Vitória in 2011, based on data from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). Results: 53.4% of confirmed cases occurred in women, 74.7% were 15 years old or older, and 6.3% were severe forms. The health territories of Jardim Camburi, Maruípe, Ilha das Caieiras, Santa Martha and Santo André accounted for 41.6% of reported cases. Almost half of the cases had final classification based on laboratory tests, and of these, 80% were submitted to serological tests. Of all territories, more than 20% of those reported cases had been submitted to serological tests, and more than 51% of them had a positive result. In the regions of São Pedro, Santo Antônio e Maruípe, the affected individuals were younger, while in Continental Region and Forte São João Region, they were older. Of the 371 cases of severe dengue, 78.7% were classified as dengue with complications and 21.3% were classified as dengue hemorrhagic fever, whose age distribution disclosed a frequency of 67.1% in individuals 15 years old or older. Regions of Maruípe and São Pedro were responsible for over half of cases of severe dengue (56.3%). There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever and younger ages (under 15 years) and longer time interval between the beginning of symptoms and seeking for care. People younger than 15 years old take longer to seek for care. The frequencies of cases of severe dengue were concentrated in younger age groups in the region of São Pedro. Conclusion: The geographical distribution was not uniform, and can be influenced by the high population density and socioeconomic conditions. The age differences between regions may be related to disease incidence in these locations. A large proportion of positive tests and a great number of tests performed allowed a good detection and monitoring of dengue cases. The results corroborate those of other studies that indicate a change in the profile of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas and Brazil, with growing involvement of young people, and indicate the time delay in seeking treatment, urban poor quality and high endemic scenario as possible risk factors.

No description available.

La petite mangouste asiatique (Urva auropunctata) est une espèce envahissante à travers son aire de répartition non indigène et un réservoir de la rage faunique dans quatre îles des Caraïbes. La rage de la mangouste représente une menace persistante pour la santé publique et des efforts de recherche sont déployés afin de récolter l’information sur l’écologie de l’espèce nécessaire au développement de stratégies d’interventions pour la contrôler. J’ai appliqué l’approche du travail de terrain guidé par la modélisation afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des facteurs complexes affectant la dynamique de la rage chez la mangouste et de récolter des informations écologiques essentielles pour réaliser des projections pour ce système éco-épidémiologique. J’ai paramétrisé un modèle de simulations à base d’agents à partir de l’information disponible sur la petite mangouste asiatique, puis réalisé une analyse de sensibilité afin d’identifier les paramètres pour lesquels des données empiriques additionnelles sont les plus nécessaires pour améliorer notre capacité de modéliser ce système éco-épidémiologique. Cette initiative de modélisation de la rage de la mangouste a mis en évidence que plus d’information sur les densités spécifiques à l’habitat, les domaines vitaux, les mouvements à fine échelle des adultes, la dispersion juvénile, certains traits biodémographiques et les taux de contacts intraspécifiques amélioreraient substantiellement la paramétrisation du modèle. J’ai choisi de concentrer ma collecte de données empiriques sur trois de ces éléments: la densité spécifique d’habitat, l’utilisation de l’espace, et les interactions intra- et inter-spécifiques. J’ai effectué une étude de marquage-recapture qui a révélé une forte hétérogénéité dans la densité des mangoustes dans différents types d’habitats représentatifs du paysage des îles caribéennes. Les densités les plus grandes ont été mesurées dans les forêts sèches. Puisque les mangoustes n’ont pas de prédateurs sur l’île de Saint-Christophe et qu’elles n’y sont pas exposées au virus de la rage, les densités de mangoustes spécifiques à l’habitat rapportées dans cette étude pourraient être considérées comme des capacités de support du milieu pour les populations des Caraïbes. J’ai aussi mené une étude où 23 mangoustes ainsi que 5 chiens domestiques en liberté étaient suivis simultanément par télémétrie dans le sud de l’île de Puerto Rico. J’ai utilisé les données de localisation GPS pour estimer la taille et le niveau de superposition intra- et interspécifique des domaines vitaux chez ces deux espèces. Les domaines vitaux des mangoustes mesurés étaient plus grand que les tailles rapportées dans des études de suivi par radio-télémétrie très haute fréquence (very high frequency; VHF) réalisées précédemment à Puerto Rico. La collecte de données télémétriques de haute résolution spatiotemporelle a permis l’ajustement d’une fonction de sélection des ressources, qui a révélé qu’à l’échelle de leur domaine vital et dans cette région de Puerto Rico, les mangoustes utilisaient préférentiellement les forêts et les zones arbustives, alors qu’elles avaient tendance à éviter les eaux saumâtres, les marais salants, les terres nues et les zones développées. Les domaines vitaux des mangoustes se chevauchaient fortement, alors que le chevauchement entre les domaines vitaux des mangoustes et des chiens était intermédiaire. Le chevauchement dyadique des domaines vitaux était un facteur prédictif significatif des taux de contacts dyadiques intra- et interspécifiques estimés à partir des enregistreurs de proximité. Les contacts entre mangoustes et entre mangoustes et chiens étaient peu fréquents. Toutes les interactions mangouste-chien impliquaient l’un des trois chiens féraux, alors qu’aucun des deux chiens errants n’a interagi avec des mangoustes. Enfin, alors que les interactions intraspécifiques entre mangoustes se sont produites en milieu naturel, les interactions entre chiens et mangoustes étaient limitées aux bords de routes ou aux lisières de forêts. L’utilisation de l’espace par les chiens errants et leur association avec les humains pourraient donc limiter les contacts directs avec les mangoustes ainsi que les risques de transmission interspécifique de la rage qui pourraient y être associés. Ces résultats peuvent être utilisés pour affiner la paramétrisation ("probabilité d’interaction avec agents de cellules voisines" et "probabilité de transmission" spécifique au sexe) dans notre modèle épidémiologique de la rage chez la mangouste. Reproduire cette étude dans d’autres régions de Puerto Rico où les mangoustes et les chiens domestiques co-occurrent serait indiqué. Finalement, j’ai réalisé une expérience de réduction locale de la densité de population des mangoustes et quantifié les réponses démographique et comportementales de mangoustes équipées de colliers VHF sur le site. La densité de la population des mangoustes est retournée à son niveau initial estimé en sept semaines, principalement via l’immigration de femelles gestantes et/ou en lactation. En outre, des mangoustes munies de colliers émetteurs utilisant le site pour leurs activités quotidiennes avant l’intervention ont augmenté leur présence sur le site pour les cinq à 30 jours suivant la réduction locale de la population. Sur les îles où la rage est endémique, un tel effet de puits à la suite de réduction de la population est susceptible d’avoir des implications sur la dynamique de la rage à l’échelle du paysage. Il remet aussi en question certaines suppositions de modèles de simulation épidémiologique de la rage faunique voulant que le contrôle de la population élimine une proportion d’individus définie par l’utilisateur dans les cellules où l’intervention a lieu, après quoi les processus biologiques et épidémiologiques du modèle reprennent sans altération. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il pourrait être important d’incorporer des mécanismes spécifiques au sexe et au statut reproducteur pouvant attirer certains individus vers les cellules dépeuplées aux modèles simulant la rage chez cette espèce. Cela permettrait de monitorer les changements dans les mouvements et les contacts sociaux associés à la réduction locale de la population. Les résultats de cette thèse améliorent notre compréhension de l’abondance, de l’utilisation de l’espace et du comportement de l’espèce invasive qu’est la petite mangouste asiatique. Ils fournissent également des données contribuant de manière importante à augmenter notre capacité de modéliser la dynamique de la rage dans les Caraïbes. L’intégration des informations collectées dans le cadre de cette thèse pour raffiner la paramétrisation de simulations de la rage de la mangouste permettra de tester plusieurs hypothèses afin de guider les gestionnaires élaborant des interventions spatiales visant à mitiger les dommages et/ou les conséquences des maladies associées à cette espèce. Ma thèse représente donc un exemple concret de travail interdisciplinaire abordant un problème ‘Une seule santé’, où des modélisateurs et biologistes de terrain ont travaillé étroitement ensemble afin de se pencher sur le défi complexe du contrôle des maladies zoonotiques à l’échelle du paysage en ciblant des populations fauniques. / The small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) is an invasive species across its introduced range and a wildlife rabies reservoir on four Caribbean Islands. Mongoose rabies represents an ongoing public health threat and research efforts have focused on collection of ecological information to guide the development of control intervention strategies. I applied the model-guided fieldwork approach to increase our capability to understand the complex factors impacting mongoose rabies dynamics and to collect critical ecological information for improved predictions in the mongoose rabies system. I parametrized an agent-based simulation model using available information on Caribbean small Indian mongooses, and carried out a local sensitivity analysis to identify parameters for which additional empirical data are most needed to increase our capability to model this eco-epidemiological system. This modelling approach highlighted that additional information on mongoose habitat-specific densities and home range size, adult fine-scale movements, juvenile dispersal, life history traits, and contact rates among conspecifics would substantially improve the parametrization of mongoose rabies models. I then chose to focus empirical data collection on three topics: mongoose habitat-specific density, space use, and intra- and interspecific interactions. I conducted a mark-recapture study that revealed high heterogeneity in mongoose density across four habitat types representative of those commonly found on Caribbean islands, with greatest densities measured in dry forests. Because mongooses have no predators in St. Kitts and are not exposed to rabies virus, the habitat-specific mongoose densities in this study could be considered baseline carrying capacities for populations in the Caribbean. I also conducted a telemetry study where I simultaneously tracked 23 mongooses and five free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDDs) in southern Puerto Rico. I used GPS location data from this study to estimate home range sizes as well as intra- and interspecific space use overlap for both species. Mongoose home range estimates were greater than reported from prior VHF telemetry-based studies in Puerto Rico and facilitated an original resource selection function analysis at the home range scale. The resource selection analysis revealed that mongooses in this area of Puerto Rico preferentially use dry forest and shrubland areas, but tend to avoid brackish water vegetation, salt marshes, barren lands and more developed areas. Mongooses displayed high intraspecific home range overlap, and intermediate space use overlap with FRDDs. Home range overlap was a significant predictor of intra- and interspecific contact rates estimated from proximity loggers. All mongoose-dog interactions involved three feral dogs, while two stray dogs did not interact with mongooses. Finally, while intraspecific interactions among mongooses occurred in wildlands, mongoose-dog interactions were spatially restricted to road and forest edges. The space use by stray FRDDs and association to humans may thus play a role in limiting direct contacts with mongooses and the associated risks of rabies virus cross-species transmission. These findings can be used to refine contact and interaction parameters in our mongoose rabies epidemiological model. Study replication in other areas of Puerto Rico with dog and mongoose co-occurrence may be warranted. Lastly, I conducted a localized mongoose population reduction experiment and quantified the demographic and behavioural responses of individual radio-collared mongooses on the study site. Mongoose population density recovered to the pre-intervention levels within seven weeks of removal, mostly via the immigration of pregnant and/or nursing females. Additionally, radio-collared mongooses that used the site for their daily activities prior to the intervention increased their daily presence on the site for five to 30 days following removal. On rabies-endemic islands, this sink effect following local population reduction may have implications for rabies dynamics at the landscape level. It also challenges some assumptions in epidemiological models of wildlife rabies, in which culling eliminates a user-specified proportion of individuals from the cells subject to this intervention, after which biological and epidemiological processes resume unaltered. Our results suggest sex- and reproductive status-specific mechanisms may attract certain animals to removal areas and may be important to incorporate into mongoose rabies simulation models to track changes in animal movements and social contacts following localized population reduction. Taken together, the findings from this thesis improve our understanding of the invasive small Indian mongoose abundance, space use and behaviour, as well as providing valuable data to improve models of rabies dynamics across the Caribbean region. Integrating the empirical information collected as part of this thesis to refine and simulate mongoose rabies will facilitate focused hypothesis testing to help guide managers in designing spatial interventions to mitigate damage and/or disease conflicts associated with this species. My thesis therefore provides an operational example of how interdisciplinary work can effectively address a One Health challenge, with modellers and field biologists working together to tackle the complex issue of landscape level control of a zoonotic disease targeting wildlife populations.

Spatial, temporal and population dynamics have influenced learner enrolments in Vhembe District primary schools in Limpopo, South Africa. Vhembe District primary schools have in recent years experienced closure of some of its primary schools due to declining learner enrolments. The dynamics of demographic factors such as migration, fertility and mortality cause fluctuations in the school-age population over time and across space. Poor economic development, the location of the district and the spatial distribution of primary schools make the situation in this rural-based district even more complex. The communities of Vhembe District are discontent about the state of affairs in the area regarding the provision of education and the closure of schools. The closure of schools destabilises the social cohesion amongst members of the community and disempowers them, while inadequate provision of primary school education makes them feel neglected and robbed of their constitutional right. This study investigated the causes of declining learner enrolment and the effect of the closure of schools on the communities. To achieve the objectives data came from questionnaires at household level and from interviews conducted with educators, circuit managers, officials in the Limpopo Education Department and traditional leaders. The study found that declining fertility and out-migration from the area are responsible for a declining school-age population. This is the reality and the communities of Vhembe District will have to live with it because overall learner enrolments continue to decline. Lack of a planning model in the former Venda territory led to an over-supply of primary schools thus schools in close proximity had to compete for learners. Poorly equipped schools and general development of the area exacerbate the problem and some members of the community perceive education in this district to be inferior. Younger economically active people are increasingly moving to places with better opportunities. This study offers some recommendations to alleviate the problems identified in Vhembe District. Application of a geographical approach to an adaptive strategy considers the natural environment in political, social and economic context. It suggests that education authorities could apply such a strategy to make the schools in rural areas more sustainable / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

Spatial, temporal and population dynamics have influenced learner enrolments in Vhembe District primary schools in Limpopo, South Africa. Vhembe District primary schools have in recent years experienced closure of some of its primary schools due to declining learner enrolments. The dynamics of demographic factors such as migration, fertility and mortality cause fluctuations in the school-age population over time and across space. Poor economic development, the location of the district and the spatial distribution of primary schools make the situation in this rural-based district even more complex. The communities of Vhembe District are discontent about the state of affairs in the area regarding the provision of education and the closure of schools. The closure of schools destabilises the social cohesion amongst members of the community and disempowers them, while inadequate provision of primary school education makes them feel neglected and robbed of their constitutional right. This study investigated the causes of declining learner enrolment and the effect of the closure of schools on the communities. To achieve the objectives data came from questionnaires at household level and from interviews conducted with educators, circuit managers, officials in the Limpopo Education Department and traditional leaders. The study found that declining fertility and out-migration from the area are responsible for a declining school-age population. This is the reality and the communities of Vhembe District will have to live with it because overall learner enrolments continue to decline. Lack of a planning model in the former Venda territory led to an over-supply of primary schools thus schools in close proximity had to compete for learners. Poorly equipped schools and general development of the area exacerbate the problem and some members of the community perceive education in this district to be inferior. Younger economically active people are increasingly moving to places with better opportunities. This study offers some recommendations to alleviate the problems identified in Vhembe District. Application of a geographical approach to an adaptive strategy considers the natural environment in political, social and economic context. It suggests that education authorities could apply such a strategy to make the schools in rural areas more sustainable / Geography / D. Phil. (Geography)

The specified area is located in the city district Brno - Židenice, near the railway station. The theme of the thesis is the architectural study of selected part of the multifunctional intense urban structure, which was solved in the pre-diploma project. Draft uses the building site intensively, provides high plot ratio and density of population, a wide range of functions in a relatively small area is related to the elimination of transportation. By using topography the proposal creates a permeable areas, buildings with relations to the surroundings and with quality public spaces and attractive housing. Pick-up railway cancels barrier and makes a space with landscaping. Readability is achieved by linking the territory from east to west by straight streets and from north to south by passages. The development creates three centers, the commercial center of the north, center of culture in the heart of the area and the center of relaxation and sport in the south. Basic grid of development has a checkerboard plan, which reflects the grid of surrounding structure. The new development varies in its scale, from large scale buildings in the parterre decays into smaller scale. Function division is horrizontal. There are underground parking, a parterre with shops and services, a floor with offices and work study open to the courtyard and housing on the upper floors. Thus formed structure provides enough light in the courtyards and flats. The segmentation is supported by materials, bricks in the parterre contrast with the monotone plaster on the upper floors.