Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T14:15:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Vieira Santos - 2017.pdf: 4242091 bytes, checksum: e1114c1030f1c4a78d59b8f716e90e79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-04-05T14:16:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Vieira Santos - 2017.pdf: 4242091 bytes, checksum: e1114c1030f1c4a78d59b8f716e90e79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T14:16:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mayara Vieira Santos - 2017.pdf: 4242091 bytes, checksum: e1114c1030f1c4a78d59b8f716e90e79 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Usually the inoculum used during the beginning of the harvest of ethanol production is constituted by the combination of two or more yeasts strains and in the end the most adapted one will predominate, either inoculated yeast or indigenous wild yeast. The proportion used in these industries are established empirically, of which little is known about the kinetic parameters and the influence that each yeast has on the production of ethanol and on the other metabolites. An experimental design from the blending design with Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754, S. cerevisiae CAT-1, S. cerevisiae PEDRA-2, S. cerevisiae MONASTRELL strains was proposed to understand how the interaction among the different blends occurs comparing with the ethanol, biomass, acetic acid, glycerol and biomass consumption. This study showed that the inherent characteristics to each yeast can influence the behavior of the kinetics parameters of the culture with two yeasts. It was verified that the combination among three yeasts presented similar metabolic behavior. From the blending design it was possible to elaborate mathematical models that predicts the ethanol, biomass, glycerol, acetic acid and residual sucrose amount in all four yeasts mixtures. It was also possible to identify that the mixture of CAT-1 and PEDRA-2 presented higher ethanol production when cultivated in a 1: 1 ratio, and also in the cultivation with the two yeasts (CAT-1 and PEDRA-2) to CAT-1 was higher in yeast. This research also presents the synthetic cane juice composition and the detail of growth kinetics, substrates consume and production of MONASTRELL yeast products that had not been studied until now. / Normalmente o inóculo utilizado durante o início da safra da produção de etanol é constituído da combinação de duas ou mais linhagem de leveduras e no final prevalece aquela que mais se adaptar, seja as leveduras inoculadas ou leveduras selvagens autóctones. Quanto as proporções utilizadas nas industrias essas são estabelecidas de forma empírica, dos quais sabe-se pouco sobre os parâmetros cinéticos e a influência que cada levedura acarreta sobre a produção do etanol e sobre os outros metabólitos. Um planejamento experimental a partir do delineamento de mistura com as cepas de Saccharomycescerevisiae ATCC7754, S. cerevisiae CAT-1, S. cerevisiae PEDRA-2, S. cerevisiae MONASTRELL foi proposto para entender como ocorre a interação entre as diferentes misturas comparando com os cultivos puros diante das respostas etanol, biomassa, ácido acético, glicerol e consumo de biomassa. Neste estudo mostrou que as características inerentes a cada levedura podem influenciar no comportamento dos parâmetros cinéticos do cultivo com duas leveduras. Verificou-se que a maioria das combinações entre três leveduras apresentam comportamento metabólico semelhante. A partir do delineamento de mistura pôde elaborar modelos matemáticos que predizem a quantidade de etanol, biomassa, glicerol, ácido acético e sacarose residual nas misturas das quatro leveduras. Conseguiu-se também identificar que o ensaio com a mistura de CAT-1 e PEDRA-2 apresentou maior produção de etanol na proporções de 1:1 da concentração de inóculo, e ainda neste cultivo a CAT-1 se sobressaiu em quantidade de leveduras. Esta pesquisa ainda apresenta a composição de caldo de cana-de-açúcar sintético e o detalhamento da cinética de crescimento, consumo de substrato e produção de produtos da levedura MONASTRELL que até então não tinham sido estudada.

Procurou-se avaliar o comportamento da população humana do bairro Vargem Grande, município de São Paulo, SP, no período de 2005 a 2008, em relação à guarda de cães e gatos com ênfase aos aspectos sanitários e de bem estar. Paralelamente, buscou-se avaliar a dinâmica dessas populações animais e o impacto do controle reprodutivo e ações de saúde. Verificou-se que há uma alta renovação das populações canina e felina, conseqüência de elevadas taxas de mortalidade e natalidade, e que as ações de esterilização contaram com média adesão quando eram gratuitas, sendo que essa adesão diminuiu quando o processo passou a ter preços simbólicos. Houve uma diminuição das taxas de natalidade após a instituição das ações de esterilização, entretanto, há necessidade de acompanhamento das ações por um período mais extenso. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the citizens living in the district of Vargem Grande, in São Paulo, SP, from 2005 to 2008, concerning the care of dogs and cats in its health and welfare aspects. It also aims at evaluating the dynamics of these animal populations and the impact of reproductive control measures and health actions. There is a high level of turnover rate in the canine and feline populations due to very high levels of mortality and birth rates. The population greeted free actions of spay and neuter with mild enthusiasm, but the participation decreased after introduction of a symbolic spay and neuter fee. There was a positive impact on the reduction of the birth rate in the population after the introduction of spay and neuter actions. Therefore, there is the need of following those actions for a longer period of time.

Les réglementations conduisent à multiplier les évaluations du risque écologique lié au rejet des substances chimiques dans les milieux aquatiques avec pour objectif de protéger les populations naturelles. Cependant, ce niveau de protection visé ne peut être utilisé facilement pour établir un lien direct entre une contamination et ses effets. Pour palier cette difficulté, les approches multi-échelles basées sur l'étude des effets des contaminations sur des marqueurs individuels puis sur l'extrapolation de ces effets au niveau des poipulations à partir de modèles de dynamique de population représentent des démarches prometteuses et commencent à être bien acceptées dans les démarches prédictives.Cependant, leur utilisation pour le diagnostic de la qualité des milieux aquatiques reste pour le moment très rare, d'une part en raison de la forte variabilité des réponses des marqueurs individuels in situ liée à l'influence de divers facteurs environnementaux confondants pour l'évaluation de la toxicité, et d'autre part à cause du manque de pertinence environnementale des modèles actuellement proposés. Centré sur l'utilisation de deux espèces couramment observées dans les cours d'eau européens et présentant des caractéristiques écologiques et phylogéniques contrastées : le crustacé Gammarus fossarum et le mollusque Potamopyrgus antipodarum, ce travail doctoral a permis : 1- de proposer une méthodologie pour prendre en compte l'influence des facteurs de confusion dans le but d'améliorer la lecture des bioessais in situ basés sur la mesure des marqueurs individuels sur des organismes encagés et 2- de développer des modèles de dynamique de population écologiquemnt pertinents. / The regulatory framework lead to increase the assessments of the ecological risk linked to the dischaarge of chemical substances in aquatic environment with the aim to protect natural populations. However, this target level of protection cannot be used so easily to etablish a direcet link between a contamination and its effects. In order to overcome this difficulty, the multi-scale approaches based on the study of the effects of the contaminations on individual markers and then on the extrapolation of these effects at the population level with population dynamic models reprensent promising tools and start to bewell accepted in predictive processes. Yet, their use for the diagnosis of water quality remainsrare for the moment, on the one hand, because of the important varaibility of answers of individual makers in situ linked to the influence of diverse confounding environmental factors for the assessments of toxicity and, on the other hand, because pf the lack of environmental relevance of models currently proposed. Focused on the use of 2 species widely observed in European rivers and presenting contrastingecological and phylogenetic characteristics : the Grammar fossarum crutacean and the Potamopyrgus antipodarum mollusc, this doctoral degree first propose a methodology to consider the influenceof confounding factors in order to improve the reading of biological in situ tests based on the measurment of individual markers on caged organisms and second, to develop ecologically relevant population models. Thus, this work allowed to underline the importance of the consideration of confounding factors (i.e. temperature), in different in situ tests based on the measurment of individul markers on caged organisms. Moreover, population models for both species have been defined in order to test the influence of life histories and seasonal variations on demographic sensitivity of populations.

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered to be one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in swine. Fetal death, mummification, stillbirths and delayed return to estrus are some of the clinical signs commonly associated with PPV infection in a herd. The virus genome is considered to be conservative, with substitution rates near to that of their host. However, it has been shown that some parvoviruses exhibit a substitution rate close to that commonly determined for RNA viruses. In this scenario, new PPV phenotypes may reduce the effectiveness of the currently used vaccines, recommending the continuous monitoring of the currently prevalent PPV strains. In addition, a number of novel porcine parvoviruses have been described during the last decade, but the importance and characteristics of these viruses remain unknown. In the present dissertation, three studies were performed to address the PPV genetic variability, to monitor the emergence of new PPV strains and the prevalence of novel parvoviruses. In the first study, recent PPV field isolates from Austria, Brazil, Germany and Switzerland were sequenced and analyzed. These samples, together with sequences retrieved from GenBank, were included in three datasets (viral protein complete gene, viral protein partial gene and non-structural protein complete gene). For each dataset, the nucleotide substitution rate was determined and a molecular clock estimated. The analysis revealed that for the new strains, the amino acids substitutions were located mainly in the viral capsid loops. Only the capsid protein datasets present the higher suitability for phylogenetic analysis. In them, a higher divergence was found, with three well defined clusters. By inferring the evolutionary dynamics of the PPV sequences, a nucleotide substitution rate of approximately 10 -4 substitutions per site per year was found for these datasets. An association of the phylogenetic tree with the molecular clock revealed that the main divergence of the PPV strains for the viral protein ocurred in the last 30 years. In the second study, the population dynamic of PPV isolates from swine herds was analyzed using PPV complete protein gene and partial sequences deposited in GenBank. The population dynamic of the virus was calculated using a Bayesian approach with a Bayesian skyline coalescent model. Additionally, an in vitro model was performed by twenty-one consecutives passages of the Challenge strain (a virulent field strain) and NADL2 strain (a vaccine strain) in PK15 cell-line supplemented with polyclonal antibodies raised against the vaccine strain (negative control was not supplemented). The Bayesian analysis indicated a decrease in the population diversity over the years and the predominance of some PPV strains. In agreement, the in vitro study revealed that a lower number of mutations appeared for both viruses in the presence of anti-PPV antibodies in comparison with the control passages without antibodies. In the third study, tonsils and hearts from 100 pigs were collected in a German slaughterhouse in 2010 and tested for PPV, porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2), porcine parvovirus 3 (PPV3) and porcine parvovirus 4 (PPV4). Positive samples of PPV, PPV2 and PPV3 were sequenced. PPV was observed in 60/100 hearts and 61/100 tonsils and PPV2 in 55/100 hearts and 78/100 tonsils. PPV3 and PPV4 could not be detected in the heart samples but 20/100 and 7/100, respectively, of the tonsils were tested positive. The phylogenetic analysis of the PPV, PPV2 and PPV3 sequences revealed that the German samples could be divided in at least two clusters or clades for each virus. Altogether, it can be concluded that PPV is continuously evolving. Apparently, PPV vaccines largely used in the last 30 years probably have reduced the genetic diversity of the virus and induced the predominance of strains with distinct capsid profile from the original vaccine-based strain. Moreover, the high prevalence of the PPV, PPV2 and PPV3 and their genetic diversity highlight the importance of the continuous monitoring of these viruses.

La fixation symbiotique d'azote par l'ajonc d'Europe (Ulex europaeus) représente une source importante d'azote dans la forêt cultivée de pins maritimes des 'Landes de Gascogne'. Cette thèse a pour objectif la création d'un modèle conceptuel de dynamique de population de l'ajonc dans la région en vue de la prédiction du flux d'azote associé. Pour cela plusieurs étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce ont été étudiées: la production et la prédation des graines, puis le recrutement de nouveaux individus depuis le stock de graines du sol. Nos résultats suggèrent que le maintien de cette espèce héliophile à l'ombre de la canopée des pins est facilité par la diminution de l'allocation de ressources à la reproduction, lui permettant de maintenir sa croissance, et par la diminution de la prédation des graines. Par ailleurs, le recrutement de nouveaux ajoncs semble influencé par des facteurs écologiques identifiables (e.g. humidité du sol). Mais ces facteurs sont fortement variables dans l'espace et dans le temps, et aucun micro habitat n'apparait comme plus favorable à la régénération de l'espèce. Ces résultats sont intégrés à un modèle conceptuel, représentant les différentes étapes du cycle de vie de l'espèce, et l'impact des opérations sylvicoles sur ces étapes. Les connaissances issues de cette thèse pourraient aussi bénéficier à d'autres problématiques liées à l'espèce (e.g. c'est une espèce invasive dans de nombreuses régions du monde) et à la compréhension de l'écologie de la régénération des espèces ligneuses. En effet, l'allocation des ressources à la reproduction pourrait être plastique et permettre une réponse adaptative à un environnement changeant; et la variabilité spatiotemporelle de la régénération des ligneux pourrait reposer sur l'existence de niches écologiques de régénération définies dans l'espace écologique. / Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by European gorse (Ulex europaeus) is a major source of nitrogen in the 'Landes de Gascogne' cultivated forest of maritime pine. This thesis aims to build a conceptual model of the population dynamic of gorse in the region, with a view to predict the associated flux of nitrogen. To achieve this, several steps of the life cycle of the species were studied: production and predation of seeds, and the recruitment of new plants from the seedbank.The results suggest that the maintenance of this light demanding species in the shade of the canopy of pines is improved by the decrease of reproductive allocation, which enable to maintain its growth, and by the decrease of the predation of seeds. The recruitment of new gorse plants seems controlled by identifiable ecological factors (e.g. soil moisture), however these factors are highly variable in space and time, and no specific micro-habitat appears to be more favourable for the species regeneration.These results are integrated into a conceptual model based on the different steps of the life cycle of the species, and taking into consideration the influence of forestry practices on these steps. Furthermore, the production of knowledge could benefit other subjects related to the species (e.g gorse is a noxious weed in many region in the world) and the understanding of the ecology of woody plants' regeneration. Allocation of resources to reproduction may be plastic and enable an adaptative response to a changing environment; and spatiotemporal variability of the regeneration of woody plants may rely on the existence of ecological regeneration niches defined in the ecological space.

La population de la crevette blanche Palaemon longirostris, espèce résidente des estuaires faisant l’objet d’une pêche traditionnelle, est soumise à des forçages environnementaux (fluctuations naturelles du milieu, modifications du régime hydro-climatique de l’estuaire en lien avec le changement climatique) et anthropiques importants (aspiration dans les circuits du CNPE -Centre Nucléaire de production d’Electricité du Blayais-, pêche ciblée, pollutions etc.). Dans ce contexte et sur la base d’un suivi mensuel, réalisé depuis 1979, complété par des échantillonnages en 2007, cette thèse montre que cette population répond fortement aux changements environnementaux abiotiques et anthropiques. Ainsi, d’importantes fluctuations spatio-temporelles des abondances sont mises en évidence à diverses échelles temporelles, spatiales et biologiques. L’analyse de la série à long terme montre des fortes oscillations interannuelles régulières (période 5/10 ans) en partie liées aux facteurs environnementaux et aux variations du recrutement. Une diminution de l’abondance globale, ainsi qu’un déplacement vers l’amont de cette population, sont également constatés. Ce déclin est attribué aux fortes variations et nombreuses modifications des traits de vie de l’espèce –reproduction, -croissance, -mortalité, démontrées au cours de l’étude. La présence de déformations de l’exosquelette, étudiée aussi via un élevage de plusieurs mois, révèle par ailleurs, de forts impacts négatifs à l’échelle individuelle (mortalité). De plus, des simulations réalisées à partir d’un modèle matriciel de dynamique de population élaboré durant l’étude, montrent la synergie des pressions anthropiques par prélèvements (CNPE, pêche) et des forçages environnementaux, ainsi que l’importance des processus de déplacement dans le fonctionnement de cette population. Cette étude démontre finalement l’intérêt que revêt cette population et plus largement les populations de crevettes estuariennes, pour l’étude du fonctionnement et du diagnostic de l’état des écosystèmes estuariens. De nouvelles métriques originales sont proposées, lesquelles ouvrent vers la voie vers de nouveaux indicateurs. / The white shrimp, Palaemon longirostris, is an estuarine species and an important fishing resource. This species therefore encounters an important environmental forcing (natural fluctuations of the environment, modifications of the hydro-climatic regime of the estuary associated with the climate change) and an anthropological forcing (drawing up by the circuits of the CNPE - Nuclear center of electricity production of Blayais-, targeted fishing, pollutions etc.). In this context and on the basis of a monthly survey in place since 1979 and completed in 2007, this study shows that this population is strongly influenced by environmental and anthropological changes. Important spatio-temporal variations in the shrimp abundance are highlighted at different temporal, spatial and biological scales. A long-term analysis underlines strong regular interannual oscillations (5/10-year period) partially linked with environmental factors and recruitment variations. A decrease in the global abundance and a movement of this population towards the upstream part of the estuary are also displayed. In this study, the decline is attributed to strong variations and numerous modifications in the life history traits of the species - reproduction, - growth, - mortality. The presence of exoskeletal deformities, alternatively studied via a rearing of several months, reveals strong negative impacts at the individual scale (mortality). Furthermore, simulations based on a population-matrix model, developed during the study, show the synergy of the anthropological pressure by capture (CNPE, fishing) and the environmental forcing, as well as the importance of movement processes in the population dynamics. This study finally demonstrates the interest of this population, and more widely of the estuarine shrimp populations, in the understanding of the functioning and the diagnosis of the estuarine ecosystem state. New original metrics are proposed, opening the way towards new indicators.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA13MA094.pdf: 3484558 bytes, checksum: 4cd098df0840598b9d19fbbc52ff65cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In regions with subtropical climates the use of grasses intercropping, mainly oats and ryegrass is a common practice, but the advantages and disadvantages of the intercrop in relation the pure culture are little studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the production and persistence of black oat and ryegrass swards grown pure or intercropping throughout the period of use. The three treatments were randomly distributed into a complete blocks design with four replicates. The pre-grazing sward heights were 23, 20 and 17 cm for the oat, intercrop and ryegrass treatments, respectively. The post-grazing sward heights were 40% lower than their initial heights. Morphogenesis was performed using the technique of marked tillers and dynamic and tiller population density (TPD) was determined with three 10-cmdiameter PVC rings per paddock. The treatments did not differ in the final length of intact leaf, being the October month with the lowest values (approximately 48% lower). The phyllochron was not affected by the form of cultivation, but the values were increasing with the advance of the growing season. The leaf elongation rate decreased over the months, with a mean value of 0.14 cm / perfilhos.graus-day for all treatments. The advance of the growing season resulted in increases stem elongation rates, with the species in the intercrop having smaller increments in the final months. In general, rates of senescence reduced with the advance of months, and the intercrop increased tissue death of ryegrass. The intercrop TPD remained constant until October, inverting the participation of species in August. Of the tillers existing on the last grazing cycle, approximately 0, 40 and 20% were first generation of the oats, ryegrass and intercrop, respectively. Thus, despite of ryegrass pure have the lowest rate of tillering, it have the same rate of population stability of the intercrop. The pure ryegrass had the highest average net accumulation rates by offering smaller forage losses by senescence. Tiller size/density compensation was observed in the three plant communities (treatments) according to the self-thinning rule. In addition, no relationships were found when each species was analysed individually in the intercrop treatment. For the species tested the developmental stage of sward has greater influence on the morphogenesis and structural characteristics than cultivation form. The morphological similarity of oats and ryegrass enables evaluated traits similar in both forms of cultivation. When intercropping the temperate climate grasses under rotational grazing, size/density compensation mechanisms occurred throughout the grazing cycles and in the plant communities the same form of the pure cultivation to maintain the leaf area index and production capacities of the pastures / Em regiões de clima subtropical a utilização de gramíneas em consórcio, principalmente aveia e azevém, é uma prática comum, porém as vantagens e desvantagens do consórcio em relação ao cultivo puro são pouco estudadas. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e a longevidade de pastos de aveia-preta e azevém anual cultivados puros ou em consórcio ao longo de todo o período de utilização. Os três tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, tendo cada unidade experimental 98 m2. As alturas em pré-pastejo foram 23, 20 e 17 cm para a aveia, o consórcio e o azevém, respectivamente, sendo rebaixados em 40% destas alturas. A morfogênese foi realizada por meio da técnica de perfilhos marcados e a dinâmica e densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP) em três anéis de PVC com 10 cm de diâmetro por piquete. Os tratamentos não diferiram quanto ao comprimento final de folha intacta, ficando o mês de outubro com os menores valores (aproximadamente 48% menor). Não houve efeito da forma de cultivo para os valores de filocrono, porém os valores foram crescentes com o avanço da estação de crescimento. A taxa de alongamento foliar reduziu com o passar dos meses, com valor médio de 0,14 cm/perfilho.grau-dia para todos os tratamentos. O avanço da estação de crescimento resultou em incrementos nas taxas de alongamento de colmos, com as espécies no consórcio apresentando menores incrementos nos meses finais. De maneira geral, as taxas de senescência foliar reduziram com o avanço dos meses, sendo que o consórcio aumentou a morte de tecidos do azevém. O consórcio manteve a DPP constante até outubro, apresentando uma inversão na participação das duas espécies em agosto. Dos perfilhos existentes no último ciclo de pastejo, aproximadamente 0, 40 e 20% eram da primeira geração no azevém, na aveia e no consórcio, respectivamente. Com isso, apesar de apresentar a menor taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos o azevém cultivado puro apresentou o mesmo índice de estabilidade populacional do consórcio. O azevém cultivado puro apresentou as maiores taxas de acúmulo líquido médio por apresentar as menores perdas de forragem por senescência. A compensação tamanho/densidade de perfilhos foi observada segundo a lei do auto-desbaste (self thinning rule) nos três tratamentos quando levados em conta todos os perfilhos da área, não sendo encontrada relação quando as espécies foram analisadas individualmente no consórcio. Para as espécies testadas o estádio de desenvolvimento dos pastos apresenta maior influência sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais do que a forma de cultivo. A semelhança morfológica da aveia e do azevém possibilita características morfogênicas e estruturais parecidas em ambas as formas de cultivo. É sugestivo que em consórcios entre gramíneas de clima temperado sob lotação intermitente os mecanismos de compensação tamanho/densidade operem na comunidade de plantas e ao longo dos ciclos de pastejo da mesma forma que nos cultivos puros, mantendo elevado índice de área foliar e capacidade produtiva