Orientador: Maria Filomena Gregori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:47:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parreiras_Carolina_D.pdf: 4487082 bytes, checksum: 944058c62b0054516263eb9ed4203927 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta tese tem por objetivo discutir e analisar os vídeos pornográficos encontrados na internet, com foco na chamada pornografia alternativa ou 'altporn'. Abordo, a partir de uma perspectiva antropológica, as maneiras como o online atua no mercado erótico, especialmente no Brasil, aumentando a segmentação do gênero pornográfico e permitindo o crescimento da chamada pornografia alternativa. Realizo um balanço da bibliografia referente a estudos sobre o online e também do contexto em que se deu esta pesquisa, marcado por uma série de disputas e contenciosos. Neste percurso etnográfico, analiso as categorias e convenções de sexualidades, atos sexuais e corpos encontradas no altporn e que funcionam como os responsáveis por lhe conferir o rótulo alternativo. Por fim, proponho entender a estreita ligação do altporn com redes ¿ tecnológicas e espaciais ¿ do que poderíamos chamar de cena na alternativa da cidade de São Paulo, bem como as muitas imagens do espaço urbano que circulam entre os sujeitos desta pesquisa / Abstract: This thesis aims to discuss and analyze the porn videos found on the Internet, focusing on the so called alternative or 'altporn' pornography. From an anthropological perspective, I try to understand the ways in which online acts in the erotic market, especially in Brazil, increasing segmentation of the pornographic genre and allowing the growth of so-called alternative pornography. I realize a balance of the literature on the study of the online and also about the context in which this research happened, marked by a series of disputes and litigation. In this ethnographic excursion, I analyze the categories and conventions of sexuality, sexual acts and bodies found in altporn. They are the responsible for giving to this kind of productions the alternative label. Finally, I propose to understand the close connection of altporn with the networks - technological and spatial - what we might call alternative scene in the city of São Paulo, as well as the many images of urban space that circulate among the subjects of this research / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutora em Ciências Sociais

Cette thèse est une étude de la consommation des films pornographiques de 1990 à nos jours, et de la manière dont elle a pu affecter la sensibilité générale des spectateurs et celle de certains artistes du cinéma ordinaire fascinés par le spectacle du sexe. L’augmentation exponentielle du nombre de films pornographiques accessibles au public (de la production professionnelle de longs métrages à la fabrication amateure de courtes séquences) et la généralisation de leur consommation via notamment les nouvelles technologies, obéissent cependant à des règles précises (partie 1). En passant de la salle de cinéma au salon, la charge subversive et choquante du film pornographique s’est transformée sans s’atténuer. La visibilité de la consommation du film pornographique s’accompagne de l’invisibilité publique du spectacle du sexe. Ce dernier est devenu majoritairement une affaire privée. Elle prend au sérieux la capacité d’action du film sur le spectateur et la nécessité pour ce dernier, étant donné son caractère dérangeant et le plaisir coupable qu’il induit, de le maîtriser, de l’apprivoiser, de le domestiquer. Le souci de soi du pornophile explique à la fois le déplacement du point de vue du législateur et de celui des éducateurs, de la censure du « film X » à la nécessaire protection du mineur (partie 3), et la prise en compte par les artistes du cinéma classique des jeux du sexe dans les jeux de l’art (partie 2). Plus généralement, l’étude interroge la transformation de la sensibilité des spectateurs, qu’ils soient amateurs du genre, indifférents ou opposés à ce dernier. Le constat d’une normalisation du film pornographique ne s’entend pas comme une banalisation morale du « film X » mais comme un déplacement du regard porté sur le spectacle du sexe et sur ses usages. Le transfert de culpabilité du regard public à la conscience de soi est neutralisé par la domestication du film pornographique. Elle permet aux amateurs du genre de passer de l’excitation sexuelle mécanique à la maîtrise des jeux du corps et des techniques du plaisir sexuel (partie 3). / This thesis focuses on pornographic films’ consumption from 1990s to the present day, and how it may have affected viewers general sensitivity and impacted ordinary film artists fascination for sex show. The exponential increase in the number of accessible pornographic films to the public (including professional production of feature films and amateur production of short sequences) and the generalisation of their consumption via new technologies in particular, which nonetheless, comply with precise rules (part 1). As we moved from cinema viewing to the living room one, the subversive and shocking charge of pornographic film transformed itself without diminishing. The visibility of pornographic films consumption is parallelly accompanied by sex show public invisibility. Indeed, sex spectacle has mainly become a private matter. It takes seriously the film's ability to act on the viewer and the need for the latter, given its disturbing nature and the guilty pleasure it induces, to control, tame and domesticate it. Society adaptation to sex spectators self-respect got materialised through legislation and education adaptation, which includes a reconsideration and massive shift in “"X films" censorship and new awareness toward minors protection (part 3), and the consideration by classical film artists of sex games in art games (part 2). More generally, the study questions the transformation of spectators' sensitivity, whether they are amateurs of the genre, indifferent or opposed to it. The observation of a normalization of pornographic film is not understood as a moral trivialization of "film X" but as a shift in the focus on the spectacle of sex and its uses. Guilt transfer from public gaze to self-awareness is hence, neutralized by the domestication of pornographic film. It allows lovers of the genre to move from mechanical sexual excitement to mastering body games and sexual pleasure techniques (part 3).

Given the current debate on the discrepancies of pornography research and the inconclusiveness of addiction to pornography, this study examines the associative nature between pornography use and loneliness using a measurement model and two structural equation models where pornography use and loneliness are regressed on each other, respectively. Survey data was collected from a sample of 1,247 participants, who completed an online questionnaire containing questions on pornography use, the University of Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLALS), and other demographic variables. Results from our analyses revealed significant and positive associations between pornography use and loneliness for all three models. Findings provide grounds for future possible models of bidirectionality suggesting a possible addictive cycle between pornography use and loneliness.

This study explored the longitudinal effects of adolescent pornography trajectories on risky sexual behavior, as well as predictors of pornography trajectories. Data was taken from Waves V-X of the Flourishing Families Project, which included a sample of 463 families. A zero-inflated Poisson growth mixture model was run to determine class participation and growth trajectories. Findings revealed that gender and religiosity significantly predicted class participation, and class participation significantly predicted risky sexual behavior. While this study did have limitations, this study adds to the previous literature by examining adolescent pornography trajectories over an extended period of time.

Mainstream pornography is a widely researched phenomenon, however not many studies focus on the impact it may have on young heterosexual women. The discussion of whether an individual is “damaged by porn” usually refers to sex offenders, rapists and less aggressive sexual behavior. These discussions usually involve young and adult men and how they might be “damaged” by watching pornography and how that adapts to their own sex life. However, the discussion whether women are or could be damaged by pornography is not as widely discussed. The aim of this study is therefore to provide an understanding whether pornography creates norms and ideals that influence young heterosexual women in Sweden.  Two main theoretical frameworks are used, Gagnon & Simon’s sexual script theory and Fredrickson & Robert’s objectification theory in correlation with the concept of the male gaze to analyze the results.  The study is based on twelve interviews with young heterosexual Swedish women between the ages of 21 and 32 and their experiences and own stories. With inspiration from Robert Emerson and his colleague’s analysis model we’ve presented our results. The results and outcome provide us with three main themes: “the good-girl mentality”, “ambivalent feelings” and “norms and ideals”. The main conclusion of the empirical data is that all women in the study are shown to be influenced by the norms and ideals that pornography provides. In addition, the impact of aggression and violence was striking in the empirical data. These impacts by the norms and ideals of pornography may be consciously told by the women or interpreted by us authors.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar los contenidos pornográficos feministas. El discurso del porno feminista aparece como un contenido que rechaza la heteronormatividad presentada a lo largo de los años en los contenidos pornográficos convencionales, los cuales según la crítica femenina, dichos contenidos retratan únicamente las y fantasías masculinas. A partir de un análisis de la representación audiovisual del sexo en los contenidos feministas se busca comprender cómo se lleva a cabo la narrativa de las historias, además de descubrir cuáles serían las nuevas normas de eroticidad existentes para el discurso feminista en dicha productora, así como también exponer las representaciones de género dadas en cada video. Sin embargo, para realizar un análisis más certero respecto a los resultados, se analiza también el contenido pornográfico de una productora de porno convencional, con el fin de lograr una exposición que permita encontrar cuáles serían las semejanzas y desemejanzas de los diferentes discursos sexuales. / This research aims to examine feminist pornographic content. The discourse of feminist porn appears as a content that rejects the heteronormativity presented over the years in conventional pornographic content, which according to female critics, these contents portray only the masculine fantasies. From an analysis of the audiovisual representation of sex in feminist content, it is sought to understand how the narrative of the stories is carried out, in addition to discovering what would be the new norms of eroticity existing for feminist discourse in said producer, as well as also expose the gender representations given in each video. However, to perform a more accurate analysis of the results, the pornographic content of a conventional porn producer is also analyzed, in order to achieve an exhibition that allows us to find what the similarities and dissimilarities of the different sexual discourses would be. / Trabajo de investigación

Pornography use has become widespread and mainstream in American society, with estimates that 60% of men and 35% of women have viewed pornography at some time in the last year. Pornography use has been associated with both positive and negative outcomes depending on the user, and some of these conflicting results may stem from problematic measurement. Using a newly validated measure that assesses frequency, duration, arousal, and deliberate or accidental exposure to seven common types of pornography, we sought to understand if the motivations to view pornography differed depending on biological sex of the user and the type of use he or she engaged in. With an MTurk.com sample of 312 participants, we used a variable selection to explore the most consistent predictors of pornography use. Results found that sexually based motivations were consistent motivations to use pornography for both males and females. Educationally based motivations reliably predicted accidental exposure to pornography, while emotions like sadness and tiredness reliably predicted longer durations of pornography use. These results indicate that motivations to view pornography are similar for males and females, and that sexually based reasons and emotions are primary in an individual's decision to use pornography.

The aim of the work is the analysis of gay pornography from a gender perspective, which examines the anchoring process of gender and sexual stereotypes and the present opportunity and space for subversion or alternative reading. Particular attention is paid to the question of what role in the design and interpretation of these potentially subversive or affirmative moments plays a transgression of gender stereotypes and norms and related pornographic conventions based on heterosexist sexual dynamics and hierarchies. Furthermore, this work focuses on examining the role as a potential affirmative or parody pornography plays in relation to gay activism and emancipation movement, that focuses on the representation of collective identity and subculture and the structural transformation of these representations in commercially oriented pornography industry across time. For this purpose, the empirical part analysis of randomly selected gay pornographic images of Czech provenance of certain development stages of this genre in our country with a special emphasis on politics displaying protected and / or unprotected sex, and discursive compliance of these policies and their visual representations.

This study explored reasons for relapse among a sample of 938 self-identified problematic pornography users. A combination of numeric content analysis and qualitative coding of responses to an open-ended question about pornography relapse revealed six main categories of reasons for relapse. The mental, emotional, and relational categories were then analyzed in detail, and this analysis revealed significant overlap of responses from the emotional and relational categories. Hence, a new category of relational-emotional reasons for relapse was created and analyzed. The findings from this study highlight the complex interactions of different types of factors driving relapse in self-perceived problematic pornography users and future research and clinical applications are discussed.

Over the last three decades, social justice-oriented evangelical Christians of various political stripes have become increasingly concerned about the problem of human trafficking. This issue has brought together Christians concerned about pornography and sex addiction, the social effects of immigration policy, and the exploitation of the poor in a globalized world. Widespread evangelical interest in the problem of human trafficking – particularly sex trafficking – has created an entire industry of non-profit service providers, foundations, advocacy organizations, missions, and parachurch ministries devoted to “ending modern slavery.” Their advocacy has spread beyond overtly religious spaces, and the movement to end human trafficking has become one of the most significant religious and humanitarian movements of the twenty-first century. Why has “ending modern slavery” become a special calling for American evangelical Christians, and what does this tell us about evangelical humanitarianism? How do everyday Christians – from non-profit CEOs and legal advocates to lay volunteers and social workers – conceptualize human trafficking as a distinct category of human exploitation, come to feel a particular calling toward anti-trafficking work, and imagine possible solutions to this humanitarian and moral crisis? My project centers on an ethnographic study of a faith-based, anti-trafficking non-profit organization in New York City, Restore NYC, and intervenes in broader political and academic conversations about the nature of American evangelicalism; the neoliberalism of faith-based humanitarianism; and gender, affect, and genre in the “rescue industry.” I use ethnography, archival research, and popular media analysis to explicate the motivations, tactics, ideology, and theology of the contemporary anti-trafficking movement, while positioning it within the longer history of evangelical humanitarianism.