Os estudos desenvolvidos nesta dissertação estão inseridos no campo da Psicologia Positiva, definida como o estudo científico de características positivas. O objetivo geral desta dissertação, composta por um artigo teórico e um empírico, foi adaptar um instrumento de avaliação do otimismo em crianças no formato papel-e-lápis para o formato informatizado. O primeiro artigo se trata de uma revisão de literatura, que teve como objetivo identificar de forma sistemática os instrumentos de avaliação do otimismo na infância. Como resultados, identificou-se 11 instrumentos, incluindo escalas, questionários e entrevista. Dentre esses, quatro escalas possuem estudos de validação para o Brasil e apenas um instrumento encontrado foi construído a partir de uma amostra de crianças brasileiras. Essa lacuna indica que essa área ainda tem muito a se desenvolver no país. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo adaptar o instrumento Tarefas Preditoras de Otimismo em Crianças para uma versão de uso em tablet, nomeada TAPOC-i (Tarefas Preditoras de Otimismo em Crianças informatizada), e buscar evidências de validade desta versão. Participaram 238 crianças, 105 de Teresina - Piauí e 133 de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul (RS) (57,9% meninas), de quatro a 10 anos de idade. A dimensionalidade do instrumento foi mantida na versão informatizada. A TAPOC-i apresentou propriedades psicométricas adequadas, o que fornece indicadores de validade do instrumento. O uso de um aplicativo nesta pesquisa possibilitou uma diminuição no tempo de aplicação do instrumento, além de ter se mostrado uma ferramenta lúdica e atrativa na avaliação de crianças. / The studies developed in this dissertation are inserted in the field of Positive Psychology, defined as the scientific study of positive characteristics. The aim of this dissertation, composed by a theoretical paper and one empirical, it was to adapt an optimism assessment instrument in children in paper-and-pencil format into computerized one. The first study was about a literature review that has aimed to identify in a systematic form the optimism assessment instruments in childhood. As results, 11 instruments were identified, including scales, questionnaires and interviews. Among these, four scales have validation studies for Brazil and only one instrument was found based on a sample of Brazilian children. This gap indicates that this area still has much to develop in the country. The second one aimed to adapt the instrument Optimism Predictor Task in Children (TAPOC) into a version to be used in tablet, the TAPOC-I (Computerized Optimism Predictor Task in Children), and to seek validity evidence of this version. 238 children participated, 105 from Teresina – Piauí and 133 from Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul (RS) (57,9% girls), from four to ten years old. The dimensionality of the instrument and its psychometric characteristics was maintained in the computerized version. TAPOC-i presented TAPOC-i presented adequate psychometric properties, which provide indicators of instrument validity. The use of an application in this research allowed a reduction in the time of the instrument management, besides being a playful and attractive tool in the evaluation of children.

Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as experiências de flow (Teoria do Flow, de Csikszentmihalyi) alcançadas pelos Auditores Públicos Externos (APEs) do Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE-RS), a partir da sua percepção. Tem como objetivos específicos: identificar e descrever as condições, as características e as experiências de flow alcançadas pelos Auditores Públicos Externos do TCE-RS, com base em sua percepção; verificar os fatores determinantes para a ocorrência das experiências de flow por parte dos APEs; identificar os níveis de satisfação de vida e de autoestima dos APEs; sugerir questões para futuras pesquisas; fornecer feedback para que o TCE-RS possa melhorar suas políticas de gestão de pessoas. Como principal base teórica utiliza a Teoria do Flow, de Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1989, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004), que foca na experiência máxima. Contextualiza a teoria dentro da Psicologia Positiva. Aborda aspectos teóricos de motivação em Maslow (1970, 1976, 1986, 2001) e Csikszentmihalyi (2004), satisfação de vida (Hewitt, 2009, Diener e Diener, 1995) e autoestima (Rosenberg, 1973, Diener et al, 2005). Contextualiza o trabalho no setor público com base em autores clássicos e contemporâneos como Weber (2000, 2010), Kalberg (2005), Crozier (1981), Motta (1984), Bresser Pereira (1996, 2009), Bergue (2010, 2011, 2014), Paludo (2013), Paes de Paula (2005). A pesquisa é exploratória-descritiva (Gil, 2008), com abordagem quanti-qualitativa. Aplicou-se questionário online com questões de identificação (adaptado de Gouveia, 2011; Oliveira, 2013), Escala de Satisfação de Vida, Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Hutz et al., 2014) e Escala de Flow (adaptado de Gouveia, 2011; Oliveira, 2013) para uma amostra não probabilística de 122 APEs do TCE-RS. Realizou-se entrevistas com dez APEs selecionados a partir do critério de acessibilidade. Os dados coletados a partir do questionário foram analisados por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória, análise de variância, correlação de Pearson e regressão linear. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi analisado pela análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2010) por meio de doze categorias: metas claras; feedback imediato; equilíbrio entre capacidades e desafios; concentração profunda; controle sobre si mesmo e sobre a tarefa; noção de tempo alterada; fusão ação-consciência; personalidade autotélica; trabalho considerado significativo pela sociedade; satisfação de vida; autoestima. Dentre os participantes da etapa quantitativa, 86,9% afirmaram vivenciar experiências de flow durante o trabalho, 23% estão entre os mais satisfeitos, 60% apresentaram satisfação de vida acima da média; 30,3% estão entre os com autoestima mais elevada, 42,7% apresentaram autoestima acima da média. Foram verificadas diferenças de percepções que podem ser analisadas pela instituição para que sejam elaboradas políticas de gestão de pessoas para suprimir as lacunas apresentadas principalmente quanto à satisfação de vida e condições para a experiência de flow. Há correlação positiva entre satisfação de vida, autoestima e experiência de flow. A experiência de flow é mais influenciada pela autoestima do que pela satisfação de vida. Dos dez APEs entrevistados, oito sentem ou já sentiram flow no trabalho. Todas as condições para a experiência de flow foram citadas, com ênfase para o equilíbrio entre capacidades e desafios. A maioria afirmou gostar da atividade e de desafios. Todos sentem flow fora do trabalho, principalmente ao viajar e ler. Há alta rotatividade dos APEs entrevistados entre as áreas de atividade. A área de atividade influencia na percepção de flow. / This research aims to analyze the flow of experiences (Flow Theory, by Csikszentmihalyi) gained by the Auditors Public External (APEs) of the Court of Rio Grande South State (TCERS), from your perception. Its specific objectives: identify and describe the conditions, characteristics and flow of experiences gained by the Public External Auditors of TCE-RS, based on their perception; verify the determining factors for the occurrence of flow experiences by the APEs; identify life satisfaction levels and self-esteem of the APEs; suggest questions for future research; provide feedback to the TCE-RS can improve their people management policies. As the main theoretical basis using the Flow Theory, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (1989, 1991, 1997, 2000, 2004), which focuses on maximum experience. Contextualizes the theory within Positive Psychology. Covers theoretical aspects of motivation Maslow (1970, 1976, 1986, 2001) and Csikszentmihalyi (2004), life satisfaction (Hewitt, 2009 Diener and Diener, 1995) and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1973 Diener et al., 2005). Contextualizes the work in public administration based on classic and contemporary authors such as Weber (2000, 2010), Kalberg (2005), Crozier (1981), Motta (1984), Bresser Pereira (1996, 2009), Bergue (2010, 2011, 2014), Paludo (2013), Dasso Júnior (2014), Paes de Paula (2005). Research is exploratory and descriptive (Gil, 2008), with quantitative and qualitative approach. Applied online questionnaires with identification questions (adapted from Gouveia, 2011; Oliveira, 2013), Life Satisfaction Scale, Self-Esteem Scale Rosenberg (Hutz et al., 2014) and Flow Scale (adapted from Gouveia 2011; Oliveira, 2013) for a nonprobabilistic sample of 122 APEs of TCE-RS. We conducted interviews with ten APEs selected from the accessibility criteria. The data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation and linear regression. The content of the interviews was analyzed by content analysis (Bardin, 2010) through twelve categories: clear goals; immediate feedback; balance between capacity and challenges; deep concentration; control over himself and the task; modified notion of time; fusing action-awareness; autotelic personality; work considered significant by the company; life satisfaction; self-esteem. Among the participants of the quantitative stage, 86.9% reported experiencing flow experiences at work, 23% are among the most satisfied, 60% were above average life satisfaction; 30.3% are among those with higher self-esteem, 42.7% had above average self-esteem. Differences in perceptions were found that can be analyzed by the institution for people management policies are designed to take away the gaps presented mainly as the satisfaction of life and conditions for the flow of experience. There are positive correlation between life satisfaction, self-esteem and flow experience. The flow experience is more influenced by the self-esteem than the life satisfaction. Of the ten APEs interviewed eight feel or have felt flow at work. All the conditions for the flow experience were cited, with emphasis on the balance between skills and challenges. Most said like activity and challenges. Everyone feels flow out of work, especially when traveling and reading. There is high turnover of APEs respondents between the areas of activity. The activity area influences the perception of flow.

abstract: This study was designed to investigate whether workplace positivity of full-time workers was related to health ratings. Positivity was conceptualized by a high rating of perceived work-performance, and work-engagement as defined by the Utrecht Work-Engagement Scale, including vigor, dedication, and absorption (Schaufeli, & Bakker, 2004). Health was measured utilizing the RAND SF-36 health survey including the eight subscales: overall, general health, physical and social functioning, emotional well-being, role limitations due to physical health or emotional problems, energy or fatigue, and bodily pain. All measures were collected simultaneously. It was predicted that perceived work-performance and all measures of work-engagement are positively associated with the aforementioned health ratings. Multiple regression analyses revealed that higher (positive) perception of work-performance and vigor were positively related to health ratings. Absorption was negatively related to health ratings. Dedication was only negatively related to physical functioning. These findings suggest that not all measures of positivity in the workplace are related to better health. Implications and future directions are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Psychology 2014

A presente tese teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes aspectos do construto sentido de vida (SV) e suas relações com variáveis biossociodemográficas e outros construtos psicológicos positivos (otimismo, esperança, satisfação com a vida, felicidade subjetiva, autoestima e autoeficácia) em uma ampla amostra nacional. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, foram desenvolvidos um artigo teórico e seis artigos empíricos. O primeiro artigo apresentou o construto SV, e discutiu as potencialidades e limitações dos principais instrumentos existentes na literatura para avaliação do construto sentido de vida. Posteriormente, foram elaborados três estudos empíricos de adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos para o contexto brasileiro. Os três instrumentos validados foram: 1) Questionário de Sentido de Vida (QSV); 2) Questionário de Fontes de Sentido e de Sentido de Vida (QFSSV); e 3) Escala de Felicidade Subjetiva (EFS). O quinto artigo da tese avaliou como diferentes categorias de sentido interagem com variáveis biossociodemográficas, fontes de sentido e com características psicológicas positivas. O sexto artigo investigou como o construto “busca por sentido” se relaciona com as diferentes categorias de sentido. Além disso, buscou-se compreender se a busca por sentido poderia moderar a relação entre as diferentes categorias de sentido com os índices de bem-estar subjetivo, mensurado pelos construtos satisfação com a vida e felicidade subjetiva. Por fim, o último artigo empírico investigou como diferentes características biossociodemográficas e psicológicas influenciam a intenção das pessoas em participar de futuras etapas desta pesquisa. A amostra total empregada foi de 3,034 sujeitos (63,9% mulheres), com idades variando entre 18 e 91 anos (M = 33,9, DP = 15,01), oriundos de 22 diferentes estados do Brasil. Do total da amostra, 91,4% responderam aos instrumentos em uma plataforma virtual, enquanto 8,6% o fizeram no método papel e caneta. Os três instrumentos adaptados para o contexto brasileiro apresentaram adequadas propriedades psicométricas, sugerindo sua possibilidade de uso em estudos futuros. Os resultados também demonstraram a existência de diferentes categorias de sentido de vida (realização existencial, indiferença existencial, crise existencial, conflito existencial), e que sujeitos inseridos nestas categorias apresentam importantes diferenças no que se refere a suas características biossociodemográficas e psicológicas. Foi descoberto, também, que a busca por sentido é maior entre os que apresentam conflito existencial, embora esteja positivamente relacionada com os níveis de crise existencial. Os resultados desta tese apontam para a necessidade da continuidade dos estudos acerca da temática. Esta tese pretende contribuir para a área da Psicologia Positiva ao fornecer três novos instrumentos psicométricos para uso no contextobrasileiro, e ao apresentar resultados anteriormente não discutidos na literatura da área do sentido de vida. / This dissertation aimed to evaluate different aspects of the construct “meaning in life” (MIL) and its relations with sociodemographic and other positive psychological constructs (optimism, hope, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, self-esteem and self-efficacy) in a large Brazilian sample. To attain the proposed goals, one theoretical and six empirical articles were developed. The first theoretical article presented the MIL construct and discussed the benefits and limitations of the main existing scales designed to evaluate the MIL construct. Further, three validation articles of psychological measures were developed. The three questionnaires were: 1) Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ); 2) Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (SoMe); and 3) Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). The fifth article of the dissertation aimed to show how different categories of meaning interacted with sociodemographic variables, sources of meaning and positive psychological characteristics. The sixth article sought to evaluate to what extent the construct “search for meaning” relates to the different categories of meaning. Furthermore, we aimed to assess if search for meaning moderates the relation among the different categories of meaning with subjective well-being. Finally, the last empirical paper evaluated how different sociodemographic and psychological variables influence the intention in participating in the future waves of the present study. Participants were 3.034 subjects (63.9% women) with ages varying from 18 e 91 years old (M = 33.9; DP = 15.01), originated from 22 different Brazilian states. From the total, 91.4% answered the questionnaires in a web-based platform, whereas 8.6% answered in the paper-and-pencil method. The three adapted instruments presented adequate psychometric properties, and suggests its possible use in future studies. The results also showed the existence of different categories of meaning (meaningfulness, existential indifference, existential crisis, existential conflict), and that people inserted in these categories present important differences in their bio-psychossocial and psychological variables. It was also shown that search for meaning is higher among those in the existential conflict group, although search for meaning is positively related to crisis of meaning. The results of this study point to the need for further studies on the subject. This dissertation seeks to contribute to the Positive Psychology field by offering three different psychometric scales to use in the Brazilian context, and to present empirical results not previously achieved, contributing to the knowledge on the MIL literature.

O bem-estar subjetivo, ou felicidade, consiste na maneira como as pessoas avaliam suas próprias vidas, tanto de forma afetiva como cognitiva. Este juízo terá grande importância nas diversas esferas da vida, influenciando o desempenho social e profissional da pessoa. De forma agregada, níveis maiores, ou menores, de bem-estar subjetivo possuem impactos tanto no sistema político quanto na economia. Este estudo aplicou três diferentes questionários de mensuração de bem-estar subjetivo: o Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, com 29 itens; a Escala Geral de Felicidade, com 4 itens e uma escala única em uma amostra de 498 pessoas que trabalham no comércio de Ribeirão Preto e duas cidades vizinhas, e conduziu as análises destes instrumentos. Além destas análises, foram estudadas as diferenças entre os diversos indivíduos que compõem a amostra, no intuito de investigar se idade, sexo, etnia, estado civil, escolaridade, número de filhos, atividade profissional (comerciantes / comerciários), emprego efetivo / temporário, renda, religião, atividade sócio política e saúde poderiam influenciar o nível de bem-estar subjetivo. Algumas destas características mostraram-se significativas. / The subjective well-being, or happiness, consists on the way people see their own lives, in affective or cognitive way. This judgment is very important in the different ambits of life, influencing the social and professional aspects of people. In different levels, the subjective well-being has impact on political and economical systems. This study used three different questionaries to measure the subjective well-being: Oxford Happiness Questionnaire with 29 items; Subjective Happiness Scale, with 4 items, and a single scale with 498 subjects who work in Ribeirão Preto commerce including two other cities. Structural analyses of Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Subjective Happiness Scale were done. Besides these analyses, we assessed the difference among several subjects from the study group, aiming to investigate if age, gender, ethics, civil status, educational level, number of children, professional activity (salespeople), temporary job or regular job, income, religion, political participation, and health, could influence their level of subjective well-being. Some of these characteristics are significant.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do programa intitulado Mindful Creative Thinking (MCT) sobre o nível da criatividade verbal de estudantes universitários de uma escola de negócios. Evidências científicas apontam efeitos positivos das práticas de mindfulness e das forças de caráter cognitivas no desenvolvimento da criatividade verbal. O programa MCT, desenvolvido no presente estudo e de autoria do próprio pesquisador, combina práticas de mindfulness e práticas das forças de caráter, integradas com práticas de treinamento do pensamento criativo. As variáveis estudadas foram fluência (número de ideias), flexibilidade (número de categorias) e originalidade (novidade estatística das respostas). O estudo exploratório utilizou métodos quanti-qualitativos e abordagem analítica de ensaio controlado antes-e-depois (before and after study) com amostra randomizada. O programa MCT foi realizado com 51 graduandos da Faculdade de Administração, Economia e Contabilidade (FEA-RP/USP) de Ribeirão Preto. Os estudantes foram divididos em dois grupos: Experimental (26 participantes) e Controle (25 participantes). Os dados foram coletados por meio da aplicação do Teste de Torrance, Questionário das Cinco Facetas de Mindfulness e de questionário com questões abertas (Questionário MCT), elaborado pelo pesquisador. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que o programa Mindful Creative Thinking contribuiu para o desenvolvimento das habilidades criativas e influenciou positivamente no nível de atenção plena dos graduandos. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Mindful Creative Thinking (MCT) program on the level of verbal creativity of university students in a business school. Scientific evidence points to the positive effects of mindfulness practices and cognitive character forces in the development of verbal creativity. The MCT program, developed in the present study and authored by the researcher himself, combines practices of mindfulness and practices of character forces, integrated with practices of training of creative thinking. The variables studied were fluency (number of ideas), flexibility (number of categories) and originality (statistical novelty of the answers). The exploratory study used quantitative-qualitative methods and analytical approach of a randomized sample before and after study. The MCT program was carried out with 51 graduates from the Faculty of Administration, Economics and Accounting (FEA-RP / USP) of Ribeirão Preto. The students were divided into two groups: Experimental (26 participants) and Control (25 participants). The data were collected through the application of the Torrance Test, Questionnaire of Five Facets of Mindfulness and a questionnaire with open questions (Questionnaire MCT), prepared by the researcher. The result of the research demonstrated that the Mindful Creative Thinking program contributed to the development of creative skills and had a positive influence on the level of attention of undergraduates.

The current study aimed to replicate and extend recent research by Ng, Huebner, and Hills (2015) by investigating the longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between life satisfaction and academic achievement among adolescents. Specifically, students’ baseline (Time 1) life satisfaction was examined as a predictor of academic achievement (as measured by GPA, FCAT-reading DSS scores, attitudes toward school, and goal valuation) one year later (Time 2). The same four academic achievement variables at Time 1 were also examined as a predictor of life satisfaction one year later at Time 2. Positive affect and negative affect were examined as moderators of those relationships. An archival data set that included data from 425 high school students was analyzed. In contrast to findings from prior research, results of four regression analyses indicated that life satisfaction was not a significant predictor of later academic skills (i.e., GPA, FCAT-reading DSS) or academic engagement (i.e., goal valuation, attitude towards school), although there was bivariate support for a link between Time 1 life satisfaction and later academic engagement. When academic variables were considered as predictors of later life satisfaction, there was bivariate support for the relationship between Time 1 GPA and Time 2 life satisfaction. In contrast to hypotheses, regression analyses failed to support a significant relationship between initial academic skills and later life satisfaction. However, moderated regression analyses indicated that academic skills (i.e., GPA, FCAT-reading DSS) predict later life satisfaction for students with greater initial emotional well-being (i.e., low negative affect, high positive affect). In regard to academic engagement, there was bivariate support for a small relationship between initial academic engagement and later life satisfaction, but regression analyses and moderated regression analyses failed to support that relationship. Analyses indicate that initial positive affect was a significant predictor of later life satisfaction and later goal valuation, which supports Frederickson’s (2009) broaden and build theory of positive emotions. Findings of the current study highlight the importance of promoting positive emotions among students, in part as a means to improve life satisfaction and cognitive engagement in school. The current study also provides support for offering mental health services to students with relatively high GPAs and standardized test scores who also experience symptoms of internalizing disorders (i.e., low positive affect, high negative affect). Finally, findings from the current study taken in conjunction with findings reported by Ng et al. (2015) suggest that middle school may be the optimal time for interventions aimed at improving students’ subjective well-being.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / This research study employs a strengths perspective. This means that, instead of the traditional deficits or pathology-based approach of focusing on weaknesses, the focus is on positive outcomes. Fortitude, more specifically, is the strength gained from appraising oneself, one’s family, and one’s social support,in a positive manner. This strength equips people to cope successfully in stressful situations. Fortitude as a construct in the strengths perspective promises to give insight into student success because it takes more than one level of analysis into account. The current research study investigates whether there is a link between fortitude and academic achievement in first year students at the University of the Western Cape / South Africa

Magister Commercii - MCom / The costs of occupational health and well-being are increasingly being considered as sound ‘investments’ as healthy and engaged employees yield direct economic benefits to the company.The concept of Work engagement plays a vital role in this endeavour because engagement entails positive definitions of employee health and promotes the optimal functioning of employees within an organisational setting. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism amongst call centre employees in a retail organisation in the Western Cape. Over the last several years, most call centre research has predominately been focused on the aspects and causes of stress, burnout, and the deterrents of employee’s well-being. In response to the prevailing preoccupation with negative aspects, the research focused on more positive aspects of human functioning and experiences. The sample comprised of ninety three call centre employees who are employed in the customer service department in a major retail organisation in the Western Cape. Convenience sampling was utilised. The measuring instruments included the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, The Life Orientation Test-Revised and The General Self-Efficacy Scale. Statistically significant relationships were found between work engagement, self-efficacy and optimism. It was found that call centre agents displayed average levels of work engagement and optimism however they displayed high levels of self-efficacy. It was furthermore found that a moderate percentage of the variance in work engagement can be explained by self-efficacy and optimism. The implication of the results is that interventions that focus on the personal resources (viz. efficacy beliefs,optimism, hope and resiliency) and job resources (viz. physical, social or organizational aspects of the job) will contribute to increasing levels of work engagement.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / Work and family are the central and salient domains in an individual's life. Juggling work and family life have always been a challenge for many employees and families (Hammer et al., 2005). However, with the increased interest in the construct of workfamily enrichment, more attention was given to the positive influences across the life domains. Grzywacz and Butler (2005) found that work-family enrichment improved mental and physical well-being. The objective of this study was twofold; (i) to explore and add to existing research done on work-family enrichment and (ii) investigate the relationships between workfamily enrichment, psychological health and subjective wellbeing of employees within a financial services organisation in South Africa. Three hundred and forty seven questionnaires were administered and one hundred and sixty eight completed questionnaires were returned. Purposive sampling was used to select employees to participate in the study. Data was collected by a self-developed biographical questionnaire, Calson, Kacmar, Wayne, and Grzywacz's (2006) Enrichment Scale, General Health Questionnaire developed by Kalliath, O'Driscoll and Brough (2004) and the Personal Wellbeing Index developed by the International Wellbeing Group (2006). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data and to interpret the descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically the Pearson Moment Correlation analysis and the T-Test was used. The results indicated that a relationship between work-to-family enrichment and psychological health exist. There was a significant relationship for family-to-work enrichment and psychological health. Furthermore, results indicated a significant relationship between work-to-family enrichment and subjective wellbeing. A significant relationship between family-to-work enrichment and subjective wellbeing was also found. However, no significant differences were found for gender for both work-to-family and family-to-work enrichment. Future considerations, theoretical implications and recommendations for organisations are discussed.