Thesis (Ph. D. in Religion)--Vanderbilt University, May 2006. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse de doctorat--Droit--Nancy, 1894.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por escopo examinar os aspectos fundamentais do usucapião coletivo, instituto previsto no art. 1.228, §§ 4º e 5º, do Código Civil de 2002. A dissertação é composta de oito capítulos. Nos primeiros, é apresentada pesquisa acerca da evolução histórica do instituto do usucapião e de seus atributos em outros países (Portugal, Alemanha, Itália e Argentina). A seguir, esmiuçou-se o direito à propriedade e à moradia, suas implicações, limitações, bem como o aspecto da função social coligada à propriedade e à posse. Adiante, foram analisadas as modalidades de usucapião previstas na legislação brasileira, seus requisitos e especificidades. Por fim, procurou-se, com mais detalhe, responder questões polêmicas relacionadas ao instituto previsto nos parágrafos 4º e 5º art. 1228, do Código Civil de 2002, dentre elas se trata de modalidade de usucapião ou de desapropriação; de quem seria a responsabilidade pelo pagamento da indenização prevista no parágrafo 5º e quais os critérios para sua quantificação; o que seria utilização por número considerável de pessoas; quais características deveriam possuir as obras e serviços realizados no imóvel usucapiendo; além de questões processuais e registrais relacionadas, principalmente, à propositura e/ou oposição, citação e registro da sentença. / This dissertation has the aim to examine the fundamental aspects of collective adverse possession, institute preview in the article Nº 1228, §§ 4th and 5th of the Civil Code of 2002. The dissertation consists of eight chapters. In the first, is presented research on the historical evolution of the institute of adverse possession and their attributes in other countries (Portugal, Germany, Italy and Argentina). Then broke in pieces the right to property and housing, its implications, limitations, and the aspect of social function related to ownership and possession. Ahead, we analyzed the terms of adverse possession provided in Brazilian law, its requirements and specificities. Finally, it was, with more detail, answering controversial issues related to the institute provided in paragraphs 4th and 5th of article nº 1228 of the Civil Code, among them if is a type of adverse possession or condemnation; who would be responsible for payment of compensation referred to in paragraph 5th and the criteria for quantifying it; what would be used by large number of people; which features should have the works and services performed in the possession property; in addition to procedural issues and matters relating mainly to the initiation and/or opposition, summoning and record of the declaratory judgment.

L'utilisation de l'énergie est au coeur de l'écologie des organismes et contraint de nombreux aspects de leur comportement et de leurs stratégies d'histoire de vie. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre comment l’énergie intervient dans la modulation des comportements agressifs du manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus), une espèce hautement territoriale pendant la reproduction. Nous avons étudié une colonie de manchots royaux à l’Île de la Possession, dans l’Archipel de Crozet, entre 2003 et 2007. À l’aide de capteurs de fréquence cardiaque (FC) en continu, nous avons validé la méthode de mesure de la dépense énergétique (DE) utilisée. Le recours à cette technique représente notamment une innovation technique dans cette thèse. Cette méthode offrait l’opportunité de déduire les coûts énergétiques associés à des activités spécifiques sans perturber l’animal. Nous avons alors estimé les coûts énergétiques de la reproduction chez cette espèce en fonction de la position du territoire (centre vs. périphérie), du statut reproducteur (incubateur vs. éleveur) et de la date de ponte (précoce vs. tardive) qui constituent des facteurs influençant le succès reproducteur du manchot royal. Nous avons montré que la DE journalière était 32% plus élevée chez les femelles que chez les mâles et qu’elle augmentait tout au long de la saison de reproduction. Les mâles, qui assurent systématiquement le début de l’incubation, avaient une DE jusqu’à 36% plus faible au début de l’incubation que lors du reste de la saison de reproduction, suggérant une stratégie d’économie d’énergie importante afin de gérer la plus longue période de jeûne de la reproduction. Par ailleurs, nous avons trouvé que les oiseaux manifestaient un plus faible taux de comportements agressifs avec contacts, l’activité la plus coûteuse parmi leur répertoire comportemental, que de comportements de menace. Bien que la défense contribue à 13 % du budget d’activité total, les coûts énergétiques associés à ce comportement ne représentaient que 2.5% de la DE journalière. Nous avons aussi trouvé que le niveau d’agressivité des manchots est signalé entre congénères à l’aide de la taille d’un trait ornemental (la tache auriculaire), vraisemblablement afin de minimiser le taux d’interactions agonistiques. Nous avons finalement déterminé comment l’effort parental des manchots, mesuré par différentes variables physiologiques et comportementales, influençait la croissance des poussins et leur succès reproducteur. Nous avons trouvé que la durée des voyages alimentaires était le principal déterminant de nos variables réponses mais aussi identifié que la dépense énergétique, la défense du territoire et la condition corporelle des parents influençaient à tour de rôle positivement le succès reproducteur tout au long de la saison de reproduction. Ce travail précise l’importance de considérer l’énergie pour comprendre les décisions comportementales adoptées par les individus et apporte ainsi des informations nouvelles pour l’étude des espèces faisant face à des contraintes énergétiques sévères. / Energy utilization is central to the ecology of organisms and energy constraints shape many aspects of their behaviour and life-history strategies. The main objective of this thesis was to examine how energy shapes aggressive behaviour during the breeding season in a highly territorial seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We collected data at Possession Island during three breeding seasons between 2003 and 2007. We first validated whether heart rate (HR), our measure of energy expenditure (EE), was an accurate estimate of EE in free-living king penguins. Heart rate recorders represent a non invasive approach offering the possibility to monitor metabolism with a fine time resolution, it is therefore an useful tool to determine the cost of various behavioural activities in the field. Notably, a key advancement in this thesis is the use of this technique. We determined energy costs associated with reproduction relative to territory location (centre vs. edge), reproductive state (incubating vs. brooding), and laying date (early vs. late), which are known to influence reproductive success of king penguins. We showed that females had a daily EE 32% higher than males and that EE increased throughout the breeding season. We also found that males in their first incubation shift had a daily EE 36 % lower than later in the breeding season, suggesting an energy saving strategy to cope with the longest reproductive fast observed in king penguins. Moreover, we found that king penguins devoted less energy to threats, the most frequent aggressive behaviour performed for territory defence, than to attacks with body contact. In addition, despite accounting for 13 % of the daily time budget, territory defence contributed only 2.5 % of the total daily EE. We also demonstrated that aggressive level was signaled with the size of an ornamental trait of king penguins, the auricular patch, likely to reduce the occurrence of fights. We investigated how parental effort of each parent affected chick growth rate and reproductive success. We found foraging duration to be the main determinant of our dependant variable but also found that energy expenditure, territory defence, and body condition of parents successively influenced positively breeding success throughout the breeding season. To conclude, our work emphasized the central role of energy to explain behavioural decisions of individuals while providing insights for studies in species facing severe energy constraints. on the central role of energy and territory defence in the ecology of king penguins but also showed how king penguins developed behavioural and physiological strategies allowing them to save energy during prolonged fasting and to defend their territory efficiently.

Text in Afrikaans / Theft in South African law is one of the most well-known common law crimes. It is also one of the crimes in respect of which opinions vary considerably. Furtum possessionis is one of the manifestations of the crime of theft at common law. The general requirements of furtum possessionis were already established in Roman law. Emphasis was not placed on the taker of the thing but on the particular position of the person who was deprived of the property. This approach was also followed in Roman-Dutch law. Fur tum possessionis in South African law can be defined as follows: It is the unlawful and intentional appropriation by the owner or someone else of a movable corporeal thing in commercio, in circumstances in which the possessor of the thing has a valid right of retention of the thing, with the intention of depriving the possessor permanently of control of the thing. Theft in the form of furtum possessionis differs in an important respect from theft in the form of the removal of a thing. In the case of removal the complainant can also be a person acting as a holder, that is someone exercising control of the thing on behalf of the owner. In the case of furtum possessionis the complainant is the person with the right of retention and from whose possession the thing is taken away. The accused either possesses the thing as an owner or as a holder before possession of the thing was transferred to the complainant. Mere possession is not enough. The possession of the complainant has to be accompanied by a right to retention. Furthermore the possession of the thing has to be lawful / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Text in Afrikaans / Theft in South African law is one of the most well-known common law crimes. It is also one of the crimes in respect of which opinions vary considerably. Furtum possessionis is one of the manifestations of the crime of theft at common law. The general requirements of furtum possessionis were already established in Roman law. Emphasis was not placed on the taker of the thing but on the particular position of the person who was deprived of the property. This approach was also followed in Roman-Dutch law. Fur tum possessionis in South African law can be defined as follows: It is the unlawful and intentional appropriation by the owner or someone else of a movable corporeal thing in commercio, in circumstances in which the possessor of the thing has a valid right of retention of the thing, with the intention of depriving the possessor permanently of control of the thing. Theft in the form of furtum possessionis differs in an important respect from theft in the form of the removal of a thing. In the case of removal the complainant can also be a person acting as a holder, that is someone exercising control of the thing on behalf of the owner. In the case of furtum possessionis the complainant is the person with the right of retention and from whose possession the thing is taken away. The accused either possesses the thing as an owner or as a holder before possession of the thing was transferred to the complainant. Mere possession is not enough. The possession of the complainant has to be accompanied by a right to retention. Furthermore the possession of the thing has to be lawful / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

This diploma thesis "Disturbed possession" deals with the theme of possession and its protection against disturbing. Possession as one of the basic institutes of law has seen several changes in its legal concept on the territory of the Czech Republic in the history. The Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll. has brought the concept of possession and its protection which is based on the concept of the doctrine of law science from the First republic. As this "new" concept is discontinous with the previous concept of the Civil Code no. 40/1964 Coll. interpretation and application of this new concept will be rather complicated. This thesis firstly tackles the theoretical concept of possession - i.e. what the object of possession is, how the possession is acquired, lost and retained, what qualities there are of lawful possession, who can be the subject of possession. The second part of the thesis describes the historical development of the concept of possession. The last part of the thesis focuses on how possession is described in Civil Code no. 89/2012 Coll. In this part of the thesis characteristic features and nature of trespass are described. This problematics is also mentioned in the view of the Austrian civil law. Key words: Possession, lawful possession, protection of possession, disturbing possession,...

La pratique du rituel de possession de hầu bóng au Vietnam a connu une période d’interdiction pendant plus de quarante ans (de 1954 au début des années quatre-vingt-dix). Ces travaux, basés sur des études sur le terrain réalisées à la fin de cette période d’interdiction tentent d’abord de faire une description détaillée du rituel et l’état des lieux de ses cung văn «maîtres musiciens» à travers l’étude du répertoire du plus grand maître, Pham Van Kiêm. Ils proposent d’explorer ensuite les questions techniques utilisées par les maîtres musiciens et leur rôle par rapport à la pratique du rituel ainsi que les liaisons entre paroles et musique, entre le répertoire musical et le panthéon des génies. Ce témoignage de cette période cruciale permet, par le biais de la musique, de mettre en perspective une pratique religieuse bien complexe en plein essor à ce jour. / The possession ritual practice in Vietnam has been prohibited during more than forty years (from 1954 to early nineties). The field-works are done during this important period. These studies try to portray an outline of the organisation and development of the rite and its music and musicians, especially the most important master at his time, Pham Van Kiêm. They also try to explore the musical technics used by masters and their role in the ritual practice, the music-language, musical directory-deities pantheon relationships. This crucial account allows to put into a perspective this complex practice, very popular nowadays.

Interdict protection The aim of this thesis is to cover the complex institute of possession and its protection by means of law, by so called interdict protection. The emphasis is laid on contextual explication and introduction into doctrine of possession. Following topics are explicated: the law of possession in Roman law, doctrine of von Savigny and Ihering, as well as consequent development of doctrine of possession represented by Randa and Krčmář. For the focal point of section regarding substantive law the current legislation on possession is set. The conclusion of this part of the thesis implies that possession is an absolute right not a mere actuality. In the second section of this thesis development of interdict protection is explicated with emphasis laid on protection of possession in the Allgemeines bürgeliches Gesetzbuch and dissatisfactory legislation on possession in the previous civil code. The core of this section of this thesis is descprition of pratical use of interdict protection which is based on analysis of court decisions made since 2014. Related stats provide the answer to the question whether and how the interdict protection of possession is made use of. Keywords Possession, interdict protection, protection of possession, disturbance of possession, interdict proceedings

Statins are commonly used for treating the elevation of lipids in the blood stream, also known as hyperlipidemia. Statins are considered to be an economical and effective way to achieve desirable long-term health outcomes for hyperlipdemic patients, however, ensuring adequate adherence to statin medications is often difficult as hyperlipidemia is an asymptomatic condition and patients sometimes fail to recognize the importance of being adherent to their statin medications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate impact of enrollment under Medicaid and Medicare Part D and patient out-of-pocket costs on patient statin adherence, persistence, and mean number of gap days per claim. A retrospective claims database was used in this study to conduct repeated measures analyses on statin prescription claims from independent community pharmacies in Texas. The pre-period in this study extended from January 1, 2005 to September 30, 2005 (Medicaid period) and the post-period extended from January 1, 2006 to September 30, 2006 (Medicare period). The study population consisted of dual-eligible beneficiaries in Texas who had at least two stain claims in the pre and post-periods each. The final study population comprised of 1734 Texas dual-eligible beneficiaries with 6064 statin claims during the pre-period and 7956 claims during the post-period. Patients had an average of 3.49 statin claims during the pre-period and 4.58 statin claims during the post-period. Patients were dispensed an average of 57.34 days of drug supply per claim during the pre-period and 42.02 days of drug supply per claim during the post-period. The results from this study showed that out-of-pocket costs for patients increased from $0.39 per claim under Medicaid to $13.36 per claim under Medicare Part D. Patient adherence to statins was assessed by calculating medication possession ratio (MPR). The results showed that mean patient MPR increased from 75.71 percent under Medicaid to 79.37 percent under Medicare. Results from generalized estimating equations showed that odds of being adherent (i.e., MPR ≥ 80 percent) to statins increased by 36 percent when patients were covered under Medicare Part D. Linear mixed model analysis showed that MPR increased by 3.66 percent when patients were covered under Medicare Part D compared to Medicaid. Also, patient MPR was found to increase by 0.13 percent when patient out-of-pocket payment increased by $1.00. Patient persistence was calculated by measuring gaps in therapy and patients with a gap of 60 or more days were considered to have discontinued therapy. Patients were found to be persistent to their drug therapy for an average of 151.76 days under Medicaid and 159.75 days under Medicare. Linear mixed model analysis showed that patient persistence increased by 7.99 days when patients were enrolled under Medicare Part D compared to Medicaid. Days of persistence was also found to increase by 0.41 days when patient out-of-pocket costs increased by $1.00. Mean number of gap days per claim during the Medicaid period was 11.91 days and decreased to 8.38 days during the Medicare period. Linear mixed model analysis showed that mean number of gap days per claim decreased by 3.52 days when patients were enrolled under Medicare Part D compared to Medicaid. Mean number of gap days in therapy were found to decrease by 0.10 days when patient out-of-pocket costs increased by $1.00. The results of this study showed that implementation of Medicare Part D resulted in an increase in MPR and persistence and a decrease in mean number of gap days per claim for Texas dual-eligible beneficiaries. The results also suggest that increased out-of-pocket costs under Medicare Part D may not have had a negative impact on statin drug utilization by dual-eligible beneficiaries in Texas. / text