Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymo institutas ir šio teisių gynimo būdo įgyvendinimo sąlygos Lietuvos teisėje. Pirmoji baigiamojo darbo hipotezė – priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymas yra dvilypė sąvoka, talpinanti savyje du institutus – prievolės vykdymo sustabdymą ir sutarties vykdymo sustabdymą. Ji darbe pasitvirtino. Atlikta lyginamoji analizė parodė, jog kai kuriose kontinento šalyse priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymas pozityviojoje teisėje yra įtvirtintas bendros prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo teisės ir exceptio arba sutarties vykdymo sustabdymo teisės forma. Tose šalyse, kuriose prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo teisė neįtvirtina, exceptio yra suprantamas šiek tiek plačiau – į jo taikymo sferą patenka ir tie atvejai, kurie kitose šalyse būtų priskirti prievolės vykdymo sustabdymui. Tačiau nepaisant to, prievolės vykdymo sustabdymas ir exceptio yra skirtingos teisinės prigimties ir turėtų būti skiriami net ir tuo atveju, jeigu to nedaro pozityvioji teisė. Viena pagrindinių to pasekmių yra tai, kad sutarties vykdymo sustabdymo, priešingai nei prievolės vykdymo sustabdymo, neįmanoma įveikti pateikiant adekvatų prievolių įvykdymo užtikrinimą. Antroji baigiamojo darbo hipotezė – pagrindinis priešpriešinės pareigos vykdymo sulaikymo instituto sutartiniuose santykiuose tikslas yra išsaugoti sutartinius santykius, paskatinti skolininką pašalinti pažeidimus bei įvykdyti savo įsipareigojimus (favor contractus principas). Ši... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master thesis analyses the institute of withholding performance of a counter obligation and the necessary conditions of its lawful realisation by the creditor. The first hypothesis of the thesis is the following: withholding performance of a counter obligation has a structure consisting of two elements – general right of retention and suspension of performance of a contract, also known as exceptio. This hypothesis was confirmed by the thesis. The comparative analysis which was carried out in the thesis showed that in some continental countries withholding performance is implemented in two tier structure – in the form of the general right of retention and exceptio. In those countries where positive law does not establish general right of retention exceptio is provided with elements which in other countries is though in the terms of a general right of retention (exceptio is thought to be a broader right). Nonetheless, general right of retention and exceptio are different in their legal nature. Therefore, those rights should be distinguished even if the positive law of the respective jurisdiction does not do that. The main outcome of this is that exceptio cannot be overridden by providing the adequate assurance of performing the contract (security). The second hypothesis of the thesis – the main objective of withholding performance in contractual relations is to provide incentives for the parties of a contract to “keep the contract alive”, for the debtor to eliminate the... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dante Soares Catuzzo Junior.pdf: 1359033 bytes, checksum: cb2707636aa5fca44d2530739cab8db8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-08 / This work aims to propose a way to systematize the right of retention in Brazilian law. The research in question was developed through the analysis of legal texts about the institute of Brazilian and foreign law, the national and foreign doctrine and jurisprudence. The object of study is the right of retention, a particular way to ensure obligations, whereby the creditor keeps under his/her power, upon a new title, the mischief thing, that he/she already rightly holds, beyond the moment it should be delivered, with the purpose of imposing and assuring the voluntary compliance with an obligation to give such a sum of money in cash, which keeps a connect relationship with the thing withheld. The author discoursed about the essential elements to understand the right of retention of the Brazilian legal system, such as: origin and evolution, legal structure, concepts, features, legal basis, function, application sphere, requirements, effects, hypothesis of acceptance, types of guardianship, termination causes and foreign legislation overview on the institute. Upon said general concepts, the author intended to contribute to the best interpretation and application, by law professionals, of the right of retention institute and update the study of this theme before the existing legislation in the country / A presente obra propõe uma forma de sistematização do direito de retenção no direito brasileiro. A pesquisa para a elaboração do trabalho ocorreu pela análise de textos legislativos sobre o instituto no direito brasileiro e estrangeiro, a doutrina nacional e estrangeira e a jurisprudência formada. O objeto de estudo é o direito de retenção, modo específico de garantia das obrigações, por meio do qual o credor mantém em seu poder, sob um título novo, a coisa alheia, que já detenha legitimamente, para além do momento em que deveria entregá-la, com a finalidade compelir e de garantir o cumprimento voluntário de uma obrigação de dar soma em dinheiro, a qual mantém uma relação de conexidade com a coisa retida. O autor buscou discorrer sobre os elementos essenciais para a compreensão do direito de retenção no ordenamento brasileiro, quais sejam: origem e evolução, natureza jurídica, conceito, caracteres, fundamento jurídico, função, âmbito de aplicação, requisitos, efeitos, hipóteses de cabimento, meios de tutela, causas de extinção e um panorama da legislação estrangeira sobre o instituto. Com essa noção geral, pretendeu o autor contribuir para a melhor interpretação e aplicação, pelos profissionais do direito, do instituto do direito de retenção e atualizar o estudo do tema diante da legislação atualmente vigente no país

Specific defence of interests of a creditor, as a distinct legal institute, as yet has lacked any systematic analysis, therefore many practical questions regarding due application of the said remedies arise. The target of this final paper is thorough and systematic analysis of all three specific defences of creditor’s interests, including the analysis of application requirements, the nature and essence, the aims of the said remedies, also including comparative analysis of the similar remedies established in other countries in order to reveal the nature of the specific defences of creditor’s interests, to provide with practical advice and proposals regarding more efficient application of the said remedies in practice. Summarizing the studied judicial practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Appeal Court of Lithuania, relevant laws, scientific articles, monographs, official commentaries to laws, internet resources and the legal regulation of the other countries on these issues, the specific defences of creditor’s interests (actio Pauliana, oblique action, right of retention) provided in the Civil Code are important creditor’s additional remedies to defend his interests and the efficient application of such remedies ensures the defence of violated interests.

Text in Afrikaans / Theft in South African law is one of the most well-known common law crimes. It is also one of the crimes in respect of which opinions vary considerably. Furtum possessionis is one of the manifestations of the crime of theft at common law. The general requirements of furtum possessionis were already established in Roman law. Emphasis was not placed on the taker of the thing but on the particular position of the person who was deprived of the property. This approach was also followed in Roman-Dutch law. Fur tum possessionis in South African law can be defined as follows: It is the unlawful and intentional appropriation by the owner or someone else of a movable corporeal thing in commercio, in circumstances in which the possessor of the thing has a valid right of retention of the thing, with the intention of depriving the possessor permanently of control of the thing. Theft in the form of furtum possessionis differs in an important respect from theft in the form of the removal of a thing. In the case of removal the complainant can also be a person acting as a holder, that is someone exercising control of the thing on behalf of the owner. In the case of furtum possessionis the complainant is the person with the right of retention and from whose possession the thing is taken away. The accused either possesses the thing as an owner or as a holder before possession of the thing was transferred to the complainant. Mere possession is not enough. The possession of the complainant has to be accompanied by a right to retention. Furthermore the possession of the thing has to be lawful / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

The diploma thesis deals with the comparison of commercial contracts securities in the Czech Republic and in Germany. The first part of the thesis describes the general question of secured transactions. The second chapter deals with comparison of the lien and the right of retention. The third part analyzes penalty, warranty and recognition of an obligation. The last chapter summarizes the main differences between commercial contracts securities in the Czech Republic and in Germany.

The first part of the thesis deals with a description of legal relationships in the international trade and explains the term "international element." Further there is a short description of private international law and international trade law. The second part of the thesis is focused on securing of contractual obligations in the international trade. The third part concerns with explanation of the basic forms of legal relationships in the international trade regulation with regard to securing of contractual obligations. The final part of the thesis deals with a description of securing instruments used in the international trade. At the end of this part there are listed factors which influence the choice of a suitable securing instrument.

Text in Afrikaans / Theft in South African law is one of the most well-known common law crimes. It is also one of the crimes in respect of which opinions vary considerably. Furtum possessionis is one of the manifestations of the crime of theft at common law. The general requirements of furtum possessionis were already established in Roman law. Emphasis was not placed on the taker of the thing but on the particular position of the person who was deprived of the property. This approach was also followed in Roman-Dutch law. Fur tum possessionis in South African law can be defined as follows: It is the unlawful and intentional appropriation by the owner or someone else of a movable corporeal thing in commercio, in circumstances in which the possessor of the thing has a valid right of retention of the thing, with the intention of depriving the possessor permanently of control of the thing. Theft in the form of furtum possessionis differs in an important respect from theft in the form of the removal of a thing. In the case of removal the complainant can also be a person acting as a holder, that is someone exercising control of the thing on behalf of the owner. In the case of furtum possessionis the complainant is the person with the right of retention and from whose possession the thing is taken away. The accused either possesses the thing as an owner or as a holder before possession of the thing was transferred to the complainant. Mere possession is not enough. The possession of the complainant has to be accompanied by a right to retention. Furthermore the possession of the thing has to be lawful / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)