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This composition was written in an effort to test a framework set forth by a group of researchers from the Rand Corporation. Measuring National Power in the Postindustrial Age is a book by Ashley J. Tellis, Janice Bially, Christopher Layne, and Melissa McPherson written with the specific goal of providing a detailed framework that would be useful to the United States' intelligence agencies as they attempt to determine which states will likely become prominent actors on the international stage, and the broader goal of allowing an evaluation of one or two countries rather than a mere rank ordering of states based on traditional uni-or multivariate approaches to measuring national power. The testing of the framework was achieved through the use of two case studies: India and Pakistan. It becomes clear, after using the two case study countries to test the framework, that the framework is an excellent way to organize the collection of data toward the ends listed above, but that the framework has limitations pertaining to the ability to actually gather all of the data necessary to successfully fulfill its requirements. The complex nature of the framework made for an exhaustive search for data and information dealing with India and Pakistan but ultimately allowed for reasonable assessment of national power in the two countries, not in the sense of which one was definitively more or less powerful, but rather, in a way that allows for the assessment of areas of strength and weakness country that a country may have. / Master of Arts

This dissertation is about 'transtructures', a term coined to describe new kinds of infrastructures that are more attentive and responsive to the needs of contemporary society, its emerging economies and technological capabilities. The purpose of this inquiry is to begin to explore the character and possibilities of a design practice that could guide responsibly and ethically the transition of existing industrial infrastructures towards these new configurations: what processes it could follow, and what materials it could include. Through a series of design experiments in the areas of logistics and telecommunications, I started to prototype and develop a programmatic framework for a 'redirective' design practice, which is aimed at engaging publics with infrastructural issues. Design probes and speculative mockups have been employed to express and materialize present and future infrastructural configurations, opening them up to public scrutiny and participation. The premise of this work is fairly simple: if we want to provide more citizen-centered solutions to emerging social demands, we need to explore what changes are possible, and even required, within the industrial systems that currently frame our possibilities for implementing such innovations. Thus, certain design interventions will be necessary to allow people outside these systems to understand and relate to these networks and to identify possibilities for their transformation. The result of this inquiry is the early 'prototype' of what a practice for redirecting and transitioning towards the design of such postindustrial infrastructures could be like. In particular, it exemplifies how design may inquire into the artificial space of industrial infrastructures and explore opportunities for their reconfiguration toward more contextually adaptive forms and functions.

El eje central de la investigación de tesis doctoral son las transformaciones espaciales, funcionales y estructurales, ocurridas dentro del ámbito central del Camp de Tarragona, en un período de tiempo específico (1977 - 2008) y con especial énfasis en los cambios de localización de las piezas de producción, distribución y consumo, y su impacto sobre el territorio. Para introducir el concepto de la metropolización del territorio, a la investigación de caso le antecede un apartado teórico que revisa sus diferentes modalidades y sus causas estructurales, distinguiéndose entre los ámbitos norteamericano y europeo.El interés principal de esta investigación es observar los cambios ocurridos en un lapso de tiempo determinado en regiones urbanas con presencia de ciudades intermedias que contengan fenómenos de dispersión, aglomeración y polarización, semejantes a los fenómenos ocurridos en regiones metropolitanas de primer orden. Se busca con ello, demostrar la tendencia actual de las ciudades intermedias a seguir aunque con caracteres específicos , procesos similares de metropolización territorial que han seguido las regiones urbanas mayores.Además de identificar las transformaciones en las relaciones jerárquicas y resaltar las nuevas estructuras territoriales generadas por las lógicas de localización de las piezas productivas, de distribución y de consumo (polaridades, clusters, dispersiones, redes), se verifica la noción general de una tendencia a la "terciarización" del espacio metropolitano y se detectan hechos innovadores (fenómenos que por su carácter de novedad, tienen una influencia enorme sobre su entorno) que tienden a la consolidación de un territorio sectorizado y en el que se ha observado una transformación en la escala de las operaciones urbanísticas (de la manzana al sector).El objetivo principal de la investigación es aumentar el conocimiento, ante la escasez de estudios urbanos apoyados en análisis espaciales de análisis gráficos, sobre la metropolización de ciudades intermedias y su relación con sistemas metropolitanos mayores.Se plantea a priori, que es un proceso en curso la terciarización del espacio en regiones metropolitanas intermedias como el Camp de Tarragona; que la localización de las grandes piezas de producción y consumo obedecen más a una lógica regional de integración / servicio a una red metropolitana mayor que a una lógica de ordenación local y que, la metropolización del territorio del ámbito central del Camp de Tarragona, por la celeridad de sus trasformaciones y la escala del territorio, podría convertirlo en una conurbación de tamaño considerable.Dichos planteamientos han sido verificados mediante la elaboración y análisis de mapas temáticos que consignan las transformaciones territoriales en un período temporal específico y que permiten, mediante la elaboración de un pequeño sistema de información territorial y su comparación, un análisis cualitativo (del espacio transformado) y cuantitativo (la medición de las transformaciones urbanizadoras). Los mapas elaborados son la expresión de las tendencias, corredores específicos, polarizaciones o cambios de uso de suelo principales que se han producido. / The main axis of this PhD thesis are the spatial, functional and structural transformations, occurred within the central area of the Camp of Tarragona, between 1977 - 2008, with special emphasis on locational changes of production, distribution and consumption and its impact on the built environment. To introduce the concept of territorial metropolisation, the investigation is preceded by a theoretical section which reviews its different ways structural causes, comparing both cases: the North American and the European one. The main goal of this research is to observe and compare changes in clusters of intermediate cities that shows dispersion, agglomeration and polarization, in a similar way bigger metropolitan areas had revealed through time. The aim is thus to show the current trend of intermediate cities to follow similar processes of metropolisation although with specific characteristics that have been developed before by larger urban areas. Aside of identifying the changes in the hierarchical relationships and highlighting the new territorial structures generated by the postindustrial logic of localization of production, distribution and consumption (polarities, clusters, dispersions, networks), we verify the hypothesis that states there is a general tendency of metropolitan areas to shift their land use into services, by detecting innovative events, such as the transformation of big portions of land into service oriented spaces. The main goal of this research is to increase awareness about the shortage of urban studies of the metropolisation process that has been happening in intermediate cities, phenomena widely studied for larger metropolitan areas. The investigation seeks to demonstrate how these intermediate cities tend to follow a different way of metropolisation, mainly because they are subdued to what happens in larger metropolitan areas, and they follow a regional logic in an attempt to be part of a major regional network, rather than been (the metropolisation) a local urban initiative. Also, we had foreseen that The central area of the Camp of Tarragona due to the rapidness of the changes observed , could be in a years from now a new form of conurbation, yet still hosting metropolization processes. These approaches have been verified by developing and analyzing thematic maps, which records territorial changes in a specific time range and that allow us, through the development of a small GIS, a qualitative analysis (what and in what had the space been transformed) and a quantitative one (how many). The produced maps have answered questions regarding trends, specific corridors, polarizations, or changes in land use at large scale.

Šiuo laikotarpiu pasaulyje vystosi poindustrinė žinių ekonomika, kurioje vyraujančiu ištekliumi tampa žmogaus verslumas, įsisavintos žinios ir informacija tai yra “žmogiškasis kapitalas”, ko pasekoja mažėja pramonė ir darbo jėga joje. Kasmet pastebimos stiprėjančios deindustrializacijos tendencijos visame pasaulyje. Šio darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti pasaulines deindustrializacijos tendencijas, darbo jėgos pasiskirstymą pramonės ir paslaugų sektoriuose ir dėl to vykstančius užimtumo pokyčius. Pirmoje darbo dalyje yra analizuojama ekonominės evoliucijos eiga nuo agrarinės iki poindustrinės ekonomikos, deindustrializacijos ir poindustrinės visuomenės sąvokos, globalizacijos ir deindustrializacijos sąryšis. Antroje darbo dalyje analizuojamas pasaulinis darbo jėgos mažėjimas pramonėje, augimas paslaugų sektoriuje ir poveikis bendram užimtumui, iškeliamos hipotezės, kurios nagrinėjamos ir įrodomos trečioje darbo dalyje. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje regresinės analizės metodu pagalba yra pateikiami darbo jėgos mažėjimo pramonėje ir poveikio bendram užimtumui rezultatai bei pramonės ateities stabilumo perspektyvos. / This time the economy in the world is changing from the preindustrial to the postindustrial, there the main resource is human capital. In this period labour force in the industry is declining, but it‘s share is increasing in the service sector. Tendencies of the deindustrialization are becoming stronger and stronger every year. The purpose of this diploma is to analyse tendencies of the deindustrialization, distribution of labour force in the industry and in the service sector and deindustrialization influence to the total employment. In the first part of the diploma, the motion of economic evolution is analised, also the conceptions of the deindustrialization and postindustrial society and at the end of the first part of the work, author is trying to find the conection between the deindustrialization and the globalization out. In the second part of the diploma the distribution of the labour force in the world is analysed, declining of industry and labour force working there, also author frames two hipotezes at the begining and at the end of the second part. In the third part of the diploma author describes the results of the decline in industry‘s labour force ant its influence to the total employment, with the help of the statistical regression methods. In the third part author gives the perspectives of future industry stability.

This dissertation explores the claim that, in advanced capitalist countries like Canada, a powerful knowledge class is assuming increasing dominance within the social relations of production. Attached to such theories are claims of trends toward post-bureaucratic organizations, rising job complexity and autonomy, and increased power within operational and strategic decision-making processes. In my study I focus on Canadian “specialist” employees (professionals and semi-professionals) and managers. I present aggregated and disaggregated data from two Canadian surveys conducted in 1983 and 2004 and complement this with original interviews with information technology (IT) workers and engineers. I find a seeming paradox within the labour process of specialists and managers, with task-level autonomy declining even as job complexity and involvement in organizational decisions are rising. I provide evidence that imperatives for profit/cost effectiveness are leading to efforts to make specialist and managerial labour and knowledge more transparent, integrated, and manageable, but this is not the same as degradation or proletarianization. In contrast to my expectation, I find boundaries in the division of labour are durable despite this “socialization” of many labour processes. I argue that a specialist-and-managerial class (SMC) exists in Canada, and will continue to exist, though it is subordinate to and exploited by the capitalist elite even as it excludes and exploits the working class through occupational closure and credential barriers. The SMC is thus contradictory, internally heterogeneous and fraying at its borders, but simultaneously resilient. The resiliency comes via possession of specific strategic knowledge and consequent ability to secure rents and/or control specific organization assets via delegated authority. Resiliency is also structural, with management in many organizations retaining an interest in separating planning and design (“conception”), on the one hand, from process and completion (“execution”), on the other, in order to maximize efficiency and productivity through more centralized control.

This dissertation explores the claim that, in advanced capitalist countries like Canada, a powerful knowledge class is assuming increasing dominance within the social relations of production. Attached to such theories are claims of trends toward post-bureaucratic organizations, rising job complexity and autonomy, and increased power within operational and strategic decision-making processes. In my study I focus on Canadian “specialist” employees (professionals and semi-professionals) and managers. I present aggregated and disaggregated data from two Canadian surveys conducted in 1983 and 2004 and complement this with original interviews with information technology (IT) workers and engineers. I find a seeming paradox within the labour process of specialists and managers, with task-level autonomy declining even as job complexity and involvement in organizational decisions are rising. I provide evidence that imperatives for profit/cost effectiveness are leading to efforts to make specialist and managerial labour and knowledge more transparent, integrated, and manageable, but this is not the same as degradation or proletarianization. In contrast to my expectation, I find boundaries in the division of labour are durable despite this “socialization” of many labour processes. I argue that a specialist-and-managerial class (SMC) exists in Canada, and will continue to exist, though it is subordinate to and exploited by the capitalist elite even as it excludes and exploits the working class through occupational closure and credential barriers. The SMC is thus contradictory, internally heterogeneous and fraying at its borders, but simultaneously resilient. The resiliency comes via possession of specific strategic knowledge and consequent ability to secure rents and/or control specific organization assets via delegated authority. Resiliency is also structural, with management in many organizations retaining an interest in separating planning and design (“conception”), on the one hand, from process and completion (“execution”), on the other, in order to maximize efficiency and productivity through more centralized control.

Submitted by Cristiane de Melo Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@unifesp.br) on 2018-04-10T18:54:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubia de Araujo Ramos.pdf: 838525 bytes, checksum: eacc735736cc43d276b4b49d7c372706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diogo Misoguti (diogo.misoguti@gmail.com) on 2018-04-11T18:48:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubia de Araujo Ramos.pdf: 838525 bytes, checksum: eacc735736cc43d276b4b49d7c372706 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T18:48:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubia de Araujo Ramos.pdf: 838525 bytes, checksum: eacc735736cc43d276b4b49d7c372706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / A necessidade de reflexão sobre as condições da vida social contemporânea é a razão que anima esta pesquisa. Trata-se de um estudo sobre o pensamento sociológico e político de Alain Touraine, que em sua fase mais recente busca compreender a vida social entre os limites da racionalização e da subjetivação. Para realizá-la, construo uma análise da concepção do autor sobre modernidade e “sociedade pós-industrial”, de modo a obter uma exposição das origens e ascendências do conceito de sujeito. A seleção de alguns conceitos do repertório touraineano, tais como dissociação e desmodernização, serve de base teórica para descrever as disposições do meio social que, segundo essa perspectiva, corroboram a construção de um novo paradigma, onde emerge o sujeito. Três períodos distintos da modernidade são descritos para compor o conjunto formador da reflexão acerca dos contrassensos e das mudanças significativas da história ocidental moderna, assim como, da necessidade de questões culturais protagonizarem os conflitos no âmbito da vida social, conforme Touraine defende. As condições democráticas na sociedade pós-industrial, discutidas pelo autor, registram os desdobramentos do fenômeno da dissociação, revelando a democracia como porta de entrada para o retorno do ator, apresentado na figura do sujeito, e a conquista da unidade dos Estados modernos. Em linhas gerais, a Sociologia de Touraine mostra as nuances entre a noção de sujeito e de cultura democrática, sendo que o primeiro se destaca pela ação que lhe é intrínseca, a capacidade de transformação e reconstrução da modernidade. / The need to reflect about the social life condition at contemporary times is the main reason that inspires this research. It refers to a study regard to the sociological and political Alain Touraine’s thoughts. His most recent work try to understand the limit of rationalization and the subjective perception of social life. In this manner, I am putting together an analysis about author point of view regarding the modernity and ‘postindustrial society’, with purpose to obtain a clear exposition about the origin and ancestry of subject concept. The selection of some Touraine’s repertory concepts, like dissociation and anti-modernization, provides a theoretical basis to describe the arrangements of social milieu which according to this perspective, imposes the construction of a new archetype, where the subject arises. Three distinct modern periods are described as a builder of the reflection group around nonsenses and meaningful changes of occidental modern history, in the same way that the necessity of cultural questions, perform conflicts in the social life environment, just like Touraine supports. According to author’s discussions, the democratic conditions at postindustrial society, lead to an outcome of the dissociation phenomenon, emphasizing the democracy, first, as an entrance gate to the main player return, represented in this case, by the subject figure and second, as the main pillar of the modern unified State. In general words, the regulated content of Touraine’s Sociology, just reveals the slight border between subject sense and the democratic culture, where the first one is distinguished by his particular role in society, or in another way, the capacity to transform and rebuild the modernity.

This thesis deals with communities of arthropods (and partly also vascular plants) colonising diverse anthropogenic sites. It reveals a conservation potential of these sites and focus on ecological requirements of both whole communities and individual species generalising these findings for usage in restoration of these sites.

Young white men with a working background are described as the losers of the postindustrial society: as being in a marginalized position in which they are at risk of being rejected in the educational system, in the labour market and in social relations. This study examines to which degree the descriptions, provided by the Swedish political parties Socialdemokraterna and Moderaterna through semi-structured interviews, of a marginalization among young white men with a working class background in Sweden coincides with ideas of the postindustrial knowledge society as an explanatory model. Further, the study examines the solutions presented by the parties as a response to a marginalization among young white men with a working background in Sweden. The result shows that the problematization of a marginalization among these young men largely coincides with the postindustrial knowledge society as an explanatory model. Furthermore, it is possible to identify ideological dividing lines in the solutions that are launched: where collectivist views of society are most evident in the solutions presented by Socialdemokraterna, and individualistic views of society in the solutions presented by Moderaterna. An optimistic view of man is further identified in the solutions presented by both parties.