Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2152393 bytes, checksum: 0f0939a48e1e6c1071cbaaeed61a29a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work was developed with the objective of evaluating the production and the forage features, as well as the cattle performance, in Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pastures supplemented under different periods of postponement and grazing. The experiment was led in the Forage Sector of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Viçosa, MG, during the period of January of 2004 to September of 2005. In this period, the rehearsal was repeated twice. The first rehearsal was accomplished from January to September of 2004 and, it was denominated of YEAR 1. The second rehearsal was accomplished from January to September of 2005 and, it was denominated of YEAR 2. A completely randomized block experimental design was used with two replications, in an outline of split-plot. The treatments consisted of postponement periods of the pasture, corresponding to the primary factor (main plot), and grazing periods, referring to the secondary factor (sub-plot). In the YEAR 1, the levels of the primary factor were 103, 121, 146 and 163 days of postponement; and in the YEAR 2, the levels were 73, 103, 131 and 163 days of postponement. In both years, the grazing periods were 1, 29, 57 and 85 days. It was evaluated the population density of tillers, the mass and the density of the forage and of your morphologic components, the fall index of the sward, the nutritional value of the forage, the supplement intake and the animal production in the postponed swards. The postponement period elevated the population density of reproductive and dead tillers and it reduced the one of vegetative tiller. During the grazing period it happened decrease in the number of vegetative and reproductive tillers and increase in the number of dead tiller. Postponed pastures by larger period possessed larger masses of total forage, forage died and of stem died. With the grazing period, it happened the decrease of the masses of total forage, green forage and green leaf, as well as the increment in the forage masses died and of stem died. The fall index allowed the characterization of the level of fall of the differed sward. In that condition, the measurement of the height of the extended plant associated significantly with the forage mass in the pasture (r = 0,78). The densities of total forage and of forage died increased with the postponement period, while the grazing period increased the stem density died. The behavior of leafs densities during the grazing period was dependent of the postponement periods. The nutritional value of the morphologic components of the sward was altered during the grazing period. The compositions morphologic and chemical of the available forage in the pasture and of the sample of grazing simulation were modified by the periods of postponement and of grazing. Postponed pastures by larger period possess larger mass of dry matter potentially digestible. During the grazing period, the intake of the supplement, expressed in percentage of the animal weight, was constant. The cattle performance decreased during the grazing period, as well as in those postponed pastures by larger period, what was related to the structural characteristics of the postponed swards. In the area of Viçosa, the performance of cattle in creates again, maintained in postponed pastures is maximized when the fertilized and supplemented swards of Brachiaria decumbens is postponed for about 70 days and used under grazing starting from the month of July. / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e as características da forragem e o desempenho de bovinos em pastagens diferidas de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk em diferentes períodos de diferimento e de pastejo. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor Forragicultura da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, em Viçosa, MG, durante o período de janeiro de 2004 a setembro de 2005, de modo que o ensaio foi repetido duas vezes. O primeiro ensaio, denominado ANO 1, foi realizado no período de janeiro a setembro de 2004 e o segundo, denominado ANO 2, foi realizado de janeiro a setembro de 2005. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro períodos de diferimento da pastagem (103, 121, 146 e 163 dias para o ANO 1 e 73, 103, 131 e 163 dias para o ANO 2), correspondentes ao fator primário (parcela), e de quatro períodos de pastejo (1, 29, 57 e 85 dias para ambos os anos), referentes ao fator secundário (subparcela). Avaliaram-se a densidade populacional de perfilhos, a massa e densidade da forragem e de seus componentes morfológicos, o índice de tombamento do pasto, o valor nutritivo da forragem, o consumo de suplemento e a produção animal nas pastagens diferidas. O período de diferimento elevou a densidade populacional de perfilhos reprodutivos e mortos e reduziu a de perfilhos vegetativos. Durante o período de pastejo, verificou-se redução no número de perfilhos vegetativos e reprodutivos e aumento no número de perfilhos mortos. Pastagens diferidas por maior período apresentaram maiores massas de forragem total, de forragem morta e de colmo morto. Com o aumento do período de pastejo, houve decréscimo das massas de forragem total, de forragem verde e de lâmina foliar verde e acréscimo nas massas de forragem morta e de colmo morto. O índice de tombamento permitiu a caracterização do nível de acamamento do pasto diferido. Nessa condição, a altura da planta estendida esteve significativamente associada à massa de forragem na pastagem (r = 0,78). As densidades de forragem total e de forragem morta aumentaram com o período de diferimento, enquanto o período de pastejo incrementou a densidade de colmo morto. Houve interação entre períodos de diferimento e de pastejo para as densidades das lâminas foliares. O período de pastejo afetou o valor nutritivo dos componentes morfológicos da pastagem. Os períodos de diferimento e de pastejo influenciaram as composições morfológica e química da forragem disponível na pastagem e da amostra de simulação de pastejo. Pastagens diferidas por maior período possuem maior massa de matéria seca potencialmente digestível. Durante o período de pastejo, o consumo do suplemento, em porcentagem do peso animal, manteve-se constante. O desempenho dos bovinos diminuiu durante o período de pastejo e nas pastagens diferidas por maior período, o que esteve relacionado às características estruturais dos pastos diferidos. Na região de Viçosa, o desempenho de bovinos em recria mantidos em pastagens diferidas é maximizado quando a pastagem adubada de Brachiaria decumbens é diferida por cerca de 70 dias e pastejada a partir do mês de julho.

The dissertation provides information about problems of school maturity. The theoretical part of the dissertation focuses on elucidation of problems of school maturity from the pedagogical-psychological point of view, including its definition as well as specification of terms. This part is also concentrated on possible causes of school immaturity and on the methods of school maturity identification either. The practical part of focuses on scanning of children with necessary postponement of school attendance in two stages {--} the January 2007 enrolment of children and the February 2008 enrolment of the same group of children after a year postponement of school attendance ( the experimental sample included 20 children at the pre {--} school age ). Characteristics of the children in the time of the first enrolment and after the postponement a year later were recognized by means of questionnaire methods, the Fundamental Test of School Maturity and examination. Those characteristics were compared and evaluated. Consequently, designated presumptions concerning of functionality of school attendance postponement were clarified. The conclusion summarizes detected facto about school attendance postponement that was proved to be effective in the case of the examined children.

Background: The total fertility rate (TFR) in South Korea has fallen below 1.3 since 2001. The role of the rapid shift toward a late-childbearing pattern in driving Korean fertility decline to this ultra-low level has been little explored until now. Objective: We provide an in-depth analysis of period fertility trends by birth order in South Korea from 1981 to 2015, when the period TFR fell from 2.57 to extremely low levels. Methods: We combine census and birth registration data to estimate period and cohort fertility indicators by birth order. We compare changes in conventional TFR with tempo- and parity-adjusted total fertility rate (TFRp*) and their birth-order-specific components. Results: The tempo effect linked to the shift toward delayed childbearing has had a strong and persistent negative influence on period TFRs in South Korea since the early 1980s. Without the shift to later childbearing, period fertility rates in South Korea would consistently stay higher and decline more gradually, reaching a threshold of very low fertility, 1.5, only in 2014. The postponement of childbearing and the resulting tempo effect were strongest in the early 2000s, when Korean TFR reached the lowest levels. More recently, Korean fertility has been characterized by a diminishing tempo effect and falling first and second birth rates. This trend marks a break with the previous pattern of almost universal fertility and a strong two-child family model. Contribution: Our study demonstrates the importance of the tempo effect in explaining the shift to ultra-low fertility in South Korea and in East Asia.

In this thesis, we analyze the effect that price postponement has on the performance and coordination of a two-stage supply chain facing consumer returns. In an extended news-vendor setting with a single product, a single manufacturer and a single retailer who faces stochastic and price-dependend demand, we allow the retailer to postpone his decision on the retail price until after demand uncertainty is resolved. A certain percentage of sold products is returned, which results in reverse logistics costs and a full refund for both consumer and retailer. In this setting we conduct an extensive computational study to investigate the value of considering returns in the optimization approach if the decision on the retail price is postponed. Moreover we analyze the value of the additional information gained by price postponement both if returns are considered or ignored. We present the impact on the equilibrium values of profits and decision variables for both the centralized and decentralized system and consider different incentive schemes to find out whether coordination is possible.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur mäklarna i Sverige använder sig av sina kunskaper inom kapitalvinstbeskattning och uppskov gentemot sina kunder. Vi undersöker också om kunder som någon gång sålt och köpt bostad önskar att mäklare visar dem hur deras ekonomiska situation efter bostadsförsäljningen kommer att se ut. Vi frågar även de intervjuade kunderna om deras kunskaper kring uppskov och om det var någonting mäklaren förklarade för dem. Vi undersöker alltså vad kunden vill ha av mäklaren och jämför det med vad mäklarna tror att kunderna vill ha.  Vi genomförde fem kvalitativa intervjuer med mäklare från olika områden och företag i Sverige. Vi ville få en bild av hur de använder sig av nettokalkyler och information om uppskov i praktiken och även veta hur de uppfattar kundernas kunskaper kring ämnet. Vi intervjuade även 69 personer som någon gång sålt och köpt en bostad. Vi intervjuade dem genom att använda oss av en enkät där de fick flervalsfrågor med alternativ för “övrigt”. Vi ville lägga fokus på hur deras process med mäklaren gick till och om mäklaren erbjöd dem information och hjälp med kapitalvinstbeskattning och uppskov. Vi ville även veta om deras kunskaper kring ämnet ökade efter att de anlitat mäklaren eller om de redan hade kunskaperna som behövs.  Våra huvudresultat var att det skiljer sig väldigt mycket åt ifall mäklaren informerar kunden om deras ekonomiska situation före eller efter försäljningen av deras bostad. Vissa mäklare använder sig dagligen av nettokalkyler på sitt första möte med kunden och vissa använder det endast vid hjälp med deklarationen. Några mäklare sa att deras kunder oftast har bra koll på det som behöver vetas angående kapitalvinstbeskattningen och uppskov medan vissa sa att deras kunder har väldigt dålig koll. Det är de mäklare som använder sig av en nettokalkyl på intagen som också säger att kunderna oftast vill ha det. Det som enkätundersökningen visar är att majoriteten av de intervjuade kunderna vill ha hjälp med kapitalvinstberäkningen och information om uppskovet och kostnaden för att ta uppskov. Kundernas uppfattning av en mäklare som informerar om detta är att mäklaren är kunnig och bryr sig om dem. / This thesis analyzes real estate brokers’ use of their knowledge concerning capital income taxes (CIT) and postponement taxes in response to customers. We further analyze if customers that once have sold or bought an accommodation would have liked to have the broker examine their future economic status after finished transactions. Additionally, we interview customers regarding their understanding of postponement taxes. We analyze what a customer asks of a broker and compare those answers to what brokers assume the customer wants.  We performed five interviews with brokers from different regions and businesses in Sweden. We sought to understand how brokers use the "net calculus" and information regarding postponement taxes in practice, and also to determine how brokers apprehend customers' overall knowledge on the subject. Furthermore, we interviewed 69 people who had experience of either selling or buying an accommodation. The interviews were carried out through multiple-choice surveys. The surveys concentrated on the individual's experience of the process with their broker, specifically how the process went, if the broker offered satisfying information and if help with capital income taxes and postponement taxes were provided. Additionally, we sought to understand if the sellers' knowledge increased after consulting with a broker, or if they already had the necessary knowledge.  Primarily, our research concluded that the information customers received concerning their economic status before or after the transaction varied excessively. Some brokers use “net calculus” throughout the whole process starting at the first meeting and others only use it when assisting with the declaration. A few brokers presume that their customers usually have the necessary knowledge concerning capital income taxes and postponement taxes; in contrast, some brokers claimed the customers do not. Furthermore, the brokers that use “net calculus” from the first meeting argue that most customers appreciate the use of it. Among conducted multiple- choice surveys, a majority express a desire to receive assistance with calculations of capital profits and information about the costs regarding postponement. The overall perception of the customer is that a broker who informs about this is one that is knowledgeable and cares for the customer.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the determination of the development characteristics of the period from the age of three to eight (i.e. pre-school and younger school age). The principal focus is on the issue of school maturity, the possibilities of its diagnosis and the pupils' adaptation to the first year of primary school. The empirical part introduces a quantitative research focused on some diagnostic methods (the Orientation Test of School Maturity - Orientační test školní zralosti, the Knowledge Test of Pre-school Children - Zkouška znalostí předškolních dětí and The Star - Wave Test) and the possibility of using these methods for predicting a child's adaptation to the first year of primary school. The thesis aims to examine how these methods could be used and also to show the possible limits related to using these methods. Keywords: school maturity, diagnostics, postponement, preschool age, primary schoool matriculation, adaptation

Reasons for discontinuation of distraint - Abstract The subject-matter of this diploma thesis are the reasons for the discontinuation of distraint performed by a court distrainor in accordance with the Rules of Distraining. The importance of the chosen topic is justified by the fact that the only means the liable party can use to effectively defend themselves against distraint is a motion for the discontinuation or postponement of distraint. The first part of the diploma thesis deals with sources of the legal regulation, the most important amendments and the basic terminology which is closely related to the discussed procedural institute of the discontinuation of distraint. One of the key principles governing the distraint proceedings is the principle of protecting and defending the liable party while performing distraint. The chapter focused on basic principles affecting the course of the distraint proceedings deals particularly with those principles that are applied in the stage of the distraint proceedings from the filing of the motion for the discontinuation of distraint, or the motion for the postponement of distraint, until a decision on that motion is taken, or also in the cases where a decision on the discontinuation of distraint is taken even without filing a motion. The chapter focusing on the...

本研究先將延遲策略在全球運籌管理上應用作一完整介紹，再對台灣的電子業進行實証研究，主要目的在探討：1.廠商所從事的延遲策略有那些態樣；2.產品特性對這些延遲策略態樣影嚮；3.消費者需求對這些延遲態樣影嚮；4.生產狀況對這些延遲策略態樣影嚮。 在對台灣電子廠商發放問卷後，從事統計分析，本研究先以因素分析探討目前台灣廠商所從事延遲策略的態樣，進而將這些態樣和公司基本資料、產品特性、消費者特性和生產狀況作相關分析，找出其中關係。而本研究之主要發現如下： 1.廠商從事延遲策略有以下幾種態樣：型態延遲（包裝、生產、標籤、組裝四種，其中包裝和組裝又分成二類），時間延遲，和行銷延遲。廠商亦從事功能性加速。 2.消費者重視時間因素和產品功能，高價值產品、高技術產品、合作產銷、產品有季節性需求和快速生產等因素會造成廠商從事不同的延遲策略。 因此依據研究結果，建議廠商可參考不同的延遲態樣，同時並思考自己的客戶需求、產品特性和生產等因素，在全球運籌管理架構下找出可能的延遲行為，將有助於成本減少和風險的降低。

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 86624.pdf.jpg: 15706 bytes, checksum: 2a1580117c3931e5805c7bf1f9802d30 (MD5) 86624.pdf: 888864 bytes, checksum: 34088da53095bf88146a1cb0b3798994 (MD5) 86624.pdf.txt: 349675 bytes, checksum: d1c3483c4b1b7b0144f25c12d9fa9deb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-21T00:00:00Z / This work deals with the issue, postponement, a concept that is becoming more and more important in recent years. Postponement is an operational concept that aims to delay activities until customer orders are received. Despite of the potential theoretical and strategic importance of this subject, his implementation process is still not well known in the Brazilian business environment. The purpose of this thesis was to study the implementation of postponement in five companies in Brazil, having in mind to identify the reason why their executives adopted such strategy. What are the drives and the obstacles to the implementation and what was the postponement’s contribution to increase the competition. A compilation of different models was done, categorized, compared and criticized. / Esta tese discute a implementação da estratégia de postponement, um conceito que vem crescendo de importancia nos últimos anos. Postponement é um conceito operacional que consiste em retardar a configuração final de produtos até que os pedidos dos consumidores sejam recebidos. Apesar da atratividade teórica e relevancia do tema, pouco ainda se sabe sobre seu processo de implementação, especialmente no ambiente de negócio brasileiro. Esta pesquisa investigou em profundidade a implementação de postponement em cinco conceituadas empresas no Brasil procurando identificar os motivos que levaram seus respectivos executivos a adotarem tal estratégia, quais foram os agentes facilitadores e os obstáculos à implementação e, finalmente, até que ponto o postponement contribui para um aumento da competitividade. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa para investigar a relação entre aplicações de postponement e características ágeis da cadeia de suprimentos.

Analysing fertility developments in selected European countries between 1970 and 2014 using alternative methods Abstract Transversal fertility indices as the total fertility rate are distorted by tempo effect when timing of childbearing is changing. New indices as the tempo-adjusted total fertility rate remove this distortion and give another perspective on fertility trends in countries with present tempo effect. These countries are former Eastern Bloc countries and other European countries. This thesis uses the tempo-adjusted total fertility rate and data from Human Fertility Database to describe tempo distortion in fertility level in Sweden, Norway, Czechia, Slovakia, Estonia and Lithuania in period 1970-2014. A more detailed analysis by parity in Sweden and Czechia is conducted in the same period. Negative tempo effect has been present from 1970s in Sweden and Norway and then from 90s in the countries left with fertility postponement being very widespread. The tempo effect level in Sweden and Czechia was substantial at parity one and diminishing with higher parities. Keywords: fertility, timing, level, postponement, adjusted total fertility rate, tempo effect Number of characters without blank spaces: 138 653