La cytokinèse est un processus fondamental prenant place à la fin de la mitose et permettant la séparation des deux cellules filles. Un défaut de cytokinèse peut mener à une ségrégation anormale des chromosomes et engendrer des phénomènes de cancer. Dans beaucoup d'organismes eucaryotes, la cytokinèse nécessite l'assemblage et la contraction d'un anneau d'actomyosine permettant la formation d'un sillon et la réorganisation de la membrane cellulaire au site de clivage. Dans la plupart de ces organismes, des protéines du cytosquelette appelées septines participent à la cytokinèse. Chez la levure bourgeonnante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cinq septines sont exprimées durant la mitose (Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12 et Shs1). Ces protéines ont la capacité de s'assembler en un anneau au niveau du site de bourgeonnement, lieu de séparation entre la cellule mère et la cellule fille. Cet anneau de septines permet la fixation et le recrutement de nombreuses protéines intervenant dans la cytokinèse. La dynamique des septines change durant le cycle cellulaire, ce qui a une importance dans la régulation de la cytokinèse. La stabilisation de cet anneau est accompagnée d'un changement du niveau de phosphorylation des septines, mais les kinases responsables de ces modifications restent inconnues. Les travaux de l'équipe de Simonetta Piatti ont mis en évidence un nouveau rôle de la GTPase Rho1 et de sa cible, la protéine kinase C (Pkc1), dans la régulation de la dynamique des septines. Le but de ce travail de thèse était de déterminer les voies moléculaires par lesquelles la protéine Pkc1 intervient dans le recrutement et la stabilisation de l'anneau de septines. Pour se faire nous avons purifié le complexe de septines chez la levure bourgeonnante en présence ou en absence de la protéine Pkc1 et nous l'avons analysé par spectrométrie de masse. Cette analyse nous a permis d'observer que le niveau de phosphorylation d'un cluster (îlot) de 5 sérines était diminué sur Shs1. L'alignement de séquence nous a permis de constater que ce domaine était conservé dans la septine Cdc11. Par ailleurs ces deux protéines sont connues pour jouer un rôle dans l'assemblage des filaments et la formation de l'anneau de septines. Il a déjà été observé qu'un mutant phosphomimétique du cluster de sérine de la septine Shs1 empêche la formation des filaments in-vitro. Nous avons voulu caractériser le rôle de ce cluster dans la protéine Cdc11 en créant un mutant non-phosphorylable (CDC11-9A) et un mutant phosphomimétique (CDC11-9D). De manière très évidente, le mutant phosphomimétique provoque des problèmes de cytokinèse dans les cellules dont le gène codant la protéine Shs1 a été supprimé. A l'inverse le mutant non-phosphorylable améliore le phénotype des cellules ne comportant pas Shs1. Ces résultats sont en parfait accord avec l'observation selon laquelle les protéines Shs1 et Cdc11 pourraient avoir des fonctions très similaires, et mettent en avant le rôle important du cluster de sérines phosphorylées de Cdc11 lors de la cytokinèse. Nous avons constaté que Pkc1 ne phosphoryle pas directement les septines, mais agit par l'intermédiaire de kinases et de phosphatases impliquées dans la régulation des septines. Nous avons pu montrer que Pkc1 régule l'interaction de Gin4 avec les septines, cette kinase étant connue pour sa capacité à phosphoryler Shs1. De plus, nous avons observé que Pkc1 impacte sur le niveau de phosphorylation des deux autres kinases de la même famille, Hsl1 et Kcc4. Par ailleurs, la délétion de PKC1 diminue drastiquement la quantité de protéines Kcc4 dans la cellule.L'absence de Pkc1 augmente également l'interaction entre les septines et Bni4, une sous-unité régulatrice de la phosphatase PP1. Nous avons également observé que Bni4-PP1 peut déphosphoryler Cdc11, expliquant la diminution de son niveau de phosphorylation en cas d'absence de la protéine Pkc1.Ces travaux mettent en évidence que Pkc1 est un nouveau régulateur majeur des septines dans la levure. / Cytokinesis is the last step of mitosis and is the fundamental process leading to the physical separation of two daughter cells. Defects in cytokinesis generate polyploid cells that are prone to chromosome missegregation and cancer development. In animal cells and fungi, cytokinesis requires the formation and contraction of an actomyosin ring that drives ingression of the cleavage furrow. Additional cytoskeletal proteins called septins contribute to cytokinesis. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five different septins are expressed during the mitotic cell cycle (Cdc3, Cdc10, Cdc11, Cdc12 and Shs1). All septins, except for Shs1, are essential for cell viability. Yeast septins form filaments that in turn organize into a ring at the bud neck, which is the constriction between the mother and the future daughter cell where cytokinesis takes place. The septin ring then expands into a rigid septin collar that acts as scaffold for cytokinesis by recruiting most cytokinetic proteins to the bud neck. Cell cycle-regulated changes in septin ring dynamics are thought to be important for its cytokinetic functions and formation of the rigid septin collar is accompanied by septin phosphorylation. However, the kinases responsible for these modifications have not been fully characterized. Unpublished data from our laboratory indicate that the Rho1 GTPase, which is essential for actomyosin ring formation and contraction, and its target protein kinase C (Pkc1) contribute to deposition and stabilization of the septin ring. Here, we have addressed how Pkc1 regulates septin ring deposition and/or stability. To this end, septin complexes were purified from yeast and analyzed by mass spectrometry, comparing wild type and pkc1Δ mutant cells. This mass spectrometry analysis clearly showed that phosphorylation of a cluster of residues in Shs1 decreased in the absence of Pkc1. Interestingly, we found that this cluster is conserved in the septin Cdc11, which together with Shs1 is known to play an important role in the assembly of high-order structures like filaments and rings. Phosphomimetic mutations of the phosphorylatable cluster in Shs1 have been previously shown to disrupt filament formation in-vitro. We therefore proceeded to mutagenise the same cluster in Cdc11, generating a phosphomimetic (CDC11-9D) and in a non-phosphorylatable mutant (CDC11-9A). Strikingly, the phosphomimetic CDC11-9D caused cytokinesis defects in cells lacking Shs1, whereas the non-phosphorylatable CDC11-9A allele partially rescued the sickness of shs1∆ mutant cells. These observations are in agreement with the notion that Cdc11 and Shs1 share overlapping functions and highlight an important role of the phosphorylatable cluster of Cdc11 for cytokinesis. We also found that Pkc1 does not phosphorylate septins directly, but rather regulates the activity of septin kinases and phosphatases. Consistently, we show that Pkc1 affects the interaction between septins and the bud neck kinase Gin4, which is known to interact with septins and to phosphorylate them. In addition, Pkc1 impacts on the phosphorylation of two additional bud neck kinases, Hsl1 and Kcc4, which are part of the same family of Nim1-related kinases as Gin4. In addition, PKC1 deletion leads to a dramatic decrease in the levels of Kcc4 , so that it is barely detected at the bud neck.Deletion of PKC1 affects also the interaction between septins and the Bni4 protein, which is a regulatory subunit for the PP1 phosphatase at the bud neck. In turn, we found that Bni4-PP1 modulates Cdc11 phosphorylation, thereby explaining how the latter is decreased in the absence of Pkc1. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that Pkc1 is a novel major regulator of septins in yeast.

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No description available.

Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease. PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1, functions as a serine/threonine kinase as well as a protector of mitochondrial function. Mutations in PINK1 gene result in either mitochondria dysfunction or disruption of kinase signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PD. In this thesis, oxidative stress levels were examined in the brain of PINK1 knockout mice, and also how heme oxygenase-1 and biliverdin reductase are affected in brain of PINK1 knockout mice. In addition, posttranslational modifications are a way to control the behavior of proteins, so posttranslational modifications of the brain of PINK1 knockout mice, including both oxidative modification and phosphorylative modification, were examined.

Oxidative stress is an important factor in carcinogenesis of oncohematological diseases. However its role in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remains unclear. In this study, we have determined the oxidative status and evaluated proteomic changes in plasma of MDS patients as a consequence of oxidative dysbalance (oxidative modifications, protein-protein interaction and complex forming). We measured the levels of total cysteine, homocysteine, cysteinyglycine, glutathione, nitrites and nitrates in the plasma from 61 MDS patients and 23 healthy donors using high performance liquid chromatography. Glutathione and nitrites levels reduced significantly while other aminothiols levels increased significantly in plasma of MDS patients. This association with oxidative stress did not correlate with iron overload. We also found enhanced levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in serums of middle aged patients with MDS that correlate to posttranslational modifications of proteins arginyl residues. Furthermore, carbonylated proteins level was significantly elevated in MDS patients compared to healthy donors. Using mass spectrometry, 5 S-nitrosylated blood platelets proteins were identified in plasma and blood platelets of MDS patients and set of 16 plasma proteins with high probability of...

Circadiane Uhren sind endogene Oszillatoren, die tägliche Rhythmen in Physiologie, Metabolismus und Verhalten steuern. Auf molekularem Level wird die Dynamik der circadianen Oszillation über ein genregulatorisches Netzwerk aus transkriptionellen-translationalen Rückkopplungsschleifen gesteuert. Posttranslationale Modifikationen von Uhrproteinen sind für eine präzise Justierung der circadianen Periode essentiell. Dabei spielt die Phosphorylierung von Uhrproteinen für die Regulation von Aktivität, Stabilität und intrazellulärer Lokalisation eine wichtige Rolle. Bisher sind verschiedene Kinasen als Modulatoren der circadianen Uhr charakterisiert worden, jedoch ist eine funktionale Rolle von Protein Phosphatasen bisher nur unzureichend untersucht. In dieser Arbeit wurde mittels eines RNAi-basierten Screenings in oszillierenden humanen Zellen untersucht, ob sich die gezielte Depletion katalytischer Untereinheiten der Serin/Threonin-Phosphatasen auf die normale Oszillationsdynamik auswirkt und welche Rolle ausgewählte Phosphatase-Kandidaten für die posttranslationale Kontrolle des molekularen Oszillators spielen. Die RNAi vermittelte Depletion von Protein Phosphatase 4 führte gewebe- und speziesübergreifend zu einer signifikant kurzen circadianen Periode, während die Überexpression von wildtypischer Pp4c in einer stark reprimierten Amplitude resultierte. Mechanistische Untersuchungen zur funktionellen Relevanz von PP4c für die Regulation der circadianen Uhr zeigten, dass PP4c womöglich eine duale Rolle spielt: Einerseits ist PP4c in die direkte Aktivierung des Bmal1-Promotors über RRE-Elemente involviert. Anderseits wirkt PP4c inhibierend auf die CLOCK/BMAL1-vermittelte, E-Box getriebene Genexpression. Ein favorisiertes Modell fundiert auf der Vermutung, dass eine durch PP4c induzierte Modulation des Phosphorylierungsstatus von BMAL1 zu einem stabilen, aber transktiptionsinaktiven BMAL1 und damit zu einer verstärkten Repression der Uhrgentranskription führt. / Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators that drive daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism and behavior. On the molecular level the dynamics of circadian oscillations are regulated by a transcriptional-translational gene-regulatory network. Posttranslational modifications of clock proteins are essential for the precise timing of an about 24 hour-period. Among these modifications, protein phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating activity, stability and intracellular localization of clock proteins. Several kinases were characterized as regulators of the circadian clock. However, the function of protein phosphatases, which balance phosphorylation events, in the mammalian clock mechanism is less well understood. By using a systematic RNAi-based approach in oscillating human cells, this work aimed to study the impact of catalytic subunits of Serine/Threonin-phosphatases on normal circadian dynamics and the functional role of potential candidates in the posttranslational control of the mammalian molecular oscillator. This study demonstrates, that genetic depletion of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 4 results independently from tissue and species in a significant shorter period, whereas overexpression of wildtype PP4c results in a severely reduced amplitude rhythm. Mechanistic experiments to uncover the functional relevance of PP4c in the regulation of the circadian clock showed, that PP4c plays a dual role: Firstly, PP4 is involved in the direct activation of the Bmal1-promotor via RRE elements. Secondly, PP4c is inhibiting the CLOCK/BMAL1-mediated gene expression. A favored model is based on the assumption, that PP4c-induced modulation of the phosphorylation status of BMAL1 leads to a more stable and transcriptional inactive protein and thereby to a repression of the transcription of clock genes.

Über die Proteinphosphorylierung in den Mitochondrien der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae ist im Gegensatz zu anderen Kompartimenten nur wenig bekannt. Insbesondere hinsichtlich der physiologischen Bedeutung sowie den an der Modifikation beteiligten Enzymen sind kaum Daten verfügbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund stand die Identifizierung und molekularbiologische Charakterisierung mitochondrialer Proteinkinasen (PKasen) und Proteinphosphatasen (PPasen) im Fokus dieser Arbeit. Unter Verwendung komparativer 2D DIGE-Analysen konnten zwei Strategien erfolgreich verfolgt werden: Zum einen wurde die Konsequenz einer Gendeletion von ausgewählten PKasen bzw. PPasen mit putativer mitochondrialer Lokalisation untersucht. Dabei gelang es, die an der in vivo Regulation des Pyruvatdehydrogenase(PDH)-Komplexes beteiligten Enzyme erstmalig zu identifizieren und im Folgenden deren regulatorisches Zusammenspiel umfassend zu analysieren. Zum anderen wurde in einem inversen Ansatz beispielhaft für die PKase Sat4p untersucht, welche Auswirkungen eine Überexpression dieser Kinase auf das mt Proteom hat. Erste Hinweise, welche zur Identifizierung der PDH-Kinasen (Pkp1p und Pkp2p) bzw. PDH Phosphatasen (Ppp1p und Ppp2p) führten, lieferten die signifikanten Spotänderungen von Pda1p (E1α-Untereinheit des PDH-Komplexes) in den 2D-DIGE-Analysen. Im Folgenden wurde die mitochondriale Lokalisation der vier regulatorischen Enzyme unter Verwendung Epitop-getaggter Varianten nachgewiesen sowie Pda1p in unabhängigen phosphospezifischen Analysen als Target der Phosphorylierung verifiziert. Die Phosphorylierungsstelle von Pda1p konnte massenspektrometrisch dem Serin313 zugeordnet werden. PDH-Aktivitätsmessungen zeigten, dass die Phosphorylierung von Pda1p den PDH Komplex inaktiviert, während eine Dephosphorylierung zur Aktivierung führt. Dabei war der Einfluss der Deletion der PDH Kinasen bzw. der PDH-Phosphatasen unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt. Während Ppp1p und Ppp2p partiell redundante Funktionen besitzen, lassen die Analysen komplementäre Aktivitäten von Pkp1p und Pkp2p vermuten. Eine physikalische Interaktion der beiden Kinasen wurde in vivo nachgewiesen und deutet auf die Bildung funktioneller Heteromere hin. Durch Analysen in der 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE konnte eine Assoziation der PDH-Kinasen sowie PDH-Phosphatasen mit dem hochmolekularen, etwa 8 MDa großen PDH-Komplex sowie mit PDH-Subkomplexen geringeren Molekulargewichts gezeigt werden. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit ermöglichten in Verbindung mit denen eigener Vorarbeiten die Erstellung eines Modells zur PDH-Regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Neben der Aktivitätsregulation durch die von Pkp1p/Pkp2p bzw. Ppp1p/Ppp2p katalysierte Phosphorylierung wird eine Funktion der regulatorischen Enzyme – insbesondere der PDH-Kinasen – an der Assemblierung bzw. Stabilisierung des PDH-Komplexes postuliert. Es konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass in der Hefe ein ähnlicher, aber nicht identischer Regulationsmechanismus vorliegt wie in höheren Eukaryoten. Die zweite Strategie, welche in dieser Arbeit exemplarisch für eine PKase verfolgt wurde, führte zur Identifikation einer bislang unbekannten Funktion der Kinase Sat4p in den Mitochondrien. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Sat4p dual lokalisiert in der cytoplasmatischen sowie mitochondrialen Fraktion vorliegt und selbst Target der Phosphorylierung ist. Die Überexpression von Sat4p führte nicht nur zu einem verminderten Wachstum auf nicht fermentierbaren Medien, sondern auch zur Beeinflussung spezifischer mitochondrialer Proteingruppen. Während die Spots der Proteine Pil1p und Lsp1p eine höhere Intensität zeigten, wiesen die Fe/S-Proteine Aco1p und Lys4p eine verminderte „steady-state“-Konzentration auf. Darüber hinaus lagen die Proteine, welche Liponsäure als prosthetische Gruppe tragen (Lat1p, Kgd2p und Gcv3p), im Tet-Sat4-Stamm vorwiegend in ihrer nicht-lipoylierten Form vor. Die Lipoylierungsstellen aller drei Proteine konnten im Wildtyp unter Nutzung von nanoLC-MS/MS erstmals experimentell bestimmt und Lys75 (Lat1p), Lys114 (Kgd2p) bzw. Lys102 (Gcv3p) zugeordnet werden. Die fehlende Lipoylierung der Proteine bzw. die verminderte Proteinkonzentration der Aconitase führte zu einer stark verminderten Aktivität der betroffenen Enzymkomplexe. Neben den in der Literatur beschriebenen putativen Funktionen von Sat4p bei der Regulation cytoplasmatischer Proteine wurde basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der Analysen eine spezifische Funktion der Kinase in den Mitochondrien postuliert. Das Modell schlägt eine Rolle von Sat4p in den späten Schritten der Maturation einer spezifischen Gruppe von mitochondrialer Fe/S-Proteinen vor. Die Beeinträchtigung der Lipoatsynthase Lip5p, welche neben Aco1p und Lys4p ebenfalls zu dieser Gruppe gehört, führt vermutlich sekundär zum beobachteten Verlust der Lipoylierung von Lat1p, Kgd2p und Gcv3p.

Intra- and intercellular information is communicated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and protein-protein interactions, transducing information over cell membranes and to the nucleus. A cells capability to respond to stimuli by several highly complex and dynamic signaling networks provides the basis for rapid responses and is fundamental for the cellular collaborations required in a multicellular organism. Having received diverse stimuli, being positioned at various stages of the cell cycle or, for the case of cancer, containing altered genetic background, each cell in a population is slightly different from its neighbor. However, bulk analyses of interactions will only reveal an average, but not the true variation within a population. Thus studies of interacting endogenous biomolecules in situ are essential to acquire a comprehensive view of cellular functions and communication. In situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA) was developed to investigate individual endogenous protein-protein interactions in fixed cells and tissues and was later applied for detection for PTMs. Progression of signals in a pathway can branch out in different directions and induce expression of different target genes. Hence simultaneous measurement of protein activity and gene expression provides a tool to determine the balance and progression of these signaling events. To obtain this in situ PLA was combined with padlock probes, providing an assay that can interrogate both PTMs and mRNA expression at a single cell level. Thereby different nodes of the signaling pathway as well as drug effects on different types of molecules could be investigated simultaneously. In addition to regulation of gene expression, protein-DNA interactions present a mechanism to manage accessibility of the genomic DNA in an inheritable manner, providing the basis for lineage commitment, via e.g. histone PTMs. To enable analyses of protein-DNA interactions in situ we developed a method that utilizes the proximity dependence of PLA and the sequence selectivity of padlock probes. This thesis presents new methods providing researchers with a set of tools to address cellular functions and communication in complex microenvironments, to improve disease diagnostics and to contribute to hopefully finding cures.

Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) capsid is composed of the main capsid protein VP1 and minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. Minor proteins are not essential capsid assembly, but they are key for efficient viral infection. The first part of this thesis studies the modifications of VP2 and VP3, the deamidation of Asn at 253 of VP2 (137 of VP3) and N-terminal acetylation of Ala of VP3, which could be the cause of double bands for VP2 and VP3 on SDS-PAGE. Mutated genomes of MPyV N253D (Asn to Asp) and N253E (Asn to Glu) simulating deamidation and A117V (Ala to Val) with reduced acetylation were prepared previously. We prepared three isolations of the mutant viruses and we confirmed that the deamidation is the cause of the double bands. Mutant viruses were compared to the wild type in terms of efficiency of infection, but the role of deamidation could not be proven. Virus A117V is noninfectious either due to lowered acetylation or the substitution of amino acid at this position. This thesis also studies the role of -tubulin acetylation in the infection of MPyV. The role of -tubulin acetylation in viral infection is being investigated to find new antiviral strategies. Acetylation rises after MPyV infection, but this is not due to a change in mRNA expression of tubulin acetylating (TAT1) or deacetylating enzyme...

Posttranslational modification (PTM) of proteins is essential to maintain homeostasis and viability in all eukaryotic cells. Hence, besides the sequence and 3D folding of a polypeptide, modification by multiple types of PTMs, ranging from small molecular groups to entire protein modules, adds another layer of complexity to protein function and regulation. The ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) are such a group of evolutionary conserved protein modifiers, which by covalently conjugating to target proteins can modulate the subcellular localization and activity of their targets. One example of such a UBL, is the Ubiquitin related modifier 1 (Urm1). Since its discovery in 2000, Urm1 has been depicted as a dual function protein, which besides acting as a PTM, in addition functions as a sulfur carrier during the thio-modification of a specific group of tRNAs. Due to this dual capacity, Urm1 is considered as the evolutionary ancestor of the entire UBL family. At present, it is well established that Urm1, with help of its dedicated E1 enzyme Uba4/MOCS3, conjugates to multiple target proteins (urmylation) and that Urm1 thus plays important roles in viability and the response against oxidative stress. The aim of this thesis has been to, for the first time, investigate the role of Urm1 and Uba4 in a multicellular organism, utilising a multidisciplinary approach that integrates Drosophila genetics with classical biochemical assays and proteomics. In Paper I, we first characterized the Drosophila orthologues of Urm1 (CG33276) and Uba4 (CG13090), verified that they interact physically as well as genetically, and that they together can induce urmylation in the fly. By subsequently generating an Urm1 null Drosophila mutant (Urm1n123), we established that Urm1 is essential for viability and that flies lacking Urm1 are resistant to oxidative stress. Providing a molecular explanation for this phenotype, we demonstrated an involvement of Urm1 in the regulation of JNK signaling, including the transcription of the cytoprotective genes Jafrac1 and gstD1. Besides the resistance to oxidative stress, we have moreover (Manuscript IV) made an in-depth investigation of another phenotype displayed by Urm1n123 mutants, an overgrowth of third instar larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), a phenotype which is shared also with mutants lacking Uba4 (Uba4n29). To increase the understanding of Urm1 in the fly, we next employed a proteomics-based approach to identify candidate Urm1 target proteins (Paper II). Using this strategy, we identified 79 Urm1-interacting proteins during three different stages of fly development. Of these, six was biochemically confirmed to interact covalently with Urm1, whereas one was found to be associated with Urm1 by non-covalent means. In Manuscript III, we additionally identified the virally encoded oncogene Tax as a target of Urm1, both in Drosophila tissues and mammalian cell lines. In this study, we established a strong correlation between Tax urmylation and subcellular localization, and that Urm1 promoted a cytoplasmic accumulation and enhanced signalling activity of Tax, with implications for a potential role of Urm1 in Tax-induced oncogenesis. Taken together, this thesis provides a basic understanding of the potential roles and targets of Urm1 in a multicellular organism. The four studies included cover different aspects of Urm1 function and clearly points towards a highly dynamic role of protein urmylation in fly development, as well as in adult life.