Introduction: Recent developments in the study of trauma responses have shown how some people may experience positive and life altering changes following traumatic life events which have been described as posttraumatic growth. Research is beginning to examine the role of trauma treatments in the facilitation of posttraumatic growth. Aim: This study sets out to explore participants’ experiences of posttraumatic growth during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy, and the role of the therapeutic relationship in facilitating posttraumatic growth. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with participants to examine their phenomenological experiences. Methodology: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed to consider emergent meanings and themes within a hermeneutic circle of interpretation. Participants: Seven participants were interviewed who had received Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy within National Health Service primary care psychological therapy services for posttraumatic stress disorder. Findings: Four superordinate themes emerged from the analysis of the participant accounts including: (i) Safe and secure; (ii) Taking back control; (iii) Reconstructing the self; and (iv) Journeying beyond trauma to the future. Conclusions: Person-centred conditions and client-therapist attachment were important elements of the therapeutic relationship which provided participants with the safety, trust, and relational depth necessary for the facilitation of experiences of posttraumatic growth during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy. Implications: The findings emphasise the importance of a clinical focus on the quality of the therapeutic relationship as a facilitative therapeutic environment allowing affective-cognitive processing and the emergence of posttraumatic growth.

This master's thesis focusses on long-term effects of the Holocaust on the generation of survivors as well as on their offspring. Firstly, the theoretical part defines the terms 'stress' and 'trauma'. This is followed by an outline of possible reactions to severely stressful situations as well as questionnaires that can be used to measure the levels of traumatization. Afterwards, attention is focused on the phenomenon of posttraumatic growth, mainly based on the perspectives of L. G. Calhoun and R. G. Tedeschi who identify five domains of growth. The possibility of facilitating posttraumatic growth is briefly mentioned alongside with one inventory that can be used to measure the extent of positive change following traumatic experiences. Furthermore, the complexity of the Holocaust is discussed and generations of the Holocaust survivors and their offspring are characterised. In conclusion, attention is drawn to the studies that are concerned with the transgenerational transmission of trauma. The empirical component of the thesis is dedicated to the mapping of specific aspects of posttraumatic stress and growth in Holocaust survivors and their offspring. This data was collected by using a PTSD CheckList (PCL-C) and a Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and afterwards was processed by quantitative...

The objective of the diploma work "Psychological Trauma and its Effects on Human's Life" is to find out the impact of an unexpected traumatic experience which appears in one's life. The theoretical background characterizes briefly the topic of psychological traumatic experiences, their origin, features and forms. It also discusses stress phenomenon, adaptation, defence and managing mechanisms, the ones which help people to deal with strain and difficulties. In the context of extreme stress impacts, the main part focuses on posttraumatic stress disorder as one of the most frequent diagnostic categories. This disorder appears as a consequence of insufficient treatment of a serious traumatic experience which manifests itself by persistence of mental and somatic problems. The work also deals with other consequences of trauma in the psychological and social sphere including posttraumatic growth. The thesis also deals with different trauma reactions and risk and protective factors influencing trauma processing and trauma reactions. The research project (Methodological analysis) provides with case studies and show trauma progress, processing and coping with a traumatic experience. It evaluates and confirms negative and positive impact and influence of psychical trauma on human's life.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de los estudios científicos en la base de datos EBSCO para recoger información de los últimos 14 años sobre crecimiento postraumático en pacientes oncológicos. Para ello, se realizó la búsqueda de la variable crecimiento postraumático en la base de datos EBSCO, encontrándose un total de 94 artículos, restando cinco que conformaron la muestra de estudio. El análisis de datos fue realizado en el programa de Microsoft Excel y se elaboraron gráficos para visualizar la información disponible. Como resultados se identificaron que el 80% de investigaciones cuenta con resúmenes, palabras claves, resultados, discusión y conclusiones, un 100% posee introducción, objetivos y referencias bibliográficas y, finalmente, un 60% tiene hipótesis y recomendaciones. Se recomienda continuar con la investigación de la variable de crecimiento postraumático, pues influye positivamente en la forma de entender la realidad de los pacientes que padecen el cáncer. / The aim of the present investigation was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the scientific studies in the EBSCO database to collect information from the last 14 years on post-traumatic growth in cancer patients. To do this, a search was carried out for the post-traumatic growth variable in the EBSCO database, finding a total of 94 articles, subtracting five that made up the study sample. The data analysis was carried out in Microsoft Excel and graphs were made to visualize the available information. As results, it was identified that 80% of investigations have abstracts, keywords, results, discussion, and conclusions. 100% had introduction, objectives, and references and, finally, 60% had hypotheses and recommendations. It is recommended to continue with the investigation of the post-traumatic growth variable, as it positively influences the way of understanding the reality of patients suffering from cancer. / Trabajo de investigación

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) påverkas i vuxenlivet hos individer som farit illa i barndomen. Tidigare forskning tydliggör vilken omfattande problematik det kan vara. Vidare undersöker studien betydelsen av vändpunkter och motståndskraft för posttraumatiskt växande. Den kvalitativa metoden består av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Den kvantitativa metoden innefattar en webbenkät där 101 respondenter deltog. Antonovskys KASAM tillsammans med Mays existentialism och Honneths erkännandeteori lägger grunden för studiens teoretiska ansats. Resultatet visar att en förlust av grundtillit och egenvärde i barndomen leder till en svag känsla av sammanhang. Urvalsgruppens KASAM-värden var avsevärt lägre än normalbefolkningens, dock med hög meningsfullhet. I vuxenlivet tycks det viktigt att ta igen barndomens förluster. Samtalsstöd med ett salutogent synsätt kan kompensera för denna förlust. Det tillsammans med meningsskapande processer kan leda till posttraumatiskt växande. / The aim of this study was to examine how sense of coherence (SOC) is affected in adulthood in people who have suffered from adverse childhood experiences. Previous research indicate on how comprehensive of a problem this is. We also wanted to examine the impact of turning points and resilience for posttraumatic growth. The qualitative method consists of six semi- structured interviews. The quantitative method is composed of a web survey in which 101 respondents participated. Antonovsky's SOC together with May's existentialism and Honneth's theory of recognition lays the foundation for the study's theoretical approach. The result shows that a loss of basic trust and intrinsic value in childhood leads to a low sense of coherence. Participants SOC values was significantly lower than the normal population, however they scored high on meaningfulness. In adulthood it seems important to reclaim these losses from childhood. Different types of counseling with a salutogenic approach can make up for that loss. This, together with meaning-making, can lead to posttraumatic growth.

The current study examined the impact of resilience and self-compassion on the relationship between combat exposure and psychological outcomes, specifically post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth. Service members and veterans with combat exposure (N = 143) completed an online survey, through which they were administered a Background Questionnaire, the Combat Exposure Scale, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Results of a path analysis revealed a positive direct effect of combat exposure on post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth and a negative direct effect of self-compassion on post-traumatic stress symptoms. Furthermore, self-compassion moderated the relationship between combat exposure and post-traumatic growth. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.

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