Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / With the rapid growth of technology, scientists are trying to find ways to make the world a more efficient and eco-friendly place. The research and development of electric vehicles suddenly boomed since natural resource are becoming very scarce. The significance of an electric vehicle goes beyond using free energy, it is environ- mental friendly. The objective of this thesis is to understand what Vehicle to Grid Communication (V2G) for an electric vehicle is, and to implement a model of this highly efficient system into a Hybrid Petri Net. This thesis proposes a Hybrid Petri net modeling of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Communication topology. Initially, discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri net's are defined, familiarized, and exemplified. Secondly, the Vehicle and Grid side of the V2G communication system is introduced in detail. The modeling of individual Petri nets, as well as their combination is discussed thoroughly. Thirdly, in order to prove these systems, simulation and programming is used to validate the theoretical studies. A Matlab embedded simulation program known as SimHPN is used to simulate specific scenario's in the system, which uses Depth-first Search (DFS) Algorithm. In addition to SimHPN simulation program, Matlab program is made to output four levels of the reachability tree as well as specifying duplicate and terminate nodes. This code incorporates a technique known as Breadth-first Search (BFS) Algorithm.

The research reported in this dissertation focuses on the development of optimization tools for the design of subsystems in a modern aircraft power distribution system. The baseline power distribution system is built around a 270V DC bus. One of the distinguishing features of this power distribution system is the presence of regenerative power from the electrically driven flight control actuators and structurally integrated smart actuators back to the DC bus. The key electrical components of the power distribution system are bidirectional switching power converters, which convert, control and condition electrical power between the sources and the loads. The dissertation is divided into three parts. Part I deals with the formulation of an optimization problem for a sample system consisting of a regulated DC-DC buck converter preceded by an input filter. The individual subsystems are optimized first followed by the integrated optimization of the sample system. It is shown that the integrated optimization provides better results than that obtained by integrating the individually optimized systems. Part II presents a detailed study of piezoelectric actuators. This study includes modeling, optimization of the drive amplifier and the development of a current control law for piezoelectric actuators coupled to a simple mechanical structure. Linear and nonlinear methods to study subsystem interaction and stability are studied in Part III. A multivariable impedance ratio criterion applicable to three phase systems is proposed. Bifurcation methods are used to obtain global stability characteristics of interconnected systems. The application of a nonlinear design methodology, widely used in power systems, to incrementally improve the robustness of a system to Hopf bifurcation instability is discussed. / Ph. D.

No description available.

A DC power distribution system (PDS) of a transport aircraft was modeled and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink software. The multi-level modeling concept was used as a modeling approach, which assumes modeling subsystem of the PDS at three different levels of complexity. The subsystem models were implemented in Simulink and combined into the whole PDS model according to certain interconnection rules. Effective modeling of different scenarios of operation was achieved by mixing subsystem models of different levels in one PDS model. Linearized models were obtained from the nonlinear PDS model for stability analysis and control design. The PDS model was used to examine the system stability and the DC bus power quality under bidirectional power flow conditions. Small-signal analysis techniques were employed to study stability issues resulting from subsystem interactions. The DC bus stability diagram was proposed for predicting stability of the PDS with different types of loads without performing an actual stability test based on regular stability analysis tools. Certain PDS configurations and operational scenarios leading to instability were identified. An analysis of energy transfer in the PDS showed that a large energy storage capacitor in the input filter of a flight control actuator is effective for reduction of the DC bus voltage disturbances produced by regenerative action of the actuator. However, energy storage capacitors do not provide energy savings in the PDS and do not increase its overall efficiency. / Master of Science

Continued increase in system load leading to a reduction in operating margins, as well as the tendency to move towards a deregulated grid with renewable energy sources has increased the vulnerability of the grid to blackouts. Advanced intelligent techniques are therefore required to design new monitoring schemes that enable smart grid operation in a secure and robust manner. As the grid is highly interconnected, monitoring of transmission and distribution systems is increasingly relying on digital communication. Conventional security assessment techniques are slow, hampering real-time decision making. Hence, there is a need to develop fast and accurate security monitoring techniques. Intelligent techniques that are capable of processing large amounts of captured data are finding increasing scope as essential enablers for the smart grid. The research work presented in this thesis has evolved from the need for enhanced monitoring in transmission and distribution grids. The potential of intelligent techniques for enhanced system monitoring has been demonstrated for disturbed scenarios in an integrated power system. In transmission grids, one of the challenging problems is network partitioning, also known as network area-decomposition. In this thesis, an approach based on relative electrical distance (RED) has been devised to construct zonal dynamic equivalents such that the dynamic characteristics of the original system are retained in the equivalent system within the desired accuracy. Identification of coherent generators is another key aspect in power system dynamics. In this thesis, a support vector clustering-based coherency identification technique is proposed for large interconnected multi-machine power systems. The clustering technique is based on coherency measure which is formulated using the generator rotor measurements. These rotor measurements can be obtained with the help of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). In distribution grids, accurate and fast fault identification of faults is a key challenge. Hence, an automated fault diagnosis technique based on multi class support vector machines (SVMs) has been developed in this thesis. The proposed fault location scheme is capable of accurately identify the fault type, location of faulted line section and the fault impedance in the distributed generation (DG) systems. The proposed approach is based on the three phase voltage and current measurements available at all the sources i.e. substation and at the connection points of DGs. An approach for voltage instability monitoring in 3-phase distribution systems has also been proposed in this thesis. The conventional single phase L-index measure has been extended to a 3-phase system to incorporate information pertaining to unbalance in the distribution system. All the approaches proposed in this thesis have been validated using standard IEEE test systems and also on practical Indian systems.

A conexão de geradores distribuídos em sistemas de distribuição deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada para que os mesmos auxiliem efetivamente na melhoria do desempenho das redes elétricas, buscando reduzir ou eliminar eventuais situações que causem a degradação da qualidade da energia elétrica fornecida aos consumidores, entre outros aspectos. Neste contexto, existem vários trabalhos que analisam a influência da conexão de geradores distribuídos no perfil de tensão da rede elétrica, frequência, desequilíbrio de fases e distorção harmônica. No entanto, há poucos trabalhos analisando os efeitos da desconexão de geradores distribuídos na qualidade da energia fornecida aos consumidores. Uma vez operando em paralelo com a rede de distribuição, esses geradores influenciam o perfil de tensão e o comportamento dos dispositivos reguladores de tensão. Como consequência, sua desconexão pode provocar variações de tensão intensas causando danos ou mau funcionamento às cargas. A desconexão pode ser repentina ou devido à atuação da proteção anti-ilhamento, seguida dos procedimentos de religamento automático do alimentador, se houver. Visando estudar este problema, o qual tende a se tornar uma nova preocupação das concessionárias de energia elétrica, e no intuito de minimizar e/ou eliminar os possíveis efeitos negativos dessas variações de tensão, esta pesquisa propõe o desenvolvimento de um método de controle dos taps dos reguladores de tensão. Neste método, o controle dos taps foi modelado como um problema de otimização, minimizando as violações de tensão mencionadas anteriormente e também a quantidade de operações dos reguladores de tensão ao longo de um dia típico. A otimização foi solucionada com um Algoritmo Genético e os resultados obtidos indicaram que é possível minimizar as variações de tensão usando a curva de carga do sistema para planejar a operação dos reguladores de tensão. / The connection of distributed generators in an electric power system should be evaluated carefully to ensure that they effectively assist in improving the performance of electrical networks, reducing or eliminating any situations that cause degradation of the power quality of the consumers, and other issues. In this context, there are several studies that analyze the influence of generators connected to distribution systems and how they affect the frequency, cause variations in voltage magnitude, voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion. However, there are a few studies analyzing the effects that the disconnection of distributed generators induces to the power quality of consumers. Once operating in parallel with the distribution network, these generators have an effect on voltage variations and voltage regulator devices. As a result, disconnection can cause severe voltage variations causing damage or malfunction to the loads. The disconnection may be sudden or due to the action of anti-islanding protection, followed by the procedure to reconnect the substation, if it is possible. In order to study this problem, which tends to become a new power quality concern for electric utilities, and in order to minimize and / or eliminate the possible side effects of the voltage variations, this research proposes the development of a control method of voltage regulators\' taps. In this method, the control of taps was modeled as an optimization problem which aimed to minimize these voltage variations aforementioned and also the amount of voltage regulator operations over a typical day. The optimization was solved by a Genetic Algorithm and the results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to minimize the voltage variation by using the system load curve to plan the operation of voltage regulators.

As linhas de distribuição de energia estão frequentemente expostas a sobretensões causadas por descargas atmosféricas diretas e indiretas. As formas de onda dessas sobretensões podem diferir bastante do impulso atmosférico normalizado utilizado em ensaios para verificação da adequação dos projetos das isolações dos equipamentos frente a sobretensões atmosféricas (1,2/ 50 µs). Diferentes modelos têm sido propostos para se estimar o desempenho das isolações frente a impulsos não normalizados, sendo o modelo do efeito disruptivo (disruptive effect model) um dos mais utilizados. Este trabalho visa avaliar o comportamento de isoladores de média tensão quando sujeitos a sobretensões atmosféricas bipolares oscilatórias. Simulações realizadas usando o \"Extended Rusck Model\"(ERM) e resultados de medições demonstram que a ocorrência de sobretensões bipolares oscilatórias em linhas de distribuição não é um fato raro, pois descargas atmosféricas podem, sob certas condições, induzir tensões com tais características. Modificações realizadas no circuito de um gerador de impulsos de alta tensão convencional permitiram a geração de tensões bipolares de três períodos distintos: 2,2 µs, 4,1 µs e 6,0 µs. Este trabalho investiga o comportamento de um típico isolador de porcelana tipo pino de 15 kV sujeito a um impulso bipolar, representativo de uma tensão induzida por um raio. Mostra-se que uma modificação no método proposto por Savadamuthu et al. para estimar a suportabilidade do isolamento de pequenos (alguns milímetros) sistemas de isolamento submetidos a tensões oscilantes bipolares leva a resultados promissores em termos de previsão da ocorrência de descargas no isolador de classe 15 kV. / Power lines are often exposed to surges caused by direct and indirect lightning. The waveforms of these overvoltages may differ significantly from the standard lightning impulse used in tests to verify the adequacy of equipment insulation designs against atmospheric overvoltages (1.2/50 µs). Different models have been proposed to estimate the performance of the insulation against non-normalized impulses, with the disruptive effect model being one of the most used. This work aims at evaluating the behavior of medium voltage insulators when subjected to bidirectionally oscillating voltages. Simulations run using the Extended Rusck Model (ERM) and measurement results show that the occurrence of bipolar oscillating overvoltages are not rare on power distribution lines, as lightning strokes can induce, under certain conditions, voltages with such characteristics. Modifications performed in the circuit of a conventional high voltage pulse generator allowed the generation of bipolar voltages of three distinct periods: 2.2 µs, 4.1 µs and 6.0 µs. This work investigates the behavior of a typical 15 kV pin-type porcelain insulator subjected to bipolar impulses representative of lightning-induced voltages. It is shown that a modification on the method proposed by Savadamuthu et al. to estimate the insulation strength of small (a few mm) insulation systems subjected to bipolar oscillating voltages leads to promising results in terms of predicting the occurrence of flashovers on the 15 kV insulator.

Os sistemas elétricos de potência modernos apresentam inúmeros desafios em sua operação. Nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica, devido à grande ramificação, presença de extensos ramais monofásicos, à dinâmica das cargas e demais particularidades inerentes, a localização de faltas representa um dos maiores desafios. Das barreiras encontradas, a influência da impedância de falta é uma das maiores, afetando significativamente a aplicação dos métodos tradicionais na localização, visto que a magnitude das correntes de falta é similar à da corrente de carga. Neste sentido, esta tese objetivou desenvolver um sistema inteligente para localização de faltas de alta impedância, o qual foi embasado na aplicação da técnica de decomposição por componentes ortogonais no pré-processamento das variáveis e inferência fuzzy para interpretar as não-linearidades do Sistemas de Distribuição com presença de Geração Distribuída. Os dados para treinamento do sistema inteligente foram obtidos a partir de simulações computacionais de um alimentador real, considerando uma modelagem não-linear da falta de alta impedância. O sistema fuzzy resultante foi capaz de estimar as distâncias de falta com um erro absoluto médio inferior a 500 m e um erro absoluto máximo da ordem de 1,5 km, em um alimentador com cerca de 18 km de extensão. Tais resultados equivalem a um grau de exatidão, para a maior parte das ocorrências, dentro do intervalo de ±10%. / Modern electric power systems present numerous challenges in its operation. Fault location is a major challenge in Power Distribution Systems due to its large branching, presence of single-phase laterals and the dynamic loads. The influence of the fault impedance is one of the largest, significantly affecting the use of traditional methods for its location, since the magnitude of the fault currents is similar to the load current. In this sense, this thesis aimed to develop an intelligent system for location of high impedance faults, which was based on the application of the decomposition technique of orthogonal components in the pre-processing variables and fuzzy inference to interpret the nonlinearities of Power Distribution Systems with the presence of Distributed Generation. The data for training the intelligent system were obtained from computer simulations of an actual feeder, considering a non-linear modeling of the high impedance fault. The resulting fuzzy system was able to estimate distances to fault with an average absolute error of less than 500 m and a maximum absolute error of 1.5 km order, on a feeder about 18 km long. These results are equivalent to a degree of accuracy for the most occurrences within the ± 10% range.

Atualmente, as concessionárias de energia enfrentam vários desafios na tentativa de fornecer energia com qualidade e confiabilidade, por exemplo, redes de distribuição com pouco monitoramento e controle, envelhecimento dos ativos, atender a crescente demanda dos consumidores e satisfazer padrões de qualidade, entre outros. No Brasil, para atingir os índices de qualidade no fornecimento de energia estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), tem-se como alternativa aumentar a inteligência da rede com sistemas de tecnologia de informação (TI), além de utilizar Dispositivos Eletrônicos Inteligentes (IEDs), medidores inteligentes e sensores. Adicionalmente é necessário o emprego de uma infraestrutura de comunicação que forneça uma visibilidade abrangente das condições de carga e do estado do sistema de distribuição, permitindo fazer uso de técnicas de otimização e tomada de decisão para aumento da inteligência. O controle da tensão e o gerenciamento da potência reativa (Volt/VAr) são práticas de automação que podem ser empregadas nos sistemas de distribuição. Estas práticas ajudam a aumentar o benefício, a confiabilidade e a eficiência no fornecimento da qualidade do produto, minimizando os custos de operação e manutenção nas concessionárias. Na presente dissertação foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de controle Volt/VAr descentralizado (subestação), por meio da coordenação e controle dos transformadores com mudança de tap sob carga - LTC, dos bancos de capacitores localizados na subestação e ao longo dos alimentadores, bem como dos reguladores de tensão instalados ao longo dos alimentadores. Destaca-se a utilização da técnica de Estimação de Estados, a qual possibilita o uso da metodologia de controle Volt/VAr em tempo real. O algoritmo de otimização desenvolvido neste trabalho foi implementado através de simulações numa rede teste e numa rede real que permitem mostrar o potencial da formulação matemática desenvolvida. Os resultados da metodologia proposta comprovam a melhoria do perfil de tensão dos alimentadores da rede testada ao longo do dia, assim como uma diminuição das perdas técnicas, as quais chegaram a diminuir 7% em energia. Estes resultados foram alcançados sem ultrapassar a quantidade de operações definidas por dia nos diferentes dispositivos de controle. / Currently, power utilities face challenges in order to provide energy considering minimum requirements of power quality and reliability due to the absence of control and monitoring infrastructure, aging assets, growing demand, amongst others. In Brazil, the Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) establishes specific power quality and reliability indices. Power utilities should attend the limits for those indices by improving intelligence of network using IT systems, installing Intelligent Electric Devices (IEDs), smart meters and sensors, amongst others. Additionally, communication infrastructure is needed to provide the monitoring of load conditions and distribution system state. Optimization and decision-making tools are important for developing smart grids. Voltage control and reactive power management (Volt/VAr) are automation techniques that can be used in distribution systems. These practices lead to benefits for the utilities such as improvement of reliability and efficiency of the system, minimization of operation and maintenance costs, amongst others. In the present dissertation a methodology for decentralized control (Volt/VAr) was developed, through the coordination and control of load tap changers (LTCs) in power transformers and capacitors banks located at the substation, as well as capacitor banks and voltage regulators scattered throughout the feeders. State Estimation was utilized, which allows the application of the Volt/VAr Control methodology in real time environment. The optimization algorithm developed in this work was implemented through simulations in a test network and in a real network which validated the proposed methodology showing the potentiality of the mathematical model. The results of the proposed method showed voltage profile improvement over the day for the network tested as well as a 7% decrease in power energy losses. These results were achieved without exceeding the number of operations per day defined for all control devices.

Um equipamento sinalizador luminoso de faltas foi desenvolvido pela Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) em parceria com a Escola Politécnica da USP e a empresa Expertise Engenharia Ltda., através de uma série de projetos de pesquisa incluídos no programa de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) regido pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) brasileira. Neste trabalho é feita uma análise crítica da rota tecnológica adotada no desenvolvimento do sinalizador de faltas, apontando detalhes e justificativas das escolhas tecnológicas adotadas, além de novas possibilidades de melhoria do equipamento face aos avanços tecnológicos detectados nos últimos anos. Para tanto, é proposto e aplicado um novo método, associado a uma sistematização, para análise comparativa de tecnologias, que considera dados quantitativos, qualitativos e estratégicos diretamente comparáveis entre si. Ao longo do trabalho são analisados as escolhas dos princípios de detecção de faltas e funcionalidades agregadas, o desenvolvimento da eletrônica e dos circuitos integrados do detector de faltas, a fonte de alimentação, a sinalização luminosa e o gabinete do equipamento. Como resultado da linha de pesquisa do sinalizador luminoso de faltas foram obtidos protótipos de prova de conceito, cabeça-de-série e de lote pioneiro, estes últimos prontos e certificados para inserção no mercado. Obtiveram-se também diversas publicações em congressos nacionais, a geração de dois pedidos de patentes e um sistema computacional de alocação otimizada de sinalizadores de faltas em redes de distribuição aérea de energia elétrica. / Within the R&D program governed by the National Agency of Electric Energy of Brazil, a luminous faulted circuit indicator equipment (FCI) was developed by the Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz (CPFL) in partnership with the Escola Politécnica da USP and the company Expertise Engenharia Ltda. In this work it is presented a critical analysis of the technological route adopted for development of this new FCI, indicating details and justifications of technological choices adopted, and new detected possibilities for improvements, taken into account the technological advances in recent years. For such purpose, it is proposed a new method, associated to a practical systematization, for comparative analysis of technologies that accounts for quantitative, qualitative and strategic data directly comparable. The work presents analyses on the choices of fault detection principles and related functions, the development of integrated circuits and fault detector electronics, the power supply, the luminous signaling and the equipment case. As results of the research and development of the FCI there were obtained proof of concept, prototype and pilot equipments, the last ones certified and ready for sale. There were also obtained several publications in national conferences, submission of two patent applications and a software for optimization of FCIs allocation on overhead power distribution networks.