A matriz energética mundial é composta por várias fontes primárias, dentre as quais os combustíveis fósseis, como o petróleo, prevalecem sobre as demais. No entanto, devido ao crescimento populacional e ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e industrial, haverá um conseqüente aumento na demanda de energia e devido à preocupação ambiental, será necessária a busca por outras fontes energéticas. Dentre essas, destaca-se a energia solar fotovoltaica, por possibilitar a geração de forma limpa e descentralizada. O Brasil tem a vantagem de estar localizado na zona inter-tropical, registrando altos índices de irradiação solar durante todo o ano, em comparação com outros países do mundo que já fazem uso desta tecnologia. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a inserção de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede elétrica pública e integrados em edificações residenciais urbanas. Para tanto, foram dimensionados sistemas para três residências situadas em diferentes regiões brasileiras, e que possuem as mesmas características construtivas e o mesmo consumo médio mensal de energia elétrica. Uma das premissas consideradas foi a autossuficiência energética das edificações apenas utilizando o recurso solar como fonte de geração. As cidades escolhidas para a análise foram Porto União/SC, São Carlos/SP e Petrolina/PE por possuírem diferenças significativas nos níveis de irradiação solar, representando desta forma os extremos encontrados no território brasileiro. A partir do dimensionamento foram estimadas a geração de energia elétrica anual para cada localidade e as curvas de geração foram confrontadas com as curvas de demanda diária média das regiões Sul, Sudeste e Nordeste, representando respectivamente, as três cidades escolhidas. Foram estimados os custos de instalação dos três sistemas, sendo feita ainda uma análise econômica simplificada para a verificação do impacto gerado pela inserção da tecnologia solar fotovoltaica como fonte alternativa na geração de energia elétrica em edificações residenciais urbanas. Para a avaliação econômica foi considerada a adoção do Sistema de Compensação Energética e um Período de Retorno Simples, que é a relação obtida entre o investimento feito inicialmente para a instalação de um sistema fotovoltaico e a economia anual proporcionada por essa instalação. Considerando um período de vida útil de um sistema fotovoltaico como sendo estimado em 25 anos, os resultados demonstraram que todos os sistemas seriam pagos antes desse período. A partir dos dimensionamentos, foi possível concluir ainda que a área requerida para a instalação de sistemas fotovoltaicos em residências é muito pequena e possui elevado potencial de aproveitamento, viabilizando desse modo a sua inserção no ambiente urbano. / The world\'s energy matrix is made up of several primary sources among which fossil fuels, mainly oil, prevail. Nevertheless, given population growth coupled with technological and industrial development, there will consequently be an increase in energy demands and, due to environmental concerns, looking for other energy sources is necessary. Among those, photovoltaic solar energy stands out for providing clean, decentralized energy generation. Brazil has the advantage of being located within the intertropical zone, registering higher levels of solar irradiation throughout the year compared to other countries that already use such technology. In this thesis, we studied the insertion of photovoltaic systems into the public grid and integrated to urban residential buildings. For such, we sized systems for three home environments situated in different Brazilian regions with similar building characteristics and same average monthly consumption. One of the premises considered was the buildings energy self-sufficiency based on solar resources alone. The cities chosen for the experiment were Porto União/SC, São Carlos/SP and Petrolina/PE given their significantly different exposure to solar irradiation, thus representing the extremes found in the Brazilian territory. From the initial sizing up the annual electricity demand for each location was estimated and generation curves were confronted with the daily demand curves from the South, Southeast and Northeast regions representing, respectively, the three chosen cities. Implementation costs were estimated for the three systems along with a simplified economic analysis in order to verify the impact caused by the insertion of photovoltaic solar energy as an alternative source of power generation in urban residential buildings. For the economic evaluation was considered the use of the Compensation System Energy and a Simple Payback Period, which is the ratio between the initial investment for the installation of a photovoltaic system and the annual savings provided by this facility. Considering a life cycle of a photovoltaic system as estimated at 25 years, the results showed that all systems would be paid before that period. From the sizing was still possible to conclude that the area required for the installation of photovoltaic systems in residences is very small and has a high potential for use, thereby enabling their integration into the urban environment

Comme beaucoup de systèmes, un réseau électrique doit faire face à des pannes qui, compte tenu de sa grande connectivité, peuvent s'étendre à des régions entières : on parle alors de blackout (phénomène d'avalanche), c'est-à-dire ayant des conséquences à grande échelle. La taille des réseaux électriques et leur complexité rendent difficile la compréhension de ces phénomènes qui émergent localement. Un certain nombre de travaux existe et se fond sur un usage intensif des outils de physique statistique. L'adaptation de méthodes de percolation et les systèmes critiques auto-organisés sont autant d'outils de choix pour décrire les propriétés statistiques et topologiques d'un réseau. Les outils d'optimisation par métaheuristiques, plus particulièrement l'optimisation par essaim de particules (OEP, ou PSO en anglais) et les algorithmes génétiques (AGs), se sont révélés être la pierre angulaire de ce travail et ont permis de définir des structures opérationnelles. Les travaux développés dans ce domaine sont encore émergents et cette thèse y amène une contribution à plusieurs titres. Nous avons mis tout d'abord à profit des techniques d'optimisation afin de mieux “ rigidifier ” un réseau électrique en couplant la topologie de ce dernier au maintien des tensions aux noeuds du réseau par implémentation de FACTS (Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System). Pour le placement optimal de FACTS, l'objectif est de déterminer la répartition optimale de la puissance réactive, en relation avec la localisation et le dimensionnement optimal de FACTS, afin d'améliorer les performances d'un réseau électrique. Quatre principales questions sont alors abordées: 1) Où placer des FACTS dans le réseau ? Combien de FACTS ? Quelle puissance attribuer à ces FACTS ? Quel(s) type(s) de FACTS ? A quel prix ? Dans cette thèse, toutes ces questions seront modélisées et abordées d'un point de vue électrique et optimal en appliquant, dans un premier temps, l'optimisation par essaim de particules OEP basique puis, dans un deuxième temps, en proposant un nouvel algorithme OEP (alpha-SLPSO) et une recherche locale (alpha-LLS) s'inspirant ainsi du concept de l'OEP basique et des lois de probabilité stables dites «alpha-stables de Lévy». Par ailleurs, l'ampleur du projet défini par l'équipe @RiskTeam d'Alstom Grid oblige l'utilisation de plusieurs techniques (tirées de la physique, des statistiques, etc.) destinées à des fins particulières dont l'estimation des paramètres des lois alpha-stable de Lévy. Face à l'échec des techniques déjà existantes pour l'estimation des lois alpha −stable de paramètre alpha < 0.6 , nous proposons un nouvel estimateur semi-paramétrique de cette famille de probabilité utilisant les métaheuristiques pour résoudre le problème d'optimisation sous-jacent. Enfin, en annexe de cette thèse, un outil d'aide à la décision destiné à une équipe interne d'Alstom Grid qui consiste en l'optimisation de la topologie interne d'un parc éolien est détaillé dans le dernier chapitre / Like many systems, an electrical power grid must contend with faillures which, given its higth connectivity, could spread to entire regions: this is referred to blackout (avalanche phenomena), ie. with large-scale consequences. The size of power grids and their complexity make difficult to grasp these locally emergent phenomena. There is a number of existing works that were based on extensive use of statistical physics tools. The adaptation of percolation's methods and the Self-Organized-Criticality systems provide practical tools to describe the statistical and topological properties of a network. Optimization tools by metaheuristics particularly, particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) have proved to be the cornerstone of this work and helped to define operational structures. Works developed in this area are still emerging. This thesis brings a contribution in several ways. First of all, we have taken advantage in optimization technics to better "stiffen" a power grid by coupling its topology with maintaining voltages at the nodes of the network using FACTS (Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System). In the optimal location FACTS problem, the objective is to determine the optimal allocation of reactive power, in relation to the location and optimal sizing of FACTS, in order to improve the performance of the power grid. Four main issues are then discussed: 1) Where to place FACTS in the network? How many FACTS? What power attributed to these FACTS? What type(s) attributed to these FACTS? At what prices ? In this thesis, all these questions will be modeled and discussed from the point of view of optimal power by applying, firstly, the strandard particle swarm optimization and by proposing a novel particle swarm optimization (alpha-SLPOS) and a local search (alpha-LLS). These two algorithms are inspired by the basic concept of PSO and the stable distributions (alpha-stable laws). Moreover, the scope of the project defined by the team @RiskTeam Alstom Grid requires the use of several techniques (from physics, statistics, etc) for particular purposes including the alpha-stable parametere estimation problem. Facing the failure of the existing methods for estimating the parameters of alpha-stable laws for alpha<0.6, we propose a novel semi-parametric estimator for such of probability distribution familly using metaheuristic to solve the underlying problem of optimization. Finally, in the end of the thesis, a decision support tool is designed for an internal team of Alstom Grid to optimize the internal topology of a wind farm

The energy demand is steadily increasing, and the electricity sector is undergoing a severe change in this decade. The primary drivers, such as the need to decarbonize the power industry and megatrends for more distributed and renewable systems, are resulting in revolutionary changes in our lifestyle and industry. The power grid cannot be easily or quickly be upgraded, as investment decisions, construction approvals, and payback time are the main factors to consider. Therefore, new technology, energy storage, tariff reform, and new business models are rapidly changing and challenging the conventional industry. In recent times, industrial peak shaving application has sparked an increased interest in battery energy storage system (BESS).  This work investigated BESS’s potential from peak shaving and Time-of-use (TOU) applications for a Culture-house in Skellefteå. Available literature provides the knowledge of various BESS applications, tariff systems, and how battery degradation functions. The predicted electrical load demand of the culture-house for 2019 is obtained from a consultant company Incoord. The linear optimization was implemented in MATLAB using optimproblem function to perform peak shaving and time-of-use application for the Culture-hose BESS. A cost-optimal charging/discharging strategy was derived through an optimization algorithm by analyzing the culture-house electrical demand and Skellefteå Kraft billing system. The decisional variable decides when to charge/discharge the battery for minimum battery degradation and electricity purchase charges from the grid.   Techno-economic viability is analyzed from BESS investment cost, peak-power tariff, battery lifespan, and batter aging perspective. Results indicate that the current BESS price and peak-power tariff of Skellefteå Kraft are not suitable for peak shaving. Electricity bill saving is too low to consider TOU application due to high battery degradation. However, combining peak shaving &amp; TOU does generate more profit annually due to additional savings from the electricity bill. However, including TOU also leads to higher battery degradation, making it not currently a viable application. A future scenario suggests a decrease in investment cost, resulting in a shorter payback period.  The case study also analyses the potential in the second-life battery, where they are purchased at 80 % State of Health (SoH) for peak shaving application. Second-life batteries are assumed to last until 70 % or 60 % before End of Life (EOL). The benefit-cost ratio indicates that second-life batteries are an attractive investment if batteries can perform until 60% end of life, it would be an excellent investment from an economic and sustainability perspective. Future work suggests integrating more BESS applications into the model to make BESS an economically viable project.

This paper investigates the potential of mathematical algorithms, based on the principles of data mining, applied to data from a local power grid to identify customers with large fluctuations in their power curves. A literature study was performed to facilitate algorithm formation. The data provided by the local grid owners, Falkenberg Energi AB, was analysed in MATLAB and two novel algorithms was created. The results show that, by normalizing all the data, it is possible to find and select customers with large fluctuations in their power curves. Key performance indicators were then used to determine which algorithm performed better. One of the algorithms performed better in all tested indicators and was used to create a list with interesting customers to Falkenberg Energi AB. The conclusion of the study shows that the proposed algorithms can be applied on a local power grid to select customers, but more research is needed to validate these methods. The conclusion also indicates that a reduction of the power peaks, at the identified customers, mainly affect the local power grid and not the power supply from the overhead regional power grid.

This work deals security of SCADA industry systems which are used in energetic networks. It describes architecture of those systems and also analyze in details two communication protocols -- DNP3 and IEC 60870-5-104.  Next part is devoted to the analysis of anomaly and security threats which can be happen in SCADA systems. The main goal of this work is design and implementation of system which will be able to detect some of threats or anomalies. Also is necessary to propose simulation environment for testing.

Today, there is a growing number of buildings in a neighborhood and business parks that are utilizing renewable energy generation, to reduce their electric bill and carbon footprint. The most current way of implementing a renewable energy generation is to use solar panels or a windmill to generate power; then use a charge controller connected to a battery bank to store power. Once stored, the user can then access a clean source of power from these batteries instead of the main power grid. This type of power structure is utilizing a single module system in respect of one building. As the industry of renewable power generation continues to increase, we start to see a new way of implementing the infrastructure of the power system. Instead of having just individual buildings generating power, storing power, using power, and selling power there is a fifth step that can be added, sharing power. The idea of multiple buildings connected to each other to share power has been named a microgrid by the power community. With this ability to share power in a microgrid system, a catastrophic event which cause shutdowns of power production can be better managed. This paper then discusses the data from simulations and a built physical model of a resilient microgrid utilizing these principles.

This work deals with interfering signals and noises, possibilities of their measurement, their reduction and afterwards with design of LISN. The theoretical part analyzes formation of interfering signals, their types, with possible measuring instruments for each type of these signals and their properties. In framework of practical part LISN for long-term load of 5A, frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz, with possibility to measure symmetrical and asymmetrical noise separately and also with possibility to switch to normal mode of LISN was developed. For better results LISN was realized as two stage LC filter.

No description available.

The energy system is undergoing a transformation on a never before witnessed scale. The changes are driven by global market forces and technological advancements, improving on a seemingly exponential scale. This in turn has led to the price of both renewables and the accompanying technology decrease over time, making the transition into renewables more economically viable. The drawback of variable renewable energy is that it is variable and dependent on the surrounding environment. Therefore, storing the energy during hours of production, to be used at a later stage when energy demand is higher is becoming ever more important and an attractive option. The purpose of this degree project is to, from a set of performance indicators, evaluate three different energy storage technologies and their respective impact on a distribution grid. The examined storage technologies are: Batteries, Capacitators and a H2 Fuel cell. A literature study was performed in order to find out how grid performance is evaluated, and how the different storage technologies operate. The obtained literature comes from scientific reports, and papers, found by utilizing Mälardalens University library-database. A model representing a Swedish grid with a connection point to the distribution side was created. The model is taken from previous credited work, and customized to fit the operational parameters of a Swedish grid. It was decided that the key indicators for evaluating the state of a grid was to look at the: voltage- and frequency variations, load factor, capacity factor and the overall system efficiency. The simulation is a discrete time simulation that utilizes parameters indicative of one full day of data. The results showed that, from a technological standpoint, the supercapacitor performed better in more categories than the Li-ion battery and H2 fuel cell. However, the Li-ion battery reduced the peaks of the frequency measurements which is a key metric when deciding on grid health. Also, there is the added benefit of the battery and fuel cell of having a longer operational time before the state of charge is depleted. This increases the flexibility of the technology and could therefore be more beneficial in other applications where power supply is more scarce.

De façon à réduire l'impact du réchauffement climatique, la Commission Européenne a décidé dans le prolongement du protocole de Kyoto de réduire drastiquement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En la matière, le remplacement progressif des véhicules thermiques par des véhicules électriques est considéré comme un objectif clé. Dans ce but, plusieurs prérequis doivent être pris en compte pour le déploiement rapide des véhicules électriques sur le marché européen. Le premier de ces prérequis consiste en la conception d'une nouvelle génération de batteries avec une efficacité énergétique accrue, une plus grande capacité et une robustesse améliorée. Le second prérequis est la conception et le déploiement rapide et économique d'infrastructures de recharge. Enfin, l'émergence de normes européennes dans tous ces domaines est une impérieuse nécessité pour la viabilité économique du marché européen des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse se focalise essentiellement sur le second de ces trois prérequis. Il est largement admis qu'à court terme, l'usage des véhicules électriques sera essentiellement limité aux zones urbaines avant d'être étendu à tout le territoire. Tel que cela est pris en compte par le projet de recherche national TELEWATT dans lequel nous avons été impliqués, les réseaux d'éclairage publics en zones urbaines peuvent être utilisés judicieusement pour déployer à court terme des infrastructures de recharge bon marché. Le principe de base de ce projet consiste à connecter à chaque candélabre une ou deux stations de recharge pour véhicule électrique si une ou deux places de parking sont disponibles dans l'environnement proche. Diverses contraintes électriques spécifiées dans le projet TELEWATT doivent être satisfaites pour permettre la recharge de véhicules électriques sans perturber la qualité de l’éclairage. Dans cette thèse, nous commençons par démontrer la faisabilité d’une telle opération. Pour cela, nous avons développé un simulateur permettant de décrire le comportement dynamique du système global. La force et l’originalité de ce simulateur réside dans sa capacité à déterminer en temps-réel et avec laprécision nécessaire si un véhicule électrique peut effectivement être connecté à une borne. La réponse à cette question dépend des caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques du réseau d’éclairage et de l’état de charge des véhicules déjà connectés comme des véhicules candidats. La dynamique du processus de recharge de chaque véhicule électrique dépend fortement de la puissance instantanée consommée par l’infrastructure globale. Le second objectif original de cette thèse consiste en la conception de politiques d’ordonnancement d’activation des diverses bornes de recharge. Notre objectif est de proposer, via ces politiquesd’ordonnancement, divers types de qualité de service (QoS) garanties aux usagers. De telles garanties peuvent par exemple se décliner en termes d’état de charge attendu pour une certaine durée de stationnement. / In order to reduce the impact of global warming, the European Commission has decided in the continuation of the Kyoto protocol to reduce drastically greenhouse gas emissions. In this matter, the progressive replacement of thermal vehicles by electric ones is considered as a key objective. For that purpose, several prerequisites must be considered for the rapid deployment of Electrical Vehicles (EV) in the European market. The first of these prerequisites consists in the design of a new generation of batteries with higher energy efficiency, larger capacity and improved robustness. The second one is the design and rapid deployment of cost effective charging infrastructures. At last, the emergence of European standards in all these matters is an imperious necessity for the viability of the EVs European market. This thesis is mainly focused on the second of these three prerequisites. It is widely admitted that in the short term, EVs usage will be essentially limited to urban areas before being extended to the whole territory. As it is considered by the French National TELEWATT research project to which we have contributed, street lighting networks can be used judiciously to deploy in the short term low cost charging infrastructures. The basic principle of this project consists in coupling to each street light one or two EV's charging stations if one or two parking spots are located nearby. Various electrical constraints specified in the TELEWATT project must be satisfied to enable EVs' charging without degrading the quality of the lighting system. In this thesis, we begin to demonstrate the feasibility of such an operation. For that purpose, we have developed a simulator enablingto depict the dynamic behavior of the global system. The strength and originality of this simulator resides in its capacity to determine in real-time and with the necessary precision if an EV can effectively be connected to a charging station. The response to this question depends on static and dynamic characteristics of the street lighting network and on the state of charge of the batteries of both the connected and candidate EVs. The dynamism of the charging process of each EV strongly depends on the instantaneous power consumed by the global infrastructure. The second original result of this thesis consists in the design of scheduling policies to activate the various charging stations. Our objective is to propose via these scheduling policies, various types of guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to the end-users. Such guarantees can be declined for instance in terms of expected state of charge for a given parking term