This study explores the role of rehabilitation in shaping the subjectivity of blind persons. It considers what engaging with rehabilitation services might communicate to people with visual impairments about their status, their value and their place in the world. Rather than being concerned with the practical aspects of rehabilitation, it explores how rehabilitative practices operate at the symbolic level, and interrogates the meanings about blindness which are produced within relationships where help is given and received. Drawing on Foucauldian concepts, this research traces the interplay between discourse, power and knowledge in rehabilitation services. The research design includes two phases. Through analysing the website copy of eight organisations located across South Africa, Phase One identified discourses employed by organisations as they represent themselves in the public realm. In Phase Two, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight service providers and eighteen service users across four organisations operating in the Western Cape province of South Africa. This phase identified the discourses framing rehabilitative activities and relationships. Visually impaired participants described sight loss as a significant trauma – as dislocation from society and self – revealing that service users might be particularly vulnerable to the shaping influence of rehabilitation. Data analysis found, firstly, that the discourses which frame rehabilitation services position visually impaired service users as passive recipients in relation to the work of service providers and the gifts of the public. This positioning objectifies service users and may signal to them that they are neither valued as stakeholders nor recognised as autonomous adults, while also requiring that they demonstrate gratitude towards service providers and the public. Secondly, rehabilitation is constructed as a linear journey with strictly defined outcomes. This ‘journey discourse' relies on polarised fantasies about blindness involving, on the one hand, dependency, dislocation and struggle and, on the other, independence, integration and coping. Visually impaired service users are required to demonstrate evidence of the latter while the former shadowy figure of pre-intervention blindness must be defended against. This discourse prohibits nuance and expressions of ongoing struggle, underpinning an imperative to cope found within organisations. Amid limiting discursive practices in rehabilitation, a key finding is that visually impaired service users are involved in complex negotiations of self and place. Investigating the discourses which frame and support rehabilitative practices sheds light on investments in promoting particular ways of being for visually impaired people, prompting us to consider what service providers, service users and, indeed, society as a whole might be colluding with. This work offers a novel perspective on blindness rehabilitation in South Africa as it explores an interplay between essential practical interventions found in rehabilitation and the influences on identity which those who experience sight loss undergo as they move into a new life with visual impairment.

Sarah Hall’s feminist dystopia The Carhullan Army presents a near-future society by using oppositional binaries traditional to the genre of the literary dystopia; Utopia/Dystopia, Male/Female, and Good/Evil. This essay deconstructs these binaries in order to unveil the inherent complexities in power structures that cannot be captured by such binaries. Previous research on the novel has approached it with feminist theory, and different branches of feminism such as ecofeminism. In this essay, I use feminist theory as a starting point to discuss the Authority’s oppression of women in the novel, but I also show the limits to this approach when considering the apparent post-9/11 context in which the novel is situated, which decisively inflects its treatment of power. Michel Foucault’s theories on power and knowledge are used in order to examine the complex power structures in The Carhullan Army, which relate to—and transcend—borders of gender. I find that the subtle political presence of American imperialism in the novel is vital to understand the power struggles that are apparent in both the patriarchal city of Rith and the matriarchal Carhullan farm. This essay examines the novel both as a critique to the political submissiveness that Great Britain showed when it followed America into war against Iraq in 2003 and as a depiction of what this submission might lead to.

Defendemos que a problemática do sujeito recobre globalmente a trajetória do pensamento de Michel Foucault. As transformações atinentes a este campo não podem ser apreendidas e demonstradas a não ser pelo entendimento das distintas maneiras e abordagens dispensadas a uma série de empreendimentos históricos, cujo cerne é a da descontinuidade. Entendemos que o constante esforço de modificação no exercício e domínio da história tem por objetivo colocar em evidência os campos e níveis heterogêneos de problematizações, transformações e experiências nas quais o sujeito tem a sua constituição. Para tanto, ficará demonstrado que a crítica ocupa lugar central, por um lado, no registro metodológico como caminho de constante reposicionamento do pensamento que se debruça sobre a relação história e sujeito, notadamente nas dimensões arqueológica e genealógica. Por outro, no registro dos lugaresdiscursos- práticas das experiências que são recobertas essencialmente por relações de forças nos processos históricos, cujas estratégias se voltam para o sujeito enquanto término de formas de sujeição, e cujo centro de transformação dessas relações evoca o enfrentamento enquanto acontecimento histórico para a constituição de processos de dessujeição ou de um sujeito ativo. Sempre no âmbito da história enquanto problematização e acontecimento, o sujeito irá tornar-se experiência histórica aberta. Isto, além de colocar em xeque as condições de seu destino, seu ser e estar na história, conduz-nos à análise das atitudes-experimentais possíveis a ele como força de criação ou produção de si mesmo. Modificar a si mesmo é modificar a história; modificar a história é modificar a si mesmo. / We support the idea that the problem of the subject covers the whole pathway of Michel Foucault\'s thinking. The changes concerning this field cannot be grasped and conveyed except by understanding the different ways and approaches directed to a series of works of historic engagement whose core is the question of discontinuity. We understand that the constant effort to change in the course of history aims at bringing forth the different fields and levels of approach, changes and experiences that build up the subject. In this respect it will be shown that criticism plays a central part in this project. On the one hand in a methodological key as a way of constant repositioning of the thinking that focuses on the relationship between history and the subject, especially in archaeological and the genealogical dimension. On the other hand, in the key of the places/discourses/practices of the experiences that are essencially coveredby relations of power in the historic process whose strategies are directed to the subject as the end of the forms of subjugation, and in which the center of change in these relationships evokes conflict as a historic factor for the constitution of a liberation process and of an active subject. Always in the view of history as questioning and achievement, the subject is bound to become an open historic experience. This, besides questioning the conditions of his destiny and his position in history, leads us to an analysis of the experimental attitudes in his reach as a force for creating himself in history. Changing himself is changing history; changing history is changing himself.

Using Foucault’s notion of a dispositif or social apparatus, this thesis charts the pedagogical relations established in contemporary literacy discourse in terms of a space of visibility and a form of sayability, and analyses them as operating within power-knowledge. It furthers this analysis by conceptualising the space of literacy as a normative heterotopia and as a recent mutation of bio-power, the government of the developing body. Such analysis problematises the discourse of literacy, from the term’s systematic indefiniteness to its real effectivity in producing subjects, spaces and disciplinary techniques. Literacy combines and interrelates a nineteenth-century establishment and a twentieth-century rearrangement of pedagogical space. The national language, the developing child, as well as the world of demands and national progress: all emerge as part of the nineteenth-century educational state, forming a set of disciplinary procedures, a structure of perception and a desire to recognise and utilise language development. Literacy discourse appropriates these knowledges and multiplies the sites in which they operate. It articulates the recognition and enablement of non-standard literacies with the governmental project of intensifying and directing the powers of a population. The pedagogical relations operationalised in literacy discourse project a continuous disciplinary power over a general social space. Thus, literacy has become both a common and much theorised social concern, and a term which structures lives, spaces, discourse and power. / Beginning with a close analysis of a recent education policy document, this thesis looks at the deployment of literacy as a way of organising experience through discourse and as a means of modulating the relations between three historically constituted terms: the student, the text, and the world. Schooling and literacy thus insert themselves into a machinery of social production and into the production of everyday concerns and processes. Consequently, literacy enters into our most material and non-linguistic moments through a teleological arrangement of time and space, a pedagogisation which is at the same time a textualisation of existence.

This thesis analyzes the Justice and Development Party government

This thesis explores aspects of map censorship in Google China through a theoretical framework based on Foucault’s power/knowledge. Comparing results of content analysis of maps in Google Ditu in Google China and Google Maps in Google Dot Com, the thesis analyzes the degree of censorship of maps in the Google geoweb. My findings are a higher density of labeling in Google Ditu in comparison with Google Maps, the absence of VGI in Google Ditu, the limitation of zoom level at Google Ditu, and the absence of Street View in China. This thesis suggests possible explanations to differences in map information between Google Ditu and Google Maps.

Orientador: Antônio Vicente Marafioti Garnica / Banca: Marcelo Carbone Carneiro / Banca: Carlos Roberto Vianna / Banca: Geraldo Antônio Bergamo / Banca: Heloisa da Silva / Resumo: A expectativa deste estudo é exercitar possibilidades de análise no campo da Educação a partir de um dispositivo estratégico que além de despontar como um caminho teórico possível para o estudo sistemático das formas de poder que controlam, exploram, devastam e exaurem as possibilidades da Educação, ao mesmo tempo permite perceber como estas formas de poder vinculam-se a uma lógica de poder global. Para isso, optamos por utilizar entrevistas com professores de Matemática que possuem posições de comando em instituições de ensino superior na cidade de Maringá (PR). A História Oral, utilizada como método dessa nossa investigação, possibilitou a utilização da memória mais como meio para a análise das ações por ela governadas e menos pelo conhecimento que, pela memória, foi possível registrar. A interconexão entre as opções metodológica e teórica presentes neste estudo possibilitaram a articulação de três elementos que julgamos fundamentais para compreender a Educação como instrumento de distribuição de poderes e saberes: o controle da natureza, o controle social e o autocontrole dos indivíduos / Abstract: The expectation of this study is to exercise possibilities of analysis in the field of Education based on a strategic approach that, in addition to pointing to a possible theoretical path for the systematic study of forms of power that control, exploit, devastate, and exhaust the possibilities of education, make it possible to perceive how these forms of power are linked to a logic of global power. We opted to use interviews with mathematics professors who are in positions of authority in higher education institutions in the city of Maringá (PR). The method used was oral history, which enabled us to use memory more as a means of analyzing the actions governed by memory, and less for the knowledge it allows us to record. The interconnection between the theoretical and the methodological options in the study made it possible to articulate three elements we judge to be fundamental for understanding education as an instrument of distributing power and knowledge: the control of nature; social control; and individual self-control / Doutor

Esta pesquisa está inserida no campo dos Estudos Surdos, que marca uma “posição política e epistemológica” (LOPES, 2007) da surdez como uma diferença, entendendo os surdos como uma minoria linguística e cultural. A educação bilíngue para surdos constitui-se objeto desta investigação, a qual, após a Política de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008), passa a ser a maior pauta de reivindicações do movimento surdo. O problema de pesquisa deste trabalho está assim construído: como diferentes discursos acerca da educação bilíngue para surdos constituem modos específicos de se pensar a escolarização desses sujeitos no cenário brasileiro? De modo geral, objetiva-se analisar discursos que produzem e colocam em funcionamento a educação bilíngue para surdos no cenário educacional brasileiro. Como objetivos específicos propõem-se: 1) identificar enunciados que constituem os discursos produzidos nos documentos selecionados; 2) verificar como se dão as relações de poder-saber nesses discursos; 3) problematizar como esses discursos produzem a educação bilíngue. Para isso, me inspiro em Michel Foucault (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013), olhando para os discursos entendidos como práticas que produzem os objetos sobre os quais fala. O material empírico desta dissertação é constituído de dez documentos, que foram elaborados pelo movimento surdo, representado pela Federação Nacional de Educação e Integração dos Surdos (FENEIS), ou pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC). Esses documentos são compreendidos como práticas que produzem a educação de surdos e, ao mesmo tempo, são constituídos por essas práticas. As noções de saber e poder também se tornam produtivas, pois, nos discursos, há tensionamentos imbricados em relações de saber-poder, que produzem verdades sobre a educação bilíngue. As análises, sobretudo as recorrências observadas, possibilitam construir duas unidades temáticas. Na primeira, verifica-se a utilização de documentos nacionais e internacionais, além de pesquisas acadêmicas e estatísticas, para produzir efeitos de verdade nos discursos. Existem recorrências e silenciamentos na produção dessas verdades, pois se tratam de discursos decorrentes de “princípios político-ideológicos distintos” (LODI, 2013). Na segunda unidade temática, observa-se uma polarização no que diz respeito à educação de surdos, pois são produzidos diferentes sentidos atribuídos à educação bilíngue. Os discursos que circulam no MEC compreendem a surdez como uma deficiência e apontam a educação inclusiva como um direito inalienável. Nesse caso, o surdo estaria incluído na escola comum através de Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) no contraturno, tendo a presença de intérprete de língua de sinais em sala de aula; assim como a língua de sinais é compreendida como um recurso de acessibilidade, já que o surdo não institui uma cultura. Já os discursos que circulam nos documentos produzidos pela FENEIS e por representantes do movimento surdo, a partir do entendimento da surdez como uma diferença linguística e cultural, apontam a necessidade de haver um ambiente linguístico adequado para que os surdos possam ter acesso à educação, o que não é possibilitado nas escolas comuns. A educação bilíngue é, portanto, pensada em espaços diferentes: na escola comum e na escola bilíngue. / This research is part of the field of Deaf Studies, which marks a "political and epistemological position" (Lopes, 2007) of deafness as a difference, understanding the deaf as a linguistic and cultural minority. The bilingual education for deaf is the object of this investigation, which, after the Special Education Policy in the Perspective of Inclusive Education (2008), becomes the greater agenda of the deaf movement . The research problem of this study is thus constructed: how different discourses about bilingual education for deaf are specific ways of thinking about the education of these subjects in the Brazilian scenario? In general, the objective is to analyze discourses that produce and put into operation the bilingual education for the deaf in the Brazilian educational scenario. The specific objectives are proposed: 1) To identify and extract excerpts that constitute the discourses produced in the selected documents; 2) see how they give the relations of power-knowledge in these discourses; 3) discuss how these discourses produce bilingual education. For this, I am inspired by Michel Foucault (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013), looking at the discourses understood as practices that produce the objects upon which they speak about. The empirical material of this thesis consists of ten documents, which were prepared by the deaf movement, represented by the National Federation of Education and Integration of the Deaf (FENEIS), or the Ministry of Education (MEC). These documents are understood as practices that produce deaf education and at the same time, are made up of these practices. The notions of knowledge and power also become productive because, in the speeches, there are tensions interwoven in relations of power-knowledge, producing truths about bilingual education. The analyses, especially the recurrences observed, enable build two thematic units. First, there is the use of national and international documents, as well as academic research and statistics to produce real effects in the speeches. There are recurrences and silences in the production of these truths, since these are discourses due to "different political and ideological principles" (LODI, 2013). The second thematic unit, there is a bias with respect to the education of the deaf, as are produced different meanings attributed to bilingual education. The discourses circulating in the MEC include deafness as a disability and point inclusive education as an inalienable right. Thus, the deaf would be included in regular schools through Educational Service Specialist (ESA) , and the presence of sign language interpreter in the classroom; as well as sign language is understood as an accessibility feature, since the deaf does not establish a culture. Now, the discourses that circulate in the documents produced by FENEIS and representatives of the deaf movement, based on the understanding of deafness as a linguistic and cultural difference, point the need for an appropriate linguistic environment for the deaf to have access to education, which is not allowed in public schools. The bilingual education is thus designed in different spaces: in regular schools and bilingual schools.

Esta pesquisa está inserida no campo dos Estudos Surdos, que marca uma “posição política e epistemológica” (LOPES, 2007) da surdez como uma diferença, entendendo os surdos como uma minoria linguística e cultural. A educação bilíngue para surdos constitui-se objeto desta investigação, a qual, após a Política de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (2008), passa a ser a maior pauta de reivindicações do movimento surdo. O problema de pesquisa deste trabalho está assim construído: como diferentes discursos acerca da educação bilíngue para surdos constituem modos específicos de se pensar a escolarização desses sujeitos no cenário brasileiro? De modo geral, objetiva-se analisar discursos que produzem e colocam em funcionamento a educação bilíngue para surdos no cenário educacional brasileiro. Como objetivos específicos propõem-se: 1) identificar enunciados que constituem os discursos produzidos nos documentos selecionados; 2) verificar como se dão as relações de poder-saber nesses discursos; 3) problematizar como esses discursos produzem a educação bilíngue. Para isso, me inspiro em Michel Foucault (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013), olhando para os discursos entendidos como práticas que produzem os objetos sobre os quais fala. O material empírico desta dissertação é constituído de dez documentos, que foram elaborados pelo movimento surdo, representado pela Federação Nacional de Educação e Integração dos Surdos (FENEIS), ou pelo Ministério da Educação (MEC). Esses documentos são compreendidos como práticas que produzem a educação de surdos e, ao mesmo tempo, são constituídos por essas práticas. As noções de saber e poder também se tornam produtivas, pois, nos discursos, há tensionamentos imbricados em relações de saber-poder, que produzem verdades sobre a educação bilíngue. As análises, sobretudo as recorrências observadas, possibilitam construir duas unidades temáticas. Na primeira, verifica-se a utilização de documentos nacionais e internacionais, além de pesquisas acadêmicas e estatísticas, para produzir efeitos de verdade nos discursos. Existem recorrências e silenciamentos na produção dessas verdades, pois se tratam de discursos decorrentes de “princípios político-ideológicos distintos” (LODI, 2013). Na segunda unidade temática, observa-se uma polarização no que diz respeito à educação de surdos, pois são produzidos diferentes sentidos atribuídos à educação bilíngue. Os discursos que circulam no MEC compreendem a surdez como uma deficiência e apontam a educação inclusiva como um direito inalienável. Nesse caso, o surdo estaria incluído na escola comum através de Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) no contraturno, tendo a presença de intérprete de língua de sinais em sala de aula; assim como a língua de sinais é compreendida como um recurso de acessibilidade, já que o surdo não institui uma cultura. Já os discursos que circulam nos documentos produzidos pela FENEIS e por representantes do movimento surdo, a partir do entendimento da surdez como uma diferença linguística e cultural, apontam a necessidade de haver um ambiente linguístico adequado para que os surdos possam ter acesso à educação, o que não é possibilitado nas escolas comuns. A educação bilíngue é, portanto, pensada em espaços diferentes: na escola comum e na escola bilíngue. / This research is part of the field of Deaf Studies, which marks a "political and epistemological position" (Lopes, 2007) of deafness as a difference, understanding the deaf as a linguistic and cultural minority. The bilingual education for deaf is the object of this investigation, which, after the Special Education Policy in the Perspective of Inclusive Education (2008), becomes the greater agenda of the deaf movement . The research problem of this study is thus constructed: how different discourses about bilingual education for deaf are specific ways of thinking about the education of these subjects in the Brazilian scenario? In general, the objective is to analyze discourses that produce and put into operation the bilingual education for the deaf in the Brazilian educational scenario. The specific objectives are proposed: 1) To identify and extract excerpts that constitute the discourses produced in the selected documents; 2) see how they give the relations of power-knowledge in these discourses; 3) discuss how these discourses produce bilingual education. For this, I am inspired by Michel Foucault (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013), looking at the discourses understood as practices that produce the objects upon which they speak about. The empirical material of this thesis consists of ten documents, which were prepared by the deaf movement, represented by the National Federation of Education and Integration of the Deaf (FENEIS), or the Ministry of Education (MEC). These documents are understood as practices that produce deaf education and at the same time, are made up of these practices. The notions of knowledge and power also become productive because, in the speeches, there are tensions interwoven in relations of power-knowledge, producing truths about bilingual education. The analyses, especially the recurrences observed, enable build two thematic units. First, there is the use of national and international documents, as well as academic research and statistics to produce real effects in the speeches. There are recurrences and silences in the production of these truths, since these are discourses due to "different political and ideological principles" (LODI, 2013). The second thematic unit, there is a bias with respect to the education of the deaf, as are produced different meanings attributed to bilingual education. The discourses circulating in the MEC include deafness as a disability and point inclusive education as an inalienable right. Thus, the deaf would be included in regular schools through Educational Service Specialist (ESA) , and the presence of sign language interpreter in the classroom; as well as sign language is understood as an accessibility feature, since the deaf does not establish a culture. Now, the discourses that circulate in the documents produced by FENEIS and representatives of the deaf movement, based on the understanding of deafness as a linguistic and cultural difference, point the need for an appropriate linguistic environment for the deaf to have access to education, which is not allowed in public schools. The bilingual education is thus designed in different spaces: in regular schools and bilingual schools.

Defendemos que a problemática do sujeito recobre globalmente a trajetória do pensamento de Michel Foucault. As transformações atinentes a este campo não podem ser apreendidas e demonstradas a não ser pelo entendimento das distintas maneiras e abordagens dispensadas a uma série de empreendimentos históricos, cujo cerne é a da descontinuidade. Entendemos que o constante esforço de modificação no exercício e domínio da história tem por objetivo colocar em evidência os campos e níveis heterogêneos de problematizações, transformações e experiências nas quais o sujeito tem a sua constituição. Para tanto, ficará demonstrado que a crítica ocupa lugar central, por um lado, no registro metodológico como caminho de constante reposicionamento do pensamento que se debruça sobre a relação história e sujeito, notadamente nas dimensões arqueológica e genealógica. Por outro, no registro dos lugaresdiscursos- práticas das experiências que são recobertas essencialmente por relações de forças nos processos históricos, cujas estratégias se voltam para o sujeito enquanto término de formas de sujeição, e cujo centro de transformação dessas relações evoca o enfrentamento enquanto acontecimento histórico para a constituição de processos de dessujeição ou de um sujeito ativo. Sempre no âmbito da história enquanto problematização e acontecimento, o sujeito irá tornar-se experiência histórica aberta. Isto, além de colocar em xeque as condições de seu destino, seu ser e estar na história, conduz-nos à análise das atitudes-experimentais possíveis a ele como força de criação ou produção de si mesmo. Modificar a si mesmo é modificar a história; modificar a história é modificar a si mesmo. / We support the idea that the problem of the subject covers the whole pathway of Michel Foucault\'s thinking. The changes concerning this field cannot be grasped and conveyed except by understanding the different ways and approaches directed to a series of works of historic engagement whose core is the question of discontinuity. We understand that the constant effort to change in the course of history aims at bringing forth the different fields and levels of approach, changes and experiences that build up the subject. In this respect it will be shown that criticism plays a central part in this project. On the one hand in a methodological key as a way of constant repositioning of the thinking that focuses on the relationship between history and the subject, especially in archaeological and the genealogical dimension. On the other hand, in the key of the places/discourses/practices of the experiences that are essencially coveredby relations of power in the historic process whose strategies are directed to the subject as the end of the forms of subjugation, and in which the center of change in these relationships evokes conflict as a historic factor for the constitution of a liberation process and of an active subject. Always in the view of history as questioning and achievement, the subject is bound to become an open historic experience. This, besides questioning the conditions of his destiny and his position in history, leads us to an analysis of the experimental attitudes in his reach as a force for creating himself in history. Changing himself is changing history; changing history is changing himself.