A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

Diploma work is based on constructing of electronic informative system about greenhouse growns damaging pests - growtheal vegetables, concretely forced on forwarding cucumbers and tomatoes. The aim of diploma work is to make out the given information system with division of pests according to kind of the growth, place of damage and integrated locator of pests based on their Czech or Latin title, eventually based on information about pests and bioagens. The system contains detailed information about individual pests, their bionomii, enlargement and protection, including the biological protection. A part of this informative system is a large number of photographs of individual pests, biological preparations or injured plants with apparent symptoms.

The dissertation focuses on mapping the life situations of children placed in the children?s home in Žichovec in the period between the years 2008 and 2010 and on examining the communication with their biological families. Quantitative research was used to gather information in order to achieve these goals and to verify certain hypotheses. Three research files were established. File No. 1 with the aim to map the life situations of children placed in the children?s home in Žichovec in the period between the years 2008 and 2010. An intrinsic part of this aim was to chart the situation in the families of these children in the given period. File No. 2 with the aim to examine the course of the children?s visits to their biological families, which occurred in the year 2010. Secondary data analysis was used in the case of the first two research files in order to reveal the content of the documents. The first file contained 56 children, who were accommodated at the children?s home in Žichovec in the years 2008 to 2010. The second file consisted of the families of these children, which counted 42. This was caused by four cases of a group of three siblings, five cases of a group of two siblings and a single case of an orphan. The life situations of the children were divided into four areas: 1. Personal case-history ? ethnicity, gender, age at time of joining the children?s home, age at time of leaving the children?s home, length of stay at children?s home, place of residence after leaving the children?s home, type of school at-tended. 2. Reasons for admission to the children?s home ? court order or preliminary measure regarding non-parental care, reasons given by the family, reasons given by the child. 3. Family case-history ? composition of family, number of siblings (both full sib-lings and stepsiblings), financial situation of family, accommodation. 4. Relationship with biological family ? form and frequency of contact with biolo- gical family in the Children?s Home, contact information, development of the vi sits in the Children?s Home, length of visits in the Children?s Home. Questionnaires were utilised in the case of the third research file, which consisted of 28 children, who had visited their biological families in the course of the year 2010. The questionnaire devised for the study contained fourteen questions aimed at the children?s contact with their biological families and the course of the visits from the per-spective of the children. Three hypotheses were established at the start of the dissertation, all of which proved to be correct: 1. The main reason for admission of children to the children?s home in Žichovec in the years 2008 to 2010 was a dysfunctional family environment. 2. The majority of these children were maintaining contact with their biological families. 3. The majority of the children, who left the premises of the children?s home in Žichovec on approval of its director in the year 2010 did so in order to visit their biological parents. The dissertation will be used for internal purposes of the children?s home, the information gathered will further be made available to all those who work in similar facilities and those who are interested in the issues involved. The conclusions of the dissertation can also be used as groundwork for solving negative elements in families by preventing them.

La notion de risque est doublement incertaine : elle contient une part irréductible d’aléa quant à sa concrétisation en dommage d’une part, elle n’est pas définie par la loi d’autre part. Pourtant, cette lacune est en contradiction, tant avec le recours exponentiel à la notion de risque en droit pénal, qu’il soit de fond ou de forme, qu’avec le principe de légalité des délits et des peines, qui implique que le législateur définisse avec clarté et précision les notions et concepts auxquels il fait appel, de sorte que la légitimité de son usage en droit pénal peut être mise en doute. La présence d’une notion aussi incertaine dans une matière qui met en cause les droits fondamentaux de la personne est susceptible de mettre en péril les impératifs de l’État de droit. Au demeurant, ce droit pénal de l’anticipation, qui vise à prévenir la survenance d’une atteinte possible mais incertaine à une valeur protégée, essuie de nombreuses critiques. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de savoir si le législateur emploie à bon escient ou non la notion de risque en droit pénal. La réponse à cette problématique nécessitera au préalable, de s’assurer que le droit pénal est effectivement légitime à s’intéresser à la notion de risque. Ce n’est pas parce que le législateur consacre une notion que sa prise en compte est forcément légitime. Plus encore, il faut garder à l’esprit que risque et droit pénal sont par nature contradictoires : le risque est incertain, immatériel et relève de la prévention tandis que le droit pénal est le droit de la répression, de la matérialité et de la certitude. Une étude approfondie de leurs natures respectives permettra néanmoins de dépasser la contradiction, attestant alors de ce que le droit pénal est théoriquement légitime à réceptionner la notion de risque. Cette légitimité n’en reste pas moins précaire. Pour la garantir, il ne pourra s’agir que d’un certain risque, c’est-à-dire un risque pourvu d’une certaine qualité, car le législateur, s’il prétend recourir à la notion de risque en droit pénal pour assurer à la société une protection pénale anticipée, ne peut se départir des principes qui y sont applicables. À partir de l’étude des principes fondamentaux du droit pénal, de ses concepts juridiques et de ses sources supralégislatives, cette recherche se proposera alors d’élaborer une définition pénale de la notion de risque, contenant les critères théoriques d’un risque pénalement saisissable en toute légitimité. Leur confrontation, ensuite, avec le droit positif, permettra de révéler si l’exploitation de la notion de risque par le législateur en droit pénal, fait perdre ou non à ce dernier sa légitimité. / The notion of risk is doubly uncertain: it contains an irreducible part of hazard as its realization in damage on the one hand, and its lack of definition by the law on the other. However, this gap is at odds, both with the exponential use of the notion of risk in criminal law, whether substantive or form, and with the principle of legality of offences and sentences, which implies that the legislator defines clearly and precisely the notions and concepts to which it refers. That is the reason why the legitimacy of the use of the notion of risk in criminal law can be questionable. The presence of such an uncertain notion in a field involving the fundamental rights of the person is likely to jeopardize the imperatives of the State of laws. Moreover, the criminal law of anticipation, which aims to prevent the occurrence of possible but uncertain interference with a protected right, is criticized. The purpose of this demonstration is therefore to know whether or not the legislature uses wisely the notion of risk in criminal law. The answer to this issue will previously require to ensure that criminal law is actually legitimate to focus on the notion of risk. This is not because the legislature takes into account a notion that its account is necessarily legitimate. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that risk and the criminal law are inherently contradictory: the risk is uncertain, immaterial and is linked to the concept of prevention while the criminal law is the right of repression, the materiality and the certainty. A deep study of their respective natures will nevertheless make it possible to overcome the contradiction, stating that the criminal law is theoretically legitimate to accept the notion of risk. This legitimacy stays nonetheless quite precarious. To secure this legitimacy, only a certain kind of risk, a risk with a managed level can be taken into account. If the legislator claims using the notion of risk in criminal law for anticipated criminal protection of society, he still cannot ignore the principles that are applicable in criminal law. From the study of the fundamental principles of criminal law, its legal concepts and its supralegislatives sources, this research will then offer a definition of the notion of risk in criminal law, containing the theoretical criteria of a legitimate criminally detectable risk. Its comparison with positive law, will emphasize whether the use of the notion of risk by the legislator in criminal law, makes him lose or not its legitimacy.

The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of the population (family) development from its start in the fifties of the twentieth century until today and to suggest its possible focus in the future. In the theoretical part, the development of family and pro-population precaution in the former Czechoslovakia is described, including international context. The next thing that the theoretical part deals with is the development of the states support of families after the Velvet Revolution in the context of economical a political changes. The analytical part of this thesis deals with the development of fertility using detailed demographic data of sectional and cohort analysis. The conclusion of this paper outlines possible direction of family politics which could ease the life of families, for example in the context of the reconciliation between family and work life.

A presente dissertação visa a analisar a cláusula de redução equitativa da indenização, introduzida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio do artigo 944, parágrafo único, do Código Civil de 2002. A aplicação da referida norma suscita intensos debates na doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras, em especial no que tange à possibilidade de aplicação aos casos de responsabilidade objetiva. Nesse sentido, poder-se-ia argumentar que a redução da indenização impactaria na finalidade da norma expressa no artigo 927, parágrafo único, do Código Civil, inclusive no que tange aos incentivos para prevenção de danos. A partir de uma análise do contexto, evolução jurídica do conceito e seus elementos e funções, é realizada uma avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e respectivos requisitos para a utilização do instituto de forma sistêmica e em consonância com o ordenamento jurídico vigente. Considerando que a Law and Economics permite ao intérprete antever os impactos da aplicação da norma na conduta dos agentes econômicos, em especial na internalização dos custos de prevenção, que são consequência direta de uma análise de custo e beneficio entre a prevenção e o pagamento da indenização pela causação de um dano, consiste em importante ferramenta à disposição da comunidade jurídica para a análise do terna proposto. Deste modo, o terna será analisado à luz da doutrina da Law and Economics, que traz importantes contribuições para a discussão do tema, que afeta de forma direta o comportamento dos agentes de mercado que desenvolvem atividades consideradas de risco. / The present dissertations aims at analyzing the equitable reduction o f indemnification, introduced in Brazilian legal system tbrough article 944, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code of 2002. The application o f such rule raises intense debates in the Brazilian doctrine and case law, especially with regard to the possibility of application to cases of strict liability. In this sense, it could be argued that the reduction of indemnification would affect the purpose of the rule foreseen in article 927, sole paragraph, o f the Civil Code, including with regard to incentives to the prevention of damage. From an analysis ofthe context, legal evolution ofthe concept and its elements and functions, an evaluation is conducted to assess the applicability and respective requirements for the use of the institute in a systemic way and in accordance with the current legal system. Given that Law and Economics allows the interpreter to foresee the impacts that the application of the rule will have on the conduct of economic agents, especially regarding the internalization of prevention costs, which are a direct consequence of a cost and benefit analysis between prevention and payment of compensation due to a damage caused, it is an important tool available to the legal co=unity for the analysis of the proposed theme. Therefore, the subject will be analyzed in light ofthe Law and Economics doctrine that brings important contributions to the discussion, which directly affects the behavior of market agents who carry out activities considered risky.

Diploma thesis "Child sexual abuse in Czech republic" deals with the development and especially with the stage in our republic about this issue. The thesis in the first two parts examine the issue of child sexual abuse from number of points of view, which are the actors how enter to the issue, what does the child sexual abuse mean and which are its forms, analyse the problems during the solution of this issue in Czech republic. In the second part the diploma thesis goes in for the possibilities of solution of the issue in Czech republic. With the help of the evaluation of some options, where as examples are some foreign models, in this thesis there are proposed some proceedings which would be advisable to introduce in Czech republic for the effective solution of the issue.

The diploma thesis deals with the influences on business planning, to which companies adapt in effort to succeed in a dynamic production and market environment. The influencing effect causing changes in the production company and the ability to react flexibly can eliminate possible losses or outages in production. However, adaptation leads to significant interventions throughout the company's value chain. The theoretical part presents the possibilities of business planning, which can have a significantly useful impact on management of the order across the pre-production and production stages. In the practical part, simulation models are demonstrated proofing nagative influencing effects. Then the methodology is compiled, witch leads the future user, how to limit or eliminate both internal and external disturbing effects.

The thesis focuses on creation of precaution „Plan applicable in case of exceptional/unsafe incidents taking place at TJ Tesla swimming pool located in Brno”. The theoretical chapter(s) deal with legislative framework and related bills regarding leak of dangerous substances from buildings. It also deals with protection of population within the Czech Republic with regard to separate measures applicable according to the character of incident. The practical chapter(s) deal with analysis of risks within the premises and define the character of unsafe attributes of the risk sources. The various risks are therefore modelled in order to show the possible range of unsafe effects on population. These models are necessary to define the most effective protective measures applicable while exceptional/unsafe incidents occur. The aim of the thesis is to create the specific precaution plan as well as dispute the way the incidents of unsafe substances of below the legislative limit amount could be handled.

Hochwasserschadensprozesse werden von den drei Komponenten des Hochwasserrisikos bestimmt – der Gefahr, der Exposition und der Vulnerabilität. Dabei bleiben wichtige Einflussgrößen auf die Vulnerabilität, wie die private Hochwasservorsorge aufgrund fehlender quantitativer Informationen unberücksichtigt. Diese Arbeit entwickelt daher eine robuste statistische Methode zur Quantifizierung des Einflusses von privater Hochwasservorsorge auf die Reduzierung der Vulnerabilität von Haushalten bei Hochwasser. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in Deutschland private Hochwasservorsorgemaßnahmen den durchschnittlichen Hochwasserschaden pro Wohngebäude um 11.000 bis 15.000 Euro reduzieren. Hochwasserschadensmodelle mit Expertenwissen und datengestützten Methoden sind dabei am besten in der Lage Unterschiede in der Vulnerabilität durch private Hochwasservorsorge zu erkennen. Die über Hochwasserschadenprozesse erhobenen Daten und Modellannahmen sind von Unsicherheit geprägt und so sind auch Schätzungen mit. Die Bayesschen Modelle, die in dieser Arbeit entwickelt und angewandt werden, nutzen Annahmen über Schadensprozesse als Prior und empirische Daten zur Aktualisierung der Wahrscheinlischkeitsverteilungen. Die Modelle bieten Hochwasserschadensschätzungen als Verteilung, welche die Bandbreite der Variabilität der Schadensprozesse und die Unsicherheit der Modellannahmen abbilden. Hochwasserschadensmodelle, hinsichtlich der Prognoseerstellung und Anwendbarkeit. Ins Besondere verbessert die Verwendung einer Beta–Verteilung die Zuverlässigkeit der Modellergebnisse im Vergleich zu den häufig genutzten Gaußschen oder nicht parametrischen Verteilungen. Der hierarchische Bayessche Ansatz schafft eine verbesserte Parametrisierung von Wasserstand-Schadens-Funktionen und ersetzt so die Notwendigkeit empirischer Daten durch regional- und Ereignis-spezifisches Expertenwissen. Auf diese Weise kann die Vorhersage bei einer zeitlich und räumlichen Übertragung des Models verbessert werden. / Flood damage processes are influenced by the three components of flood risk - hazard, exposure and vulnerability. In comparison to hazard and exposure, the vulnerability component, though equally important is often generalized in many flood risk assessments by a simple depth-damage curve. Hence, this thesis developed a robust statistical method to quantify the role of private precaution in reducing flood vulnerability of households. In Germany, the role of private precaution was found to be very significant in reducing flood damage (11 - 15 thousand euros, per household). Also, flood loss models with structure, parameterization and choice of explanatory variables based on expert knowledge and data-driven methods were successful in capturing changes in vulnerability, which makes them suitable for future risk assessments. Due to significant uncertainty in the underlying data and model assumptions, flood loss models always carry uncertainty around their predictions. This thesis develops Bayesian approaches for flood loss modelling using assumptions regarding damage processes as priors and available empirical data as evidence for updating. Thus, these models provide flood loss predictions as a distribution, that potentially accounts for variability in damage processes and uncertainty in model assumptions. The models presented in this thesis are an improvement over the state-of-the-art flood loss models in terms of prediction capability and model applicability. In particular, the choice of the response (Beta) distribution improved the reliability of loss predictions compared to the popular Gaussian or non-parametric distributions; the Hierarchical Bayesian approach resulted in an improved parameterization of the common stage damage functions that replaces empirical data requirements with region and event-specific expert knowledge, thereby, enhancing its predictive capabilities during spatiotemporal transfer.