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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Bases mécanistiques des effets d'un insecticide agrovétérinaire, le fiproni, et/ou de ses métabolites sur la fonction thyroïdienne chez le rat / Mechanistic basis of the effects of an agroveterinary insecticide, the fipronil, and/or its metabolites on the thyroid function in rat

Roques, Beatrice 12 December 2012 (has links)
Le fipronil, insecticide largement utilisé, est un perturbateur thyroïdien chez le rat modulant le catabolisme hépatique des hormones thyroïdiennes. Ses effets chez le mouton, considéré comme un modèle plus pertinent que le rat pour étudier une régulation de la fonction thyroïdienne chez l'Homme, sont plus limités. Le but de cette thèse était de caractériser au niveau hépatique le mode d'action du fipronil sur la fonction thyroïdienne en s'intéressant 1) au rôle potentiel du principal métabolite du fipronil formé in vivo, le fipronil sulfone, et 2) aux différences interspécifiques de métabolisme du fipronil et/ou de sensibilité à la perturbation thyroïdienne qui peuvent préjuger de la pertinence des différents modèles animaux pour l'analyse du risque du fipronil pour la santé humaine. L'efficacité du fipronil sulfone à induire l'expression et/ou l'activité d'enzymes responsables du métabolisme hépatique des hormones thyroïdiennes ou du fipronil était la même que celle du fipronil autant in vivo chez le rat que in vitro sur hépatocytes. L'utilisation d'un modèle de souris déficientes pour des récepteurs nucléaires xénosenseurs suggérait fortement une implication des récepteurs nucléaires Constitutive Androstane Receptor et/ou Pregnane X Receptor dans la perturbation thyroïdienne induite par le fipronil / The widely used insecticide fipronil is a thyroid disruptor in rat acting on thyroid hormone hepatic metabolism. In sheep, a more relevant species for the human thyroid regulation, fipronil-induced thyroid-disruption is much more limited. The goal of this thesis was to characterize the mode of action of fipronil on thyroid function at the hepatic level focusing on 1) the potential role of fipronil sulfone, the main fipronil metabolite formed in vivo, and on 2) interspecific differences in terms of fipronil metabolism and/or sensitivity to thyroid disruption that can prejudge of the relevance of the different animal models for the risk assessment of fipronil for human health. Fipronil sulfone was as efficient as fipronil to induce the expression and/or activity of enzymes involved in thyroid hormone or fipronil hepatic metabolism both in vivo in rat and in vitro on hepatocytes. The use of knock-out mice for xenosensors nuclear receptors strongly suggested an implication of the nuclear receptor Constitutive Androstane Receptor and/or Pregnane X Receptor on fipronil-induced thyroid disruption
12

Sítios de interação alternativos em receptores nucleares e sua viabilidade como alvos terapêuticos usando triagem computacional e experimental. / Targeting alternative ligand-binding sites in nuclear receptors using computational and experimental screening.

Kronenberger, Thales 18 May 2017 (has links)
Receptores nucleares controlam a transcrição em células eucarióticas quando ativados por ligantes e, além do sítio de interação com ligantes, há outros sítios alternativos em sua superfície que podem ser alvo de compostos capazes de interferir com as interações proteína-proteína desativando o RN. A ativação do Receptor X de Pregnano (RXP) e do Receptor Constitutivo de Androstano (RCA) resulta na indução do metabolismo e efluxo de fármacos. Portanto, RXP/RCA sao responsáveis por causar reações adversas ou falhar terapias. Uma abordagem combinando a triagem experimental à nível cellular, em uma biblioteca de fármacos, e validação com ensaios in vitro e in silico, conseguimos identificar três novos antagonistas de RXP e cinco novos contra RCA, cada um com um perfil único de interação. / Nuclear receptors can control transcription in eukaryotic cells in a ligand-dependent manner and, besides the ligand-binding pocket there is evidence of the existence of alternative ligand-binding sites on the surface, which can be addressed by small organic molecules that disrupt specific protein-protein interactions and thereby may antagonise NR function. Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) results in the induction of first-pass metabolism and drug efflux. Hereby PXR/CAR may cause adverse drug reactions or therapeutic failure of drugs. Therefore, PXR and/or CAR antagonists can minimise adverse effects or improve therapeutic efficiencies. Combination of cellular high-throughput screen identified CAR and PXR potent antagonists in a library of approved and investigational drugs. Further validated by cellular and in vitro assays, as well as molecular docking, suggesting additional or exclusive binding outside the classical ligand binding pocket. In conclusion, we here have identified three approved drugs as novel potent PXR antagonists and five potential CAR inverse agonists with differential receptor interaction profiles.
13

Vitamin E : elucidation of the mechanism of side chain degradation and gene regulatory functions / Vitamin E : elucidation of the mechanism of side chain degradation and gene regulatory functions

Landes, Nico January 2005 (has links)
For more than 80 years vitamin E has been in the focus of scientific research. Most of the progress concerning non-antioxidant functions, nevertheless, has only arisen from publications during the last decade.<br> Most recently, the metabolic pathway of vitamin E has been almost completely elucidated. Vitamin E is metabolized by truncation of its side chain. The initial step of an omega-hydroxylation is carried out by cytochromes P450 (CYPs). This was evidenced by the inhibition of the metabolism of alpha-tocopherol by ketoconozole, an inhibitor of CYP3A expression, whereas rifampicin, an inducer of CYP3A expression increased the metabolism of alpha-tocopherol. Although the degradation pathway is identical for all tocopherols and tocotrienols, there is a marked difference in the amount of the release of metabolites from the individual vitamin E forms in cell culture as well as in experimental animals and in humans. Recent findings not only proposed an CYP3A4-mediated degradation of vitamin E but also suggested an induction of the metabolizing enzymes by vitamin E itself.<br> In order to investigate how vitamin E is able to influence the expression of metabolizing enzymes like CYP3A4, a pregnane X receptor (PXR)-based reporter gene assay was chosen. PXR is a nuclear receptor which regulates the transcription of genes, e.g., CYP3A4, by binding to specific DNA response elements. And indeed, as shown here, vitamin E is able to influence the expression of CYP3A via PXR in an in vitro reporter gene assay. Tocotrienols showed the highest activity followed by delta- and alpha-tocopherol. An up-regulation of Cyp3a11 mRNA, the murine homolog of the human CYP3A4, could also be confirmed in an animal experiment. The PXR-mediated change in gene expression displayed the first evidence of a direct transcriptional activity of vitamin E. PXR regulates the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, including oxidation, conjugation, and transport. CYP3A, e.g., is involved in the oxidative metabolism of numerous currently used drugs. This opens a discussion of possible side effects of vitamin E, but the extent to which supranutritional doses of vitamin E modulate these pathways in humans has yet to be determined. <br><br> Additionally, as there is arising evidence that vitamin E's essentiality is more likely to be based on gene regulation than on antioxidant functions, it appeared necessary to further investigate the ability of vitamin E to influence gene expression. Mice were divided in three groups with diets (i) deficient in alpha-tocopherol, (ii) adequate in alpha-tocopherol supply and (iii) with a supranutritional dosage of alpha-tocopherol. After three months, half of each group was supplemented via a gastric tube with a supranutritional dosage of gamma-tocotrienol per day for 7 days. Livers were analyzed for vitamin E content and liver RNA was prepared for hybridization using cDNA array and oligonucleotide array technology. A significant change in gene expression was observed by alpha-tocopherol but not by gamma-tocotrienol and only using the oligonucleotide array but not using the cDNA array. The latter effect is most probably due to the limited number of genes represented on a cDNA array, the lacking gamma-tocotrienol effect is obviously caused by a rapid degradation, which might prevent bioefficacy of gamma-tocotrienol.<br> Alpha-tocopherol changed the expression of various genes. The most striking observation was an up-regulation of genes, which code for proteins involved in synaptic transmitter release and calcium signal transduction. Synapsin, synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, RAB3A, complexin 1, Snap25, ionotropic glutamate receptors (alpha 2 and zeta 1) were shown to be up-regulated in the supranutritional group compared to the deficient group. The up-regulation of synaptic genes shown in this work are not only supported by the strong concentration of genes which all are involved in the process of vesicular transport of neurotransmitters, but were also confirmed by a recent publication. However, a confirmation by real time PCR in neuronal tissue like brain is now required to explain the effect of vitamin E on neurological functionality. The change in expression of genes coding for synaptic proteins by vitamin E is of principal interest thus far, since the only human disease directly originating from an inadequate vitamin E status is ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency. Therefore, with the results of this work, an explanation for the observed neurological symptoms associated with vitamin E deficiency can be presented for the first time. / Chemisch handelt es sich bei Vitamin E um acht lipophile Derivate des 6 Chromanols mit einer Seitenkette. Nach dem Sättigungsgrad der Seitenkette lassen sich die Derivate in die Tocopherole (gesättigte Seitenkette) und die Tocotrienole (ungesättigte Seitenkette mit drei Doppelbindungen) einteilen. Entsprechend der Methylierung des Chromanrings lassen sie sich in alpha-, beta-, gamma- und delta-Tocopherol, bzw. Tocotrienol unterscheiden. Davon besitzt alpha-Tocopherol, das gleichzeitig die im Plasma dominierende Form darstellt, die höchste biologische Aktivität. Aufnahme wie auch der Transport von Vitamin E im Körper sind vergleichsweise gut erforscht. Die Kenntnisse zu Metabolismus und Elimination waren jedoch bis vor kurzem sehr lückenhaft. Lange Zeit waren nur Vitamin E-Metabolite mit geöffnetem Chromanring, die sogenannten Simon-Metabolite Tocopheronsäure und Tocopheronolacton bekannt. Diese Metabolite können nur aus oxidativ gespaltenem Vitamin E entstehen und galten daher auch als Beweis für die antioxidative Wirkung von Vitamin E. Mit verbesserter Analytik wurde vor einigen Jahren gezeigt, dass die Simon-Metabolite größtenteils Isolierungsartefakte sind. Stattdessen wurden Metabolite mit intaktem Chromanring identifiziert. Tocopherole wie auch Tocotrienole werden im Körper durch eine Verkürzung der Seitenkette abgebaut. Die Endprodukte sind in jedem Fall CEHCs (Carboxyethyl Hydroxychromane). Die Seitenkettenverkürzung startet mit einer omega-Hydroxylierung gefolgt von 5 Schritten &#61472;beta-Oxidation. Die omega Hydroxylierung der Seitenkette durch Cytochrom P450 (CYP) Enzyme wurde indirekt bestätigt. CYP3A4 gilt dabei als eines der wahrscheinlichsten Enzyme im Abbau von Vitamin E, die Beteiligung weiterer CYPs wird jedoch gleichfalls angenommen. Auffällig ist, dass nicht alle Vitamin E-Formen in gleichem Ausmaß abgebaut werden. Die Ausscheidung von CEHCs aus alpha-Tocopherol ist, verglichen zu andern Vitamin E-Formen, in kultivierten Zellen wie auch in vivo sehr gering. Die Art der Seitenkettenverkürzung von Vitamin E spricht für einen Abbau über das Fremdstoff-metabolisierende System, welches auch eine Vielzahl von Medikamenten verstoffwechselt.<br> Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte mittels Reportergenassay in HepG2 Zellen gezeigt werden, dass Vitamin E einen nukleären Rezeptor, den Pregnan X Rezeptor (PXR), zu aktivieren und die Expression von PXR-regulierten Genen zu beeinflussen vermag. PXR reguliert eine Reihe von Genen für Fremdstoff-metabolisierende Enzyme wie z.B. Cytochrom P450 3A4 durch Bindung an sein responsives Element im Promotor der Zielgene. Die untersuchten Vitamin E-Formen unterschieden sich deutlich hinsichtlich ihrer PXR-Aktivierung. Die Tocotrienole zeigten die höchste PXR-Aktivierung - vergleichbar mit Rifampicin, einem bekannt guten PXR-Aktivator - gefolgt von delta / alpha- und gamma-Tocopherol. Im Tierversuch an Mäusen konnte die erhöhte Expression von Cyp3a11, dem Homolog des humanen CYP3A4 in Abhängigkeit von der alpha-Tocopherol-Zufuhr bestätigt werden. Somit konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass Vitamin E die Expression von Genen direkt beeinflussen kann. Darüber hinaus unterstreicht diese Beobachtung die Möglichkeit einer Wechselwirkung von pharmakologischen Dosen Vitamin E mit dem Abbau von Medikamenten. Eine genregulatorische Funktion von Vitamin E ist auf den ersten Blick überraschend. Denn wenngleich Vitamin E vor über 80 Jahren als Fertilitätsfaktor bei Ratten entdeckt wurde, steht die erst später beschriebene antioxidative Eigenschaft von Vitamin E bis heute im Fokus der meisten Publikationen. Die molekularen Mechanismen der Essentialität von Vitamin E wurden dagegen wenig untersucht. Erst in den letzten Jahren finden Funktionen von Vitamin E Interesse, die über seine antioxidative Wirkung hinausgehen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vitamin E in vitro die Expression von Genen wie dem Scavenger Rezeptor CD36, dem Connective Tissue Growth Factor oder dem Peroxisomen-Proliferator aktivierten Rezeptor gamma beeinflussen kann.<br> Um weitere Zielgene von Vitamin E in vivo identifizieren zu können, wurden im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit Mäuse in drei Fütterungsgruppen mit einer a) defizientem b) adäquatem sowie c) mit einer supranutritiven alpha Tocopherol-Versorgung über 3 Monate gefüttert. Zusätzlich erhielt die Hälfte der Tiere aus jeder Gruppe während der letzten Lebenswoche eine supranutritive Dosis gamma-Tocotrienol pro Tag. Aus den Lebern der Tiere wurde die RNA präpariert und die differentielle Genexpression mittels a) cDNA und b) Oligonukleotide enthaltenden GenChips analysiert.<br> Eine signifikante Änderung in der Genexpression zwischen den verschiedenen Fütterungsgruppen fand sich jedoch nur in den Analysen der Oligonukleotid GenChips. Dies kann auf die begrenzte Anzahl von Genen zurückzuführen sein, die auf den cDNA GenChips repräsentiert waren. Auch ein signifikanter Effekt von gamma-Tocotrienol auf die Genexpression konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Wahrscheinlich ist die hohe Ausscheidung von gamma-CEHC, dem Abbauprodukt von gamma-Tocotrienol, die im Urin der Tiere gemessen wurde und die damit womöglich verringerte Bioverfügbarkeit von gamma-Tocotrienol dafür verantwortlich.<br> Mit Hilfe der Oligonukleotid GenChips konnte jedoch ein signifikanter Effekt von alpha-Tocopherol auf die Expression einer Vielzahl von Genen beobachtet werden. Herausstechend war dabei die erhöhte Expression von für den vesikulären Transport essentiellen Genen, die für den synaptischen Signaltransfer benötigt werden. So wurden z.B. Synapsin, Synaptotagmin, Synaptophysin, Synaptobrevin, RAB3A, Complexin 1, Snap25, die ionotrophen Glutamat Rezeptoren alpha 2 und zeta 1 in Abhängigkeit von der alpha Tocopherol-Versorgung über die Diät erhöht exprimiert. Die Beobachtung, dass Vitamin E bei neurologischen Prozessen eine Rolle zu spielen scheint ist jedoch nicht neu. Bei Patienten mit einem Mangel an funktionellem alpha-Tocopherol-Transfer-Protein (alpha-TTP) kann es zu stark verringerten Plasmakonzentrationen an Vitamin E kommen, da alpha-TTP eine zentrale Rolle in der Aufnahme und Verteilung von Vitamin E im Körper einnimmt. An diesen Patienten können charakteristische Vitamin E-Mangelzustände beobachtet, die durch eine Reihe von neurologischen Störungen wie Ataxien, Hyporeflexie sowie eine verringerte propriozeptive und vibratorische Sensitivität gekennzeichnet sind. Mit den vorliegenden Ergebnissen kann nun erstmals eine mechanistische Erklärung für diese Symptome diskutiert werden. Eine Bestätigung der vorliegenden Ergebnisse via RT-PCR und Western Blot, z.B. in neuronalem Gewebe wie dem Gehirn, sowie anschließende funktionellen Untersuchungen ist daher dringend geboten.
14

Engineering the pregnane X receptor and estrogen receptor alpha to bind novel small molecules using negative chemical complementation

Shaffer, Hally A. 05 April 2011 (has links)
Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that play significant roles in various biological processes within the body, such as cell development, hormone metabolism, reproduction, and cardiac function. As transcription factors, nuclear receptors are involved in many diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and arthritis, resulting in approximately 10-15% of the pharmaceutical drugs presently on the market being targeted toward nuclear receptors. Structurally, nuclear receptors consist of a DNA-binding domain (DBD), responsible for binding specific sequences of DNA called response elements, fused to a ligand-binding domain (LBD) through a hinge region. The LBD binds a small molecule ligand. Upon ligand binding, the LBD changes to an active conformation leading to the recruitment of coactivator (CoAC) proteins and initiation of transcription. As a result of their involvement in disease, there is an emphasis on engineering nuclear receptors for applications in gene therapy, drug discovery and metabolic engineering.
15

Experimentální přístupy pro studium jaterní enzymatické indukce zprostředkované pregnanovým X receptorem / Experimental approaches for studying hepatic enzyme induction mediated by pregnane X receptor

Dobečka, Kryštof January 2021 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Kryštof Dobečka Supervisor: PharmDr. Tomáš Smutný, Ph.D. Advisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Experimental approaches for studying hepatic enzyme induction mediated by pregnane X receptor The thesis focuses on hepatic pregnane X receptor (PXR)-mediated induction of biotransformation enzymes. Emphasis is placed on experimental models and methods which are used for the assessment of enzyme induction. In addition to summarizing its well- established role as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, PXR is also presented as a transcription factor with an important role in endogenous pathways. Furthermore, cell and animal models are evaluated in terms of expression and function of PXR and its target xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Primary human hepatocytes in 2D cultures are considered to be the gold standard of in vitro hepatic models. However, 3D technologies are expected to be increasingly used in the future. The use of animal models is limited due to pronounced interspecies differences in PXR activation. Thus, humanized models have been established to overcome these limitations. Next, this thesis comments screening methods for an assessment of interaction between PXR and...
16

Differential Induction of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters by Tamoxifen: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Sane, Rucha S. 18 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.
17

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD):perspectives to etiology, complications and lipid metabolism

Käräjämäki, A. (Aki) 28 November 2017 (has links)
Abstract Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) form a dangerous quartet which threatens human health all over the world. About 25% of adults around the world have NAFLD, which poses risks for cardiovascular and metabolic well-being and may develop into liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Apart from lifestyle modification, treatment options for NAFLD are scarce. This thesis presents atrial fibrillation (AF) as a new complication of NAFLD among general population of 958 individuals aged 40-60 years participating in the OPERA study. Even after multiple-adjustments for confounding factors, ultrasound-based NAFLD predicted the development of AF during about 16 years of follow-up. Moreover, the association between AF and liver fibrosis in 76 individuals aged 64-82 years in a cross-sectional setting is presented. The thesis also shows that individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS), with or without NAFLD, are at increased risk of cardiovascular events, T2D and the increase of left ventricular mass index in a study population of 958 individuals aged 40-60 years during a 20-year follow-up. In other words, NAFLD without MetS does not seem to expose to these three cardiometabolic complications. The thesis also shows that rifampicin-activated pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with several endobiotic and xenobiotic activators, increases serum levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and certain fatty acids, assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics technique, in a randomized, open, placebo-controlled trial among 34 young and healthy individuals. These serum lipids are considered toxic lipids and capable of transforming hepatosteatosis into steatohepatitis and even more severe forms of NAFLD. Moreover, rifampicin-activated PXR has no effect on serum triglycerides, that are non-toxic lipids, or triglyceride accumulation in the liver, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, in 15 young and healthy individuals. In conclusion, this thesis advances the knowledge in the pathogenesis, lipid metabolism, complications and heterogeneous nature of NAFLD. These may have implications for patient care and follow-up. / Tiivistelmä Maailmanlaajuisesti noin 25% täysi-ikäisistä henkilöistä sairastaa alkoholinkäyttöön liittymätöntä rasvamaksaa. Sen tiedetään altistavan sydän- ja verisuonisairauksille, aineenvaihduntahäiriöille, maksakirroosille ja jopa maksasyövälle, mutta elämäntapahoitoa lukuun ottamatta hoitomahdollisuudet ovat toistaiseksi vähäisiä. Tässä väitöskirjassa osoitetaan ensimmäistä kertaa alkoholinkäyttöön liittymättömän rasvamaksan ennustavan itsenäisesti eteisvärinän ilmaantuvuutta noin 16 vuoden seurannan aikana 958 tavallisen keski-ikäisen ihmisen aineistossa osana OPERA-tutkimusta. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa osoitetaan maksan sidekudosmuodostuksen ja eteisvärinän välillä olevan yhteys poikkileikkausasetelmassa 76 iäkkään ihmisen muodostamassa aineistossa. Väitöstutkimuksessa havaittiin myös, että metabolista oireyhtymää sairastavilla henkilöillä on suurentunut tyypin 2 diabeteksen, sydän- ja verisuonisairauksien sekä vasemman kammion koon suurentumisen riski noin 20 vuoden seurannan aikana 958 tutkittavan henkilön aineistossa riippumatta siitä, onko heillä alkoholinkäyttöön liittymätön rasvamaksa. Toisin sanoen alkoholin käyttöön liittymätön rasvamaksa ilman metabolista oireyhtymää ei lisää edellä mainittujen kolmen sairauden riskiä. Väitöstutkimuksessa esitetään lisäksi, että rifampisiinilla aikaansaatu maksan pregnane X -reseptorin aktivaatio johtaa seerumin fosfolipidien, tiettyjen rasvahappojen sekä usean eri kolesterolityypin lisääntymiseen 34 terveen nuoren henkilön aineistossa. Kirjallisuudessa näiden seerumin rasva-aineiden on esitetty aiheuttavan alkoholin käyttöön liittymätöntä maksatulehdusta ja jopa rasvamaksan vakavimpia muotoja. Toisaalta rifampisiini ei lisännyt seerumin triglyseridipitoisuutta eikä aiheuttanut magneettitutkimuksella mitattuna triglyseridien kertymistä maksaan 15 terveen nuoren henkilön aineistossa. Tämä väitöstutkimus antaa lisätietoa rasvamaksan kehittymisestä, rasva-aineenvaihdunnasta ja komplikaatioista sekä korostaa rasvamaksan monimuotoista luonnetta. Nämä löydökset saattavat parantaa rasvamaksaa sairastavien henkilöiden hoitoa ja seurantaa.
18

THE ROLE OF PXR AND IKKβ SIGNALING IN CARDIOMETABOLIC DISEASE

Helsley, Robert N. 01 January 2016 (has links)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and is partially attributed to perturbations in lipid metabolism. Xenobiotics, such as pharmaceutical drugs and environmental chemicals, have been associated with increased risk of CVD in multiple large-scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. We and others have identified several xenobiotics as potent agonists for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that can be activated by numerous drugs as well as environmental and dietary chemicals. However, the role of PXR in mediating the pathophysiological effects of xenobiotic exposure in humans and animals remains elusive. The work herein identified several widely used pharmaceutical agents and endocrine disrupting chemicals as PXR-selective agonists such as drugs involved in HIV therapy and phthalates/phthalate substitutes, respectively. We investigated the role of amprenavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, and tributyl citrate, a phthalate substitute, on PXR-dependent alterations in lipoprotein metabolism. Acute exposure with either xenobiotic in mice elicited increases in the proatherogenic LDL-cholesterol levels in a PXR-dependent manner. PXR activation significantly induced expression of genes involved in intestinal lipid metabolism. Further, we went on to identify the intestinal cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1), as a direct PXR-target gene. PXR activation also stimulated cholesterol uptake in both murine and human intestinal cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) may be a direct PXR-target gene. Taken together, these findings provide critical mechanistic insight into the role of xenobiotic-mediated PXR activation on lipid homeostasis and demonstrate a potential role of PXR in mediating adverse effects of xenobiotics on CVD risk in humans. In addition to PXR signaling, we investigated the role of IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation, in adipocyte progenitor cells. Targeting IKKβ in adipose progenitor cells resulted in decreased high fat diet (HFD)-elicited adipogenesis, while protecting mice from inflammation and associated insulin resistance. Consistently, we discovered that IKKβ inhibition by antisense oligonucleotides ablated HFD-induced adiposity, while protecting mice against associated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, targeting IKKβ with antisense therapy may present as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.

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