In the highly competitive aerospace industry, engine manufacturers must react very quickly and precisely to any demand emerging from aircraft manufacturers if they want to be positioned on the offer. This is especially true when answering to Requests For Information (RFI) based on preliminary design investigations of first level. In order to reduce the time needed to perform these costly operations while improving the performances achieved, Snecma wishes to develop tools for dimensioning the engine and also for assessing key parameters such as mass, emissions, fuel burn, costs, etc. Unfortunately, the set of tools and the process used at the present time for preliminary design investigations of first level are not sufficient to meet the high standards sought-after by the company in terms of time and performances. As a consequence, efforts must be spent on redefining the whole process and the tools it is based on; here is the mission that has been conferred upon me.   Multiple exchanges with performances engineers and specialists allowed to draw the current process for preliminary design investigations of first level and raise all the associated concerns. At the same time, a status of the existing tools (called modules in this report), mainly developed under Excel, has been realised in order to identify the range of action for today's investigations. A prototype has been developed under SDK Python with the aim of proving the feasibility of a solution to a difficulty that shows up in the process for each new investigation: the one of generating the workflow on the optimisation software Optimus. A target process has finally been discussed considering all the information collected, and would allow dividing by five the time needed to perform investigations compare to now. The prototype developed lead to interesting results and this solution could thus probably be integrated in the target process as it would allow saving one day of work for an engineer for each study to be carried out.   Solutions have been proposed to all the concerns identified in the process and they will have to be discussed with many actors and investigated further in the near future in order to set the target process that will allow meeting the final objective of answering all types of RFIs emitted by aircraft manufacturer in a very short time with a high level of confidence in the results.

In the highly competitive aerospace industry, engine manufacturers must react very quickly and precisely to any demand emerging from aircraft manufacturers if they want to be positioned on the offer. This is especially true when answering to Requests For Information (RFI) based on preliminary design investigations of first level. In order to reduce the time needed to perform these costly operations while improving the performances achieved, Snecma wishes to develop tools for dimensioning the engine and also for assessing key parameters such as mass, emissions, fuel burn, costs, etc. Unfortunately, the set of tools and the process used at the present time for preliminary design investigations of first level are not sufficient to meet the high standards sought-after by the company in terms of time and performances. As a consequence, efforts must be spent on redefining the whole process and the tools it is based on; here is the mission that has been conferred upon me.   Multiple exchanges with performances engineers and specialists allowed to draw the current process for preliminary design investigations of first level and raise all the associated concerns. At the same time, a status of the existing tools (called modules in this report), mainly developed under Excel, has been realised in order to identify the range of action for today's investigations. A prototype has been developed under SDK Python with the aim of proving the feasibility of a solution to a difficulty that shows up in the process for each new investigation: the one of generating the workflow on the optimisation software Optimus. A target process has finally been discussed considering all the information collected, and would allow dividing by five the time needed to perform investigations compare to now. The prototype developed lead to interesting results and this solution could thus probably be integrated in the target process as it would allow saving one day of work for an engineer for each study to be carried out.   Solutions have been proposed to all the concerns identified in the process and they will have to be discussed with many actors and investigated further in the near future in order to set the target process that will allow meeting the final objective of answering all types of RFIs emitted by aircraft manufacturer in a very short time with a high level of confidence in the results.

A practical way to estimate the ship response in early design stage is investigated in this thesis. Focus has been put on the ship vertical bending moment and shear force in operation area. ISSC spectrum is used to indicate the sea state. Napa strip method is employed to derive the transfer function. The ship response is thus generated in frequency domain. The vertical bending moment and shear force along the ship are then calculated according to the critical wave case indicated from the response function. Based on the results, the validation of DNV-GL rule and IACS rule is discussed. In this case, the overestimation is discovered for the still water vertical bending moment and shear force. On the other hand, there is underestimation in wave vertical bending moment and shear force. The total vertical bending moment and shear force is reasonable. Since only static loads and total loads are required in the rules, the rules are judged as valid in the early design stage. The feasibility of Napa strip method has been commented and the Napa strip method is judged practical according to its accuracy and time consumption. For ship design, the wavelength and the wave steepness are the main parameters affecting the loads on hull. The block coefficient is crucial for the nonlinearity in hogging and sagging condition. More models, especially other types of ships are expected to be analysed for this topic in future study. Other methods, such as panel method could take into use in the future work. The probability of operation can be further developed based on this study.

Zukünftige Hyperschalltransportsysteme unterliegen umfangreichen technischen, physikalischen, ökonomischen und ökologischen Anforderungen. Im Detail sind diese Anforderungen stark untereinander verknüpft und somit ist eine multidisziplinäre Behandlung bei einem Entwurf von Hyperschall-Konfigurationen notwendig. Mit Hilfe höherwertiger numerischer Verfahren, wie CFD und FEM, sowie wachsender parallelisierter Rechensysteme lässt sich der Hyperschall-Entwurfsprozess in einen multidisziplinären Optimierungsprozess (MDO-Prozess) überführen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird daher ein neu entwickeltes Optimierungswerkzeug für den Vorentwurf von Hyperschall-Flugzeugen vorgestellt, welches die wichtigsten Aspekte der Aerodynamik, der Strukturmechanik, der Flugmechanik, der Antriebsintegration und der Missionsanalyse in einer multidisziplinären Analyse vereint. Alle Teilprozesse werden vollständig automatisiert und in den Analyseprozess integriert. Nach geometrischen Änderungen am Konfigurationsdesign erfolgt eine Aktualisierung des gesamten Entwurfs mit abschließender Leistungsbewertung. Die Funktionalität und Kapazität dieses MDO-Prozesses wird erfolgreich an einem existierenden Hyperschallentwurf, der HYCAT-1A, demonstriert. / Future hypersonic transport systems are characterized by extensive and strongly coupled technical, physical, economic and environmental requirements. Hence a multidisciplinary approach for preliminary design studies is necessary. Using high-fidelity numerical tools, e.g. CFD and FEM, on large-scale computer systems the hypersonic design process can be transformed into a multidisciplinary optimization process (MDO process). Thus in the present work a newly developed optimization tool is presented considering aerodynamic, structural, engine and mission characteristics. All sub-processes are integrated in a fully automated analysis environment. During the optimization the outer geometry is changed and all sub-processes are updated accordingly to evaluate the design performance. The functionality and possibilities of the developed MDO process are successfully shown on an existing hypersonic design, the HYCAT-1A configuration.

A historical review is performed to study the impact of acoustical knowledge on concert hall developments. It shows that although acoustics developed from myth to real science, there is still a gap between its fast growing knowledge and relatively slow applications to improve designs. Architectural acoustics research and education shall help populating the tacit knowledge and experience of acousticians to reduce the gap between design and knowledge. The established paradigm in this field is to identify the performance goals of concert halls, recognize the available design information in different stages, and establish models to link them together. Placed in this general picture, this thesis focuses on providing design support for preliminary stage. It develops a model to link accessible design features with the most important acoustics performance index, reverberation time. A literature review on exiting reverberation time prediction methods shows that they are based on either too demanding or over-simplified for this stage. This study intends to develop a model that makes maximum use of available information and improves prediction accuracy in comparison with existing simplified methods. Through literature survey and data analysis, three factors (geometrical shape, non-uniform material distribution and scattering effect) are recognized as significant for reverberation time prediction. This thesis developed a simplified model taking these factors into consideration and calibrated this model with empirical data through Bayesian statistical method.

Les assemblages à base de fixations montées avec interférence et prétension sont largement utilisés dans le domaine de la construction aéronautique, notamment dans les zones structurales fortement chargées et soumises à des sollicitations de fatigue. Les performances de ces assemblages sont sensibles à de nombreux paramètres liés à la géométrie et aux matériaux mis en jeu. Pour optimiser la qualité de ces liaisons et atteindre les gains de durée de vie attendus, il est important de disposer de modèles à la fois rapides et fiables qui permettent, dès la phase de conception, d’évaluer l’influence des paramètres d’entrée sur les efforts caractéristiques de l’assemblage. Les travaux s’attachent, dans un premier temps, en s’appuyant sur une modélisation par éléments finis très détaillée du processus d’assemblage, à bien identifier les phénomènes mécaniques les plus caractéristiques des liaisons étudiées. Une approche analytique de premier niveau est ensuite développée. Elle conduit à un modèle d’estimation des efforts et de contraintes présentes dans les pièces assemblées qui produit des résultats très voisins de ceux obtenus avec le modèle de référence. Un modèle numérique dédié,basé sur des éléments finis axisymétriques et codé sous Matlab, est ensuite proposé. Il est apte à évaluer l’influence des variations des paramètres le long de l’interface entre les pièces tout en considérant les effets de bords. Une étude expérimentale basée sur une instrumentation de l’assemblage avec des fibres optiques à réseaux de Bragg est présentée. Les corrélations entre les résultats expérimentaux et ceux issus des modélisations sont très satisfaisantes / Assemblies based on interference fit fastener and preload are widely used in the fieldof aircraft construction, especially on structures heavily loaded and subjected to fatigue stresses.The performances of these assemblies are sensitive to many parameters related to the geometry and to the constitutive materials. To improve the quality of these assemblies and achieve the assembled parts. This simple model produces results very similar to those obtained with thereference model. A dedicated numerical model, based on axisymmetric finite elements and developed using Matlab code, is also proposed. It is able to evaluate the influence of parameter variations along the interface between the parts while considering the side effects. An experimental study based on an assembly instrumented with Fiber Bragg Gratings is presented.The correlations between the experimental results and those from the models are very satisfactory lifetime gains expected, it is important to use, from the early design phase, fast and reliable models in order to evaluate the influence of input parameters on the most significant efforts that take place around the fastener. In a preliminary phase, the work focuses on clearly identifyingthe mechanical phenomena characterizing the behavior of the mechanical connections understudy, using a very detailed finite element reference model of the assembly process. An analytical approach is then developed. It leads to a first level model for estimating loads and stresses in the assembled parts. This simple model produces results very similar to those obtained with the reference model. A dedicated numerical model, based on axisymmetric finite elements and developed using Matlab code, is also proposed. It is able to evaluate the influence of parameter variations along the interface between the parts while considering the side effects. An experimental study based on an assembly instrumented with Fiber Bragg Gratings is presented.The correlations between the experimental results and those from the models are very satisfactory

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la conception robuste de produit et plus particulièrement sur la phase de pré-dimensionnement dans le cas où un modèle de dimensionnement et un cahier des charges sont déjà définis. Une approche pour réaliser de l’optimisation robuste est proposée pour réduire la dispersion de la fonction objectif du cahier des charges du produit lorsque les paramètres de conception sont sujets aux incertitudes, conserver une bonne performance du produit et assurer une faisabilité des contraintes. Nous proposons ainsi la formulation d’un cahier des charges dit « robuste » transformant la fonction objectif et les contraintes du cahier des charges initial afin d’intégrer une notion de robustesse préalablement définie. La seconde contribution est une analyse des méthodes trouvées dans la littérature pour la propagation d’incertitudes à travers des modèles de dimensionnement. Les variations des paramètres sont alors modélisées par des dispersions probabilistes. L’analyse théorique du fonctionnement de chaque méthode est complétée par des tests permettant d’étudier la précision des résultats obtenus et de sélectionner la méthode utilisée par la suite. L’approche pour l’optimisation robuste de produit proposée dans ce travail est finalement mise en œuvre et testée sur deux études de cas. Elle intègre la méthode de propagation d’incertitudes dans une boucle de l’algorithme d’optimisation de manière à automatiser la recherche d’une solution optimale robuste pour le dimensionnement du produit. / The work presented in this thesis deals with the robust design of products. Particularly, it focuses on the design process preliminary phase where design models and specifications are already defined. A robust optimization approach is proposed. It aims to: reduce the scattering of the objective function included in the product specifications when the uncertainties reach the design parameters, maintain good performance of the product and ensure the constraints feasibility. We propose a new “robust” product specification that changes the objective function and the constraints of the initial specification in order to integrate the concept of robustness previously defined. The second contribution is an analysis of methods found in literature to propagate uncertainties across design models. Design parameter variations are modeled by probability distributions. The theoretical analysis of these methods is completed by numerous tests to investigate the accuracy of the results and to select the method used thereafter. The robust product optimization approach proposed in this work is finally implemented and tested on two case studies. It incorporates the propagation of uncertainties within the optimization loop to automate the search of a robust optimal solution for the design product.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver processos analíticos e programas computacionais para avaliação da estabilidade global e pré-dimensionamento de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado com base na garantia da estabilidade global. Em relação à avaliação da estabilidade global, são propostas duas expressões. A primeira está relacionada à expressão do limite do parâmetro de estabilidade aplicada a pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. A segunda expressão tem o objetivo determinar o deslocamento horizontal de topo de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado de um pavimento. A expressão do limite alternativo do parâmetro de estabilidade é deduzida a partir dos valores obtidos da relação entre o deslocamento horizontal médio e de topo de 1320 pórticos. A expressão é função do fator de restrição da ligação, contemplando, dessa forma, os efeitos causados pela semirrígidez das ligações no comportamento da estabilidade global desse sistema estrutural. A equação de determinação do deslocamento horizontal de topo de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado de um pavimento é deduzida com base no método dos deslocamentos. Em relação ao pré-dimensionamento de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado, são propostos processos analíticos para o pré-dimensionamento dos pilares de pórticos de um pavimento com ligação semirrígida e de pórticos de múltiplos pavimentos com ligações rígidas e articuladas. Os processos analíticos são constituídos pela expressão da rigidez equivalente de estabilidade de pórticos, desenvolvida através das equações do parâmetro de estabilidade e do seu limite alternativo. O trabalho ainda apresenta o Programa de Avaliação da Estabilidade Global e Pré-dimensionamento de Pórticos Planos em Concreto Pré-moldado, denominado PRE-MOLDIM. O programa é constituído por quatro módulos. O primeiro módulo realiza a avaliação da estabilidade global e verificação da deslocabilidade lateral de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. O segundo módulo tem o objetivo de definir as dimensões mínimas dos pilares em função da garantia da estabilidade global e do deslocamento lateral admissível. O terceiro módulo define o valor da rigidez das ligações necessário para que sejam atendidos os quesitos de estabilidade global e deslocamento lateral admissível. O quarto módulo realiza o dimensionamento da armadura de continuidade de uma típica ligação viga-pilar em concreto pré-moldado. O dimensionamento da armadura de continuidade é realizado em função da garantia da estabilidade global e do deslocamento lateral admissível de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. A aplicação dos processos analíticos e programas computacionais em exemplos comprovaram, de forma satisfatória, o desempenho de suas funções. Os valores obtidos pela expressão alternativa do limite do parâmetro de estabilidade são compatíveis com o limite do coeficiente \'gama\'z. Os valores do deslocamento de topo de pórticos de um pavimento com ligações semirrígidas, obtidos pelo processo analítico, são próximos dos valores obtidos pela simulação numérica. Os pilares pré-dimensionados pelos processos analíticos conseguem garantir de forma satisfatória estabilidade global dos pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. / The present work aims to develop analytical processes and computer programs for the evaluation of global stability and preliminary design of plane frames in precast concrete based on ensuring global stability. Regarding the evaluation of global stability, two analytical expressions are proposed. The first is related to the expression of the limit of the stability parameter applied to plane frames in precast concrete. The second expression has the objective to determine the horizontal displacement of the top of plane frames in precast concrete for a floor. The expression of the alternative stability limit of the parameter is deduced from the values obtained from the relationship between the average and the top horizontal displacement of 1320 frames. The expression is a function of the limiting factor of the connection, thus contemplating the effects caused by the semi-rigidity of the connection on the global stability behavior of this structural system. The equation for determining the horizontal displacement of the top of plane frames in precast concrete pavement is obtained based on the displacement method. Regarding the preliminary design of plane frames in precast concrete, analytical procedures are proposed for the preliminary design of column of an one store frame with semi-rigid connection and a multiple store frames with rigid and articulated connections. The analytical processes are constituted by the expression of equivalent stiffness of frame stability, developed through the equations of the stability parameter and its alternative limit. The work also presents the Program of Global Stability Evaluation and Preliminary Design of Plane Frames in Precast Concrete, called PRE-MOLDIM. The program consists of four modules. The first module performs the evaluation of global stability and verification of lateral plane frames displaceability in precast concrete. The second module aims to set minimum dimensions for the pillars due to guarantee the global stability and check the allowable lateral displacement. The third module defines the value of the connections stiffness so the matter of global stability and allowable lateral displacement are satisfied. The fourth module performs the design of continuity armor of a typical beam-column connection in precast concrete. The design armour continuity is made on the basis of ensuring the global stability and lateral displacement allowable plane frames in precast concrete. The application of analytical processes and computer programs in examples proved satisfactorily, the performance of its functions. The values obtained by the alternative expression of the limit of stability parameter are compatible with the limit of the coefficient \'gama\'z. The offset values top venting a pavement with semi-rigid connections, obtained by the analytical process, are close to the values obtained by numerical simulation. The preliminary designed pillars by analytical processes can ensure a satisfactory global stability of the plane frames in precast concrete.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des approches innovantes de conception préliminaire d’actionneurs embarqués. Cette démarche répond à un besoin fort de l’industrie,en particulier en aéronautique. Dans un premier temps, une méthode hybride de génération d’architectures solutions et de sélection vis-à-vis des exigences du cahier des charges et de l’état de l’art technologique est proposée. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude de l’effet de l’incertitude sur les modèles de conception préliminaire a été réalisée. Une troisième partie a démontré l’intérêt de lier les approches et les outils de modélisation 0D/1D et 3D afin de permettre l’accélération des phases de conception et afin de mieux remonter la connaissance liée à la géométrie. Enfin, une méthode utilisant les métamodèles basées sur les lois d’échelle visant à l’obtention de formes mathématiques simples pour le besoin de dimensionnent des composants mécatroniques a été développée / The objective of this thesis is to propose an innovative approaches for embedded actuators preliminary design. This approach responds to a strong need for the industry, particularly in aeronautics. As a first step, a hybrid method of architectures generation and selection depending on the specifications and the technological state of the art is proposed. In a second step, a study of the effect of uncertainty in preliminary design models was completed. A third part demonstrated the value of combining modeling approaches tools 0D/1D and 3D to enable the design phases acceleration and to have better knowledge related to the geometry. Finally, a method using meta-models based on scaling laws for obtaining simple mathematical forms needed for sizing mechatronic components has been developed

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver processos analíticos e programas computacionais para avaliação da estabilidade global e pré-dimensionamento de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado com base na garantia da estabilidade global. Em relação à avaliação da estabilidade global, são propostas duas expressões. A primeira está relacionada à expressão do limite do parâmetro de estabilidade aplicada a pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. A segunda expressão tem o objetivo determinar o deslocamento horizontal de topo de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado de um pavimento. A expressão do limite alternativo do parâmetro de estabilidade é deduzida a partir dos valores obtidos da relação entre o deslocamento horizontal médio e de topo de 1320 pórticos. A expressão é função do fator de restrição da ligação, contemplando, dessa forma, os efeitos causados pela semirrígidez das ligações no comportamento da estabilidade global desse sistema estrutural. A equação de determinação do deslocamento horizontal de topo de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado de um pavimento é deduzida com base no método dos deslocamentos. Em relação ao pré-dimensionamento de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado, são propostos processos analíticos para o pré-dimensionamento dos pilares de pórticos de um pavimento com ligação semirrígida e de pórticos de múltiplos pavimentos com ligações rígidas e articuladas. Os processos analíticos são constituídos pela expressão da rigidez equivalente de estabilidade de pórticos, desenvolvida através das equações do parâmetro de estabilidade e do seu limite alternativo. O trabalho ainda apresenta o Programa de Avaliação da Estabilidade Global e Pré-dimensionamento de Pórticos Planos em Concreto Pré-moldado, denominado PRE-MOLDIM. O programa é constituído por quatro módulos. O primeiro módulo realiza a avaliação da estabilidade global e verificação da deslocabilidade lateral de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. O segundo módulo tem o objetivo de definir as dimensões mínimas dos pilares em função da garantia da estabilidade global e do deslocamento lateral admissível. O terceiro módulo define o valor da rigidez das ligações necessário para que sejam atendidos os quesitos de estabilidade global e deslocamento lateral admissível. O quarto módulo realiza o dimensionamento da armadura de continuidade de uma típica ligação viga-pilar em concreto pré-moldado. O dimensionamento da armadura de continuidade é realizado em função da garantia da estabilidade global e do deslocamento lateral admissível de pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. A aplicação dos processos analíticos e programas computacionais em exemplos comprovaram, de forma satisfatória, o desempenho de suas funções. Os valores obtidos pela expressão alternativa do limite do parâmetro de estabilidade são compatíveis com o limite do coeficiente \'gama\'z. Os valores do deslocamento de topo de pórticos de um pavimento com ligações semirrígidas, obtidos pelo processo analítico, são próximos dos valores obtidos pela simulação numérica. Os pilares pré-dimensionados pelos processos analíticos conseguem garantir de forma satisfatória estabilidade global dos pórticos planos em concreto pré-moldado. / The present work aims to develop analytical processes and computer programs for the evaluation of global stability and preliminary design of plane frames in precast concrete based on ensuring global stability. Regarding the evaluation of global stability, two analytical expressions are proposed. The first is related to the expression of the limit of the stability parameter applied to plane frames in precast concrete. The second expression has the objective to determine the horizontal displacement of the top of plane frames in precast concrete for a floor. The expression of the alternative stability limit of the parameter is deduced from the values obtained from the relationship between the average and the top horizontal displacement of 1320 frames. The expression is a function of the limiting factor of the connection, thus contemplating the effects caused by the semi-rigidity of the connection on the global stability behavior of this structural system. The equation for determining the horizontal displacement of the top of plane frames in precast concrete pavement is obtained based on the displacement method. Regarding the preliminary design of plane frames in precast concrete, analytical procedures are proposed for the preliminary design of column of an one store frame with semi-rigid connection and a multiple store frames with rigid and articulated connections. The analytical processes are constituted by the expression of equivalent stiffness of frame stability, developed through the equations of the stability parameter and its alternative limit. The work also presents the Program of Global Stability Evaluation and Preliminary Design of Plane Frames in Precast Concrete, called PRE-MOLDIM. The program consists of four modules. The first module performs the evaluation of global stability and verification of lateral plane frames displaceability in precast concrete. The second module aims to set minimum dimensions for the pillars due to guarantee the global stability and check the allowable lateral displacement. The third module defines the value of the connections stiffness so the matter of global stability and allowable lateral displacement are satisfied. The fourth module performs the design of continuity armor of a typical beam-column connection in precast concrete. The design armour continuity is made on the basis of ensuring the global stability and lateral displacement allowable plane frames in precast concrete. The application of analytical processes and computer programs in examples proved satisfactorily, the performance of its functions. The values obtained by the alternative expression of the limit of stability parameter are compatible with the limit of the coefficient \'gama\'z. The offset values top venting a pavement with semi-rigid connections, obtained by the analytical process, are close to the values obtained by numerical simulation. The preliminary designed pillars by analytical processes can ensure a satisfactory global stability of the plane frames in precast concrete.