This thesis clarifies the role that preschool education plays in the successful inclusion of culturally disadvantaged children into mainstream education. The theoretical part characterizes the conditions of present preschool education with regard to the specifics of families from socially and culturally disadvantaged backgrounds. The research part is aimed at identifying the views and attitudes of parents and teaching staff on the issue and monitoring the progress in the development of children during the educational process in kindergarten.

<p>Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods.  As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.    </p>

National Agency for Education for the results of national sample results show that students with another mother tongue than Swedish have low results with a larger percentage than majority students. Research shows that this depends on their mother tongue and the importance of language in the subject to learn. The purpose of this study was to examine how teachers experience, plan and implement their teaching field of mathematics in the preparatory class. The focus is on two perspectives; an intercultural perspective and a social perspective. The newly arrived pupils in the preparatory class come from different parts of the world which leads to an intercultural classroom being formed. The aim of the social perspective is understand how students integrate into the social in the classroom.I use qualitative methods through interviews. The interviews were conducted with four practicing teachers in different schools in a given municipality. Each teacher has explained their attitude to the new arrival students, working, and what difficulties they face. The results show that the teachers teaching is based on students own ideas and previous knowledge. The teachers take into account students' background and knowledge to provide trends of the intercultural approach. This intercultural attitudes is seen even when the students come with their own methods they may use. The existing school takes into account that students have different backgrounds and skills that teachers try to assume as well as study. Students integrate into the social in small groups learning to communicate, solve problems and present their results together. The teachers try to apply different teaching styles, which is one of the intercultural learning´s important aspects. The teachers use different methods to become aware of their students’ knowledge. One disadvantage is though that some teachers, as a method, choose not to use a test in the beginning of their teaching of a class to become aware of the variety of their students’ knowledge. Instead they choose to become aware of their students’ knowledge as they are teaching, through the different classes. / Skolverkets resultat från nationella provet visar att elever med annat modersmål än svenska har sämre resultat än majoritetseleverna. Forskningen visar att detta resultat kan bero på modersmålets och det nya språkets betydelse för inlärningen i ämnet. Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att studera hur lärare, planerar och genomför och upplever sin undervisning inom ämnet matematik i förberedelseklasserna. Fokus ligger på två perspektiv vilket är interkulturella perspektivet och sociala perspektivet.  De nyanlända eleverna i förberedelseklasserna kommer från olika delar av världen, vilket leder till att ett interkulturellt klassrum bildas. Med det sociala perspektivet avses förståelse för hur eleverna integreras i det sociala i klassrummet. Jag har valt att använde mig av kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer.  Intervjuerna genomfördes med fyra verksamma lärare i olika skolor i en kommun. Respektive lärare har fått delge sin inställning om nyanlända elever, arbetssätt, samt vilka svårigheter de möter. Resultatet visar att lärarna utgår från elevernas egna idéer och tidigare kunskaper i undervisningen. Lärarna tar hänsyn till elevernas bakgrund och kunskaper, vilket ger tendenser av det interkulturella förhållningssättet. Detta interkulturella förhållningssätt ser man även när eleverna kommer med sina egen lösningsmetoder som de får använda.  I skolan tar man hänsyn till att elever har olika bakgrund och kunskaper som lärarna försöker utgå från och ta del av dessa erfarenheter.  Elever integreras i det sociala genom att vara i små grupper där lär de sig att kommunicera, lösa uppgifter och redovisa tillsammans. Lärarna försöker visa olika metoder inom ämnet vid undervisningen, vilket är en av interkulturella lärandets aspekt. De väljer kartlägga kunskaperna hos eleverna på olika sätt. Fast som en nackdel kan det vara att vissa av de  inte väljer att ha en form av test från början och föredrar att känna efter vid undervisningen.

Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods.  As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.

Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka rektorers motiv i val av organisationsmodell för undervisning av nyanlända elever i årskurs 1–6. Fokus har varit organisationsmodellerna direktintegrering och förberedelseklass. Frågeställningarna kopplar till i vad mån styrdokument och forskning ligger till grund för beslut gällande organisationsmodell. Vilka tolkningar gör rektorerna rörande utbildning av andraspråkselever utifrån huvudmannens policy. Viktigt har även varit vilka erfarenheter som finns ute på skolenheterna för valet av organisationsmodell. Jag har valt att genomföra semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod för studien. Fem rektorer från olika delar av Sverige har intervjuats. Resultatet pekar på att styrdokumenten inte ligger till grund för valet av organisationsmodell. Däremot verkar den nya läroplanen skapat organisatoriska tankar om och förändringar av former för ökad undervisning i svenska som andraspråk. Delaktighet när det gäller forskning indikerar positiva effekter ute på skolenheterna. Huvudmannens stöd och brister i den samma blir påtagliga i denna studie. En aktiv huvudman med både kunskap om nyanländas lärande och även delaktighet i forskning är delar som lyfts som positiva. Bristerna handlar om uppföljning och säkerställd likvärdighet. Arbetet med att skapa språkgrupper, med elever som talar samma språk, är en av erfarenheterna som lyfts som språkutvecklande på andraspråket. Resultatet verkar också visa på att rektorerna ser elevbehovet som centralt med flexibla organisationer som stödjer behovet. Även ett interkulturellt ledarskap framträder. Det finns lite forskning när det gäller nyanlända elever i de lägre åldrarna och studien har bidragit med att fördjupa kunskaperna om rektorers tankar och beslut gällande organisationsmodell. Det förordas dock mer forskning på området där även skolor i andra typer av språkliga- och sociala kontexter ställs mot varandra.

Master thesis titled Communication development for hearing impaired pupils at basic deals with connection between children's hearing impairment, early intervention and the whole communication development at children's family and school enviroment. First chapter is about family, family with impaired child and also about social cultural disadvantaged enviroment. Second chapter clarifies perception language and speech, describes speech development, language's sections, and the possibilities of alternative or augmentative communication. In third chapter deals with hearing, clasiffication of hearing impairment, describes hearing examination, possibilities of communication with hearing impaired people and what compensation aids they can use. Fourth chapter is about basic practical school, preparatory class and describes education of Roma children. Fifth chapter, practical part od thesis, describes all the research investigation. The goal of the investigation is the analysis of children's communation level at basic school and its preparatory class. To achieve this goal I used metods like observation, interwiev, documentation analysis, case report and tests. There were asked investigation questions. Results showed us, that the critical moment is the timing of the impairment detection and following...

The aim of this essay is to examine how two different schools in Södertälje municipality are working to include and integrate newly arrived high school students in the subject Swedish as a second language. I will do a comparative study in which I study the teachers’ completely opposite way of working to integrate newly arrived school students in the subject Swedish as a second language. I have used a qualitative method where I have conducted interviews. My main theory is Peder Haug's (1998) theory. He uses the concepts of “segregerande integrering” and “inkluderande integrering”. Overall, I would determine that the results of my study suggest that there are many ways that you can work with to achieve integration in school and in the Swedish community. The conclusion of this study is that the newly arrived high school students are integrated in different ways. I have found that the teachers’ in both schools are satisfied with their work and believe that both working methods are aiming at integration. Both schools despite the differences and the similarities in their working methods strive towards the same aim and that is that the newly arrived high school students is going to be integrated in school education and in society.

This study investigates how social interaction affects newly arrived pupils’ views on their study situation in the Swedish educational system. The aim is to give a contribution to the discussion on the notion of including “the Other” in educational practice in multicultural schools. Semi-structured group interviews were conducted to explore how the intercultural perspective and the theory of inclusion can be used to explain the dynamics of social interaction. The main research questions were: how did social interaction take place in preparatory class and in regular class? In what way did social interaction affect the transitional period from preparatory class to regular class? Did social interaction have consequences for the informants as learners? The results show that newly arrived pupils had the opportunity to develop intercultural interaction skills in the preparatory class. Meanwhile, this organization meant educational exclusion, which might have contributed to the stress and anxiety they experienced later in regular class. The transitional period was problematic, since students had to struggle in two aspects. First, they had to catch up in many subjects though no significant measures were taken to their linguistic ability and former school experiences. Secondly, they had to assert their place in an environment with dysfunctional social interaction between some teachers and pupils in regular class. The conclusion is that schools have a dilemma in catering for both social and educational inclusion simultaneously. Despite this, many pupils expressed satisfaction with their school performance. This suggests that intercultural interaction skills, crucial for the pupils’ development, can be developed in the preparatory class. Schools need to implement an intercultural perspective in the educational organization and planning to include every newly arrived pupil. This calls for a holistic approach in pedagogic and social interaction between everyone involved.

With the newly designed curricula, the preparatory year of the Anatolian High Schools (AHS) was terminated while expanding its English program to four years. Within that context, utilizing semi-structured interview protocols this descriptive study aimed to bring an insight into the perceptions of parents, students, and teachers about the new AHS English program. Moreover, the perceptions of the participants on the materials provided by MONE and European Language Portfolio were also aimed to be revealed. Additionally, it was targeted to bring out what participants think about the applicability of the communicative language teaching, student-centered approach, and multiple intelligences, since they were stated in the foreign language curricula. While the population consisted of AHSs in Ankara, the sample of the study made up of 4 groups of parents, students, and teachers from 4 AHSs in Ankara. Each group consisted of 12 interviewees, which makes 36 participants in total. In selecting students and parents convenience sampling, and in selecting teachers purposive sampling was utilized. Analyzing the data collected using content analysis the findings revealed that parents, students, and teachers do not favor the current English language practice in AHSs where preparatory class is terminated. Additionally, the findings showed that in order to learn English, preparatory class is a necessity either after 5-year or after8-year elementary education. Results also showed that all groups perceive English positively and support teaching and learning of the language. As for the perceptions of the participants on the materials, they expressed how insufficient they are in terms of teaching the language and in terms of practicing the language teaching approaches stated in the curriculum. Moreover, it was found that most of the participants did not know about the European Language Portfolio. Lastly, according to the answers, the English language teaching approaches stressed in the curriculum were difficult to be practiced in classes.

Purpose: Our purpose with this study is to compare how the two selected schools in two different areas in Stockholm chooses to introduce and integrate newly arrived children in Sweden. The schools are located in the suburb and downtown in Stockholm. One school has chosen to integrate the child by placing him or her in a preparatory class and the other school is placing the child into a regular class. Investigation questions: We want to find out how the choosen schools are working with a newly arrived child. How is the child integrated and introduced directly into a regular class through teaching methods and teaching material and how a newly arrived child is integrated and introduced into a preparatory class through teaching methods and teaching material. We also want to find out if the community authorities in the City of Stockholm and the Swedish state have guidelines that schools are supposed to follow in the work with newly arrived children and whether our selected schools are working after these guidelines. Method: The study is based on two methods. One method are interviews, we interviewed three active persons from each selected school. We also interviewed a researcher in this subject and a person who works for the municipality with the reception of newly arrived children. The second method is based on textual analysis document issued by the Immigration Department (Migrationsverket) and the Education Department (Skolverket) as well as the Municipalities and Counties of Sweden (Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting). Theories: We have chosen to use two social theories: Mead's interactionist theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. These theories are both based on the importance of social interaction for development. Conclusions: We have concluded that the most important thing is not whether the child is placed in preparatory class or a regular class. The key factor is how the teaching is, what resources are available and what skills the teacher has. We have also concluded that there are guidelines from the Education Department but that the schools in this study did not follow.