Σκοπός της παρούσας ερευνητικής εργασίας είναι πρώτον να διερευνηθεί ο ρόλος του ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή σε ένα πραγματικό περιβάλλον τάξης, δηλαδή εάν ο υπολογιστής μπορεί να λειτουργήσει ως μέσο που οδηγεί τη σκέψη των παιδιών στην οικοδόμηση ενός πρόδρομου μοντέλου για το φαινόμενο του φωτός. Δεύτερον είναι να διερευνηθεί εάν οι νοητικές παραστάσεις των παιδιών μεταβάλλονται και σε ποιο βαθμό μετά τη διδασκαλία του φαινομένου με τον ηλεκτρονικό υπολογιστή. Η εργασία αποτελείται από τέσσερα βασικά μέρη. Το 1ο Μέρος αποτελεί θεωρητικό πλαίσιο στο οποίο στηρίζεται η έρευνα. Γίνεται αναφορά στις νοητικές παραστάσεις, στο επιστημονικό μοντέλο για το φως, στις φυσικές επιστήμες ως διδακτικό αντικείμενο, στη χρήση των ΤΠΕ ως μέσο για τη διδασκαλία των φυσικών επιστημών και επίσης παρουσιάζεται βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση αναφορικά με το φαινόμενο του φωτός. Στο 2ο Μέρος παρουσιάζεται η μεθοδολογία της έρευνας. Αναλύονται ο σκοπός και τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα, προσδιορίζεται το είδος της έρευνας, το δείγμα, το ερευνητικό εργαλείο και περιγράφεται η διεξαγωγή της έρευνας. Ακολουθεί το 3ο Μέρος με την παρουσίαση των αποτελεσμάτων για τις συνεντεύξεις του προ-τεστ και μετά-τεστ και με την αξιολόγηση της διδακτικής παρέμβασης. Τέλος, στο 4ο Μέρος υπάρχουν τα συμπεράσματα, καθώς και οι προτάσεις της έρευνας. / --

Presented diploma thesis set the target to review and evaluate the diversity and the optimal food intake in chosen nursery schools, in countryside and in town. Research itself took place in nursery school MŠ Palackého and MŠ Čáslavice in Třebíč district. Research was done in school year 2013/2014.

The target of this thesis is to assess the nutrition and food preschool children.

xix, 198 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Due to the lack of a screening and early identification system, preschool children who live in rural areas in Northeast Thailand have no opportunity to receive specialized educational services. Most children are identified as having disabilities at school age or older. In this study, the 24-, 30-, and 36-month intervals of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ), a parent-completed screening system, were translated and evaluated for reliability and use in Northeast Thai early childcare settings. The study purpose was to investigate the reliability and utility of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Thai (ASQ: Thai). Reliability studies included an investigation of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interobserver reliability, and comparison of differences between U.S. and Thai scores. Utility studies included surveys of satisfaction of parents/caregivers and early childcare staff as well as brief interviews with parents/caregivers and early childcare staff. Subjects included 267 children who were 2-3 years old; 267 parents/caregivers; 49 early childcare staff; and 5 early childcare professor experts. The subjects were recruited through the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, the Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University. Results addressing the reliability and use of ASQ: Thai were promising. Internal consistency (ρ = .58 -.89) results were adequate as well as test-retest agreement (ρ > .90). A comparison between the ASQ: Thai sample data and the U.S. normative sample found that there were some differences in range, mean, median, interquartile range, and cutoff scores. The back translation of the ASQ: Thai appeared to be adequate in comparison to the original version, as well as culturally appropriate. Early childcare staff and parents/caregivers felt that the ASQ: Thai was easy to use and understand and was culturally appropriate, and they gained knowledge about child development. Early childcare staff and parents/caregivers suggested that the ASQ: Thai should be used in early childcare settings with children when they enter the program. Future research on the ASQ: Thai is needed. Increased study of cultural, language, and disability issues are areas for further study. / Committee in charge: Jane Squires, Chairperson, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Deanne Umuh, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Erin Barton, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Kathie Carpenter, Outside Member, International Studies

This diploma thesis is called "Selected aspects of logopedic therapy by preschool children" and as this title implies it mainly deals with issues of speech or pronunciation defects by children of preschool age. This diploma thesis is divided into two main parts and the first one is the theoretical part which describes knowledge concerning speech therapy and any other problems connected with this issue. The second part is the practical or research part and is created on the basis of my survey which was made in a speech therapy clinic in České Budějovice and it contains detailed analysis of the acquired information. The aim of the theoretical part is to describe this issue as well as possible in order to build on these pieces of knowledge in the theoretical part and to analyse some of the aspects of speech or pronunciation defects more thoroughly.

The purpose of the study is to determine how pre-school children between the ages of four and six perceive electricity. The study used observation as a method and a field study equipped with a video camera. A semi-structured interview was also conducted to capture the pre-school teacher’s experiences and perceptions of the study. The observation took place on three different occasions: a gathering, a lesson and a reading session. The material used was a fact-based children’s book with associated experimental material and tutorials. The result of the study showed that the children related their knowledge of what electricity is to their daily lives. They could distinguish whether things required electricity,and there was some knowledge that electricity has a source and of electricity's dangers. During the study, pre-school teachers raised both opportunities and challenges to design activities with electricity. The children showed great dedication and general knowledge of electricity and thought that the subject was interesting. There is a need for further education within physics and natural sciences for pre-school teachers. The goal for the pre-school teachers is to create a balance so that each and every child is offered meaningful education. / Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vilka uppfattningar förskolebarn i åldern 4-6 år har om elektricitet. Studien använde observation som metod, en fältstudie med videokamera som redskap. En semistrukturerad intervju utfördes också för att kunna fånga upp förskollärarnas erfarenheter och uppfattningar om studien. Observationen gjordes under tre olika tillfällen: en samling, en undervisning och en lässtund. Materialet som användes var en faktasaga med tillhörande experimentsats och handledning. Resultatet i studien visar att barnen relaterar sina kunskaper om vad elektricitet är genom att förhålla sina svar till deras vardag. De kan skilja på saker som kräver elektricitet eller inte, det finns viss kunskap i att elektricitet har ett ursprung och om elektricitetens fara. Under studien lyfter förskollärarna både möjligheter och utmaningar i att genomföra en aktivitet om elektricitet. Barnen visar ett stort engagemang och breda förkunskaper om elektricitet och tycker att ämnet är intressant. Det finns ett behov av ytterligare utbildning inom fysik och naturvetenskap för förskollärare. Att skapa balansen så att förskollärare kan ge alla barn och erbjuda varje barn en meningsfull undervisning för dem blir målet.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-01-30T11:01:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Ana Carolina V de T Guimaraes - 2014.pdf: 2828752 bytes, checksum: c9e9af486273ea4e114057a89c15f1dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-30T13:33:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Ana Carolina V de T Guimaraes - 2014.pdf: 2828752 bytes, checksum: c9e9af486273ea4e114057a89c15f1dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-30T13:33:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Ana Carolina V de T Guimaraes - 2014.pdf: 2828752 bytes, checksum: c9e9af486273ea4e114057a89c15f1dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Under-five children pass through a vulnerable phase, inappropriate eating habits may negatively affect their growth. The absence of breakfast is one of these habits. The aims of this study were to assess prevalence and quality of breakfast as well as factors associated with its absence by preschool children. This is a sociodemographic, house-hold survey, cross-sectional study with probability sampling involving 463 children at ages of two to five years old both male and female. The assessment concerned the habit of having breakfast and the food consumed. The food consumption was assessed through food frequency questionnaire. The children who consumed breakfast and the children who did not have this habit were compared regarding daily energy intake, macronutrients, some types of micronutrients and fiber by means of t he Mann-Whitney test. The following variables were also investigated: age, sex, maternal age, maternal education level, economy class, preschool nurseries, maternal occupation, use of feeding bottles, time spent in front of the television, nutritional status, lunch replaced with snacks, dinner replaced with snacks and number of daily meals. The Pearson Qui-squared test was used in the bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between the variables studied and the omission of breakfast. The absence of breakfast was observed in 9.3% of the samples. The average energy intake for breakfast was of 286,3 ±135,6 kcal, representing 18% of the diet total energy. 51.7% of the preschool children presented proper energy intake at breakfast. The most common foods in the diet of children were milk and dairy products (89.7%), simple sugars (61.1%) and bread group (42.1%). Factors such as lunch replaced with snacks (OR: 2,54; p=0,037) ,less than five daily meals (OR: 1,98; p=0,018) and the absence of breakfast all presented association. The average intake for all nutrients analyzed were higher in children who had breakfast with meaningful difference for zinc (p=0.027) and iron (0.043) consumption. Despite children’s diet of better quality is associated with the habit of having breakfast, the absence of the meal has been shown to be high. There should be greater encouragement towards the daily consumption of breakfast as well as the increased intake of health food, whole grains, dairy products and healthy fats. / ~As crianças menores de cinco anos encontram-se em uma fase vulnerável e práticas alimentares inadequadas podem intervir de forma negativa no crescimento. Dentre estas práticas, está a omissão do café da manhã. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência, a qualidade do café da manhã e os fatores associados a omissão do seu consumo em pré-escolares. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional e domiciliar com amostra probabilística de 463 crianças de 2 a 5 anos, de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se o hábito de consumir café da manhã e os alimentos presentes nesta refeição. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio do inquérito alimentar habitual. As crianças com consumo ou não de café da manhã foram comparadas quanto à ingestão diária de energia, macronutrie ntes, alguns micronutrientes e fibras por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. Foram também pesquisadas as seguintes variáveis: idade, sexo, idade materna, anos de estudo da mãe, classe econômica, criança frequenta creche, trabalho materno, uso de mamadeira, tempo gasto assistindo televisão, estado nutricional, troca de almoço por lanche, troca de jantar por lanche e número de refeições diárias . Utilizou-se o Qui Quadrado de Pearson nas análises bivariadas e a regressão logística múltipla para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis pesquisadas e a omissão do café da manhã. A omissão de café da manhã foi observada em 9,3% da amostra. A média de consumo energético do café da manhã foi de 286,3 ±135,6 kcal representando 18% do valor energético total da dieta. 51,7% dos pré-escolares apresentaram consumo energético adequado no café da manhã. Os alimentos mais presentes na dieta das crianças foram leite e derivados (89,7%), açúcares simples (61,1%) e grupo do pão (42,1%). Houve associação entre a troca de almoço por lanche (OR: 2,54; p=0,037) e o consumo menor que cinco refeições diárias (OR: 1,98; p=0,018) com a omissão de café da manhã. As médias de ingestão de todos os nutrientes analisados foram maiores em crianças que consumiam esta refeição, com diferença significativa para o consumo de zinco (p=0,027) e ferro (0,043). A alta prevalência de omissão do café da manhã e a associação de sua prática habitual a melhor qualidade da dieta entre crianças menores de cinco anos corroboram com a importância de se estimular o consumo diário desta refeição, promovendo o aumento da ingestão de alimentos saudáveis como frutas, cereais integrais, produtos lácteos e gorduras saudáveis.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a prevalência, gravidade e fatores associados à Cárie Dentária (CD), Lesão Dentária Traumática (LDT) e Desgaste Dentário Erosivo (DDEr) em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade no Município de Diadema, São Paulo. Em posse de esses dados, também foram objetivos investigar a tendência da prevalência desses problemas de saúde bucal e avaliar o impacto que esses problemas causam na Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde Bucal (QVRSB) das crianças examinadas e de seus pais. Cirurgiões dentistas treinados e calibrados examinaram 1215 crianças de 1, 2, 3 e 4 anos de idade para CD e LDT e 839 crianças de 3 e 4 anos de idade para DDEr nas 19 Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Município de Diadema durante o dia da Campanha de Multivacinação Infantil em 2012. Para a avaliação dos problemas de saúde foram utilizados os índices de Knutson, ceo-d e ceo-s para CD, os critérios modificados de Andreasen para LDT e o índice de O´Brien modificado para DDEr. A ocorrência de fatores associados foi investigada por meio de um questionário elaborado especificamente para esta pesquisa, com base na literatura. Para avaliar a QVRSB os pais ou responsáveis responderam à versão brasileira do Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando a regressão de Poisson (IC 95%) para determinar os fatores associados e a QVRSB dos problemas de saúde bucal estudados. Para determinar a tendência da prevalência foi utilizado o Teste de Qui-quadrado para tendência com um nível de significância de 5%. Na população estudada foi encontrada uma prevalência de CD, LDT e DDEr de 20,3%, 20,1% e 51,3% respectivamente. O ceo-d e ceo-s do total da amostra foi de 0,7 e 1,2 respectivamente. A fratura de esmalte (72,7%) foi a LDT mais prevalente. As lesões de DDEr foram mais prevalentes em incisivos superiores sendo a maioria das lesões encontradas em esmalte (83,3%). Os fatores associados para CD foram a idade da criança e ter 2 ou mais filhos na família; LDT foram a idade e a presença de mordida aberta anterior e/ou sobressaliência acentuada; DDEr foram consumir refrigerante e suco mais de 3 vezes ao dia, deixar a bebida na boca ou beber na mamadeira, relato de refluxo gastroesofágico e morar só com o pai. Observou-se tendências de diminuição, aumento e estacionária nas prevalências de CD, LDT e DDEr respectivamente. Ao avaliar o impacto na QVRSB foi observado que, a CD (RP:3,09; p<0,001) assim como as LDT complicadas (RP:2,10; p=0,048) têm um impacto negativo na QVRSB e o DDEr (RP:0,79; p=0,163) não mostrou ter um impacto na QVRSB. Por tanto, na população estudada, existe uma tendência de declínio da prevalência da CD, de aumento de LDT e uma alta e constante prevalência de DDEr. As lesões de CD e LDT complicadas têm um impacto negativo na QVRSB das crianças e de seus pais ou cuidadores. / The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity and factors associated of Dental Caries (DC), Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) and Erosive Tooth Wear (ETW) in children the age of five in the municipality of Diadema, São Paulo. Given these data, an additional objective of this study was to investigate the trend of prevalence of these oral health problems and assess the impact that these problems cause on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in preschool children and their parents. Trained and calibrated dentists examined 1215 children aged 1-4 years for DC and TDI, and 839 children aged 3 and 4 years for ETW in 19 Basic Health Units (BHU) of the municipality of Diadema during the first stage of the National Children\'s Vaccination in 2012. For the assessment of DC the Knutson, dmf-t and dmf-s index were used, a modified Andreasen criteria was used for TDI and a modified version of the O\'Brien index for ETW. Furthermore, the occurrence of associated factors was investigated using a structured questionnaire prepared after reviewing the literature. In order to assess OHRQoL, parents or caregivers answered the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). Data were statistically analyzed using Poisson regression (CI 95%) which was necessary to evaluate the associated factors and the OHRQoL of the oral health problems studied. In order to determine the trend of prevalence the Chi-square for trend test was used for a significance level of 5%. In the population studied, it was found that the prevalence of DC, TDI, ETW was 20.3%, 20.1% and 51.3% respectively. Enamel fracture (72.7%) was the most prevalent TDI. ETW lesions were most prevalent in the upper incisors being the most lesions in enamel only (83.3%). The Factors associated with DC were age and having 2 or more children in the family, for TDI the factors were age and presence of anterior open bite and/or increased overjet and for ETW the factors were drinking soft drink or juice more than 3 times a day, keeping the drink in the mouth without swallowing or using baby\'s bottle, report of gastroesophageal reflux and living with the father only. Findings show decreasing, increasing and stationary trends in the prevalence of DC, TDI and ETW respectively. When evaluating the impact on the OHRQoL, it was observed that DC (PR: 3.09; p <0.001) as well the presence of complicated TDI (PR: 2.10; p=0.048) had a negative impact on the OHRQoL. As a result, in the population studied, there is a decreasing in the prevalence of DC, an increasing trend in the prevalence of TDI and a high and stable prevalence of ETW. DC and the presence of complicated TDI were associated with worse OHRQoL of preschool children and their parents or caregivers.

M.A. (Social Work) / As a result of the ruling Government's policy, a diverse group of individuals and organisations identified certain critical needs of black people - through their own initiative. In doing so they utilised basic community development principles which forms part of a new approach regarding need satisfaction in the new South Africa. The focus of this particular study is on one such a non-Governmental organisation, which developed from grass roots level to satisfy the needs of black children and their parents with regard to teaching and education. In the light of the growing demand for an educational service and the school's need to effectively address this problem, a need-sassessment was required in order to identify the needs of the children in the context of the school, from the perspective of key-persons and parents. Given the institution's development from grass roots level through community development principles, the institutions requirement of a needs-assessment as well as the fact that implementation of community development will ensure that community needs be addressed, this study will therefore be done in the framework of community development.

Both children and adults share a common, culturally distinct view of what it means to be male or female. These gender stereotypes are pervasive in society and daily social interactions, and influence all aspects of gender development (Golombok & Fivush, 1994). The inherent physical differences of boys and girls may have triggered the speculation and accompanying myths surrounding the existence of gender differences in childhood development. Many people believe that boys and girls follow a different developmental path that lead to gender differences in intellectual ability. An up-to-date and integrative review of theory and research on gender indicates two opposing perspectives on the topic, with substantial information supporting each view. However, this is the first study to examine and compare a sample of South African pre-school boys and girls from a truly holistic developmental perspective on the recently released Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER). Developmental theorists have emphasized the profound impact early childhood development has on subsequent development, as it shapes the course of an individual’s life. Contemporary cognitive developmental theories, such as Demetriou’s (2000; 2004) developmental model of cognitive development, advance that child development does not progress in a fixed and predictable manner. Instead, Demetriou proposes that development occurs in a wave-like fashion, where the processes and functions of the various levels of the mind may be at differing points in their cycle of development. When one function progresses to a higher level, it unlocks the possibility for another function to advance to a different point in its cycle (Demetriou et al., 2002). As the significance of understanding the process of early childhood development more fully increases, so does the need to establish with more confidence the value and role of developmental assessment in the early identification of problems. The overall purpose of this study was to generate comparative information regarding the general development of a sample of 5- and 6-year-old South African pre-school boys and girls. Specifically, the study aimed to explore and describe the developmental profiles of pre-school boys and girls within the abovementioned age group with respect to their overall performance on the GMDS-ER as well as their performance on the six Subscales. Then, the mean General Quotients (GQ) and developmental profiles of the pre-school boys and girls obtained on the GMDS-ER were compared. An exploratory-descriptive quantitative research method was used. The sample (N = 64) was selected through a combination of non-probability, purposive and convenience xiii sampling. Within this framework, a between-subjects design in which matching was used to control extraneous variables, was employed. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests to compare the GQs of the gender groups. A Hotellings T2 was used to compare the Subscale profiles. No significant gender differences were found when comparing the overall developmental and Subscale profiles of the boys and girls on the GMDS-ER. However, certain interesting trends did emerge from a review of the findings when compared to the literature review and previous studies. The information generated from this study has contributed to our knowledge base of the performance of South African children on the recently released GMDS-ER.