År 1826, tog Joseph Nicéphore Niépce det äldst bevarade fotografiet. För att ta detta fotografi krävdes en exponeringstid på åtta timmar. En av Niépces största utmaningar var då att finna en teknik för att bevara fotografierna. Det blir väldigt tydligt att det förr var mycket komplicerat att ta ett fotografi, vilket kontrasterar till 2010-talet - där vi på ett ögonblick kan ta fram mobiltelefonen och fotografera en händelse. I denna studie har vi undersökt det sociala mediet och bilddelningstjänsten Instagram. Vi valde att studera eleverna i tre gymnasieklasser i åldersgruppen 18-19 år, på de kommunala gymnasieskolorna i Gävle - Borgarskolan, Polhemsskolan och Vasaskolan - vilka utgjorde urvalet i undersökningen. Vi besökte de tre skolorna och delade ut en enkät som eleverna fick besvara. Denna enkät innehöll frågor om bland annat självkänsla, hur de betraktar sig själva och hur de använder Instagram. Syftet med undersökningen var att se om nivå av självkänsla påverkade hur man använde Instagram. Vi ville också se hur användarna väljer att gestalta sig själva med Instagram som verktyg. Av resultaten fann vi bland annat att merparten av eleverna på alla tre skolor hade en bra självkänsla enligt dem själva. Majoriteten på samtliga skolor menar också att de själva inte använder Instagram som ett verktyg för att styra över hur andra ska se på dem - men de tror att andra människor gör det. / In 1826, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce captured the oldest preserved photography. In order to capture this photography, an exposure time of eight hours was required. One of Niépce’s largest challenges back then was to find a method which preserved the photographies. From this it gets apparent/obvious that it used to be very complex to take a picture, which contrasts to the present time where we in an instant can pick up our mobile phone to shoot an event. In this study we have examined the social media and photo-sharing service Instagram. We chose to research students within three classes at the municipal upper secondary schools in Gävle - Borgarskolan, Polhemsskolan and Vasaskolan, which consequently also composed our selection in the study. The topical age-group was 18-19. Further we visited the three schools and distributed the questionaire. This questionaire contained questions about self-esteem, how the students consider themselves and general Instagram usage. The purpose of the study was to see if the students level of self-esteem affected their Instagram usage in any way. We also wanted to distinguish how the Instagram users chose to frame themselves using Instagram as a tool. From the results we found that the main body of the students at all three schools had a good self-esteem according to themselves. The majority at all schools also argue that they do not use Instagram as a tool in order to control other peoples impression of them, but, they believe that other people do.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Objective: To review the difference in short term neonatal and maternal outcomes among singleton infants with breech presentation delivered by vaginal or elective caesarean section route at term, at Tygerberg Academic Hospital (TBH) in Cape Town. The study design was a retrospective case control study. Method: Part I A total of 120 patients were selected. 60 vaginal breech deliveries and 60 elective caesarean sections for breech presentation (comprising the control group). 60 cases of vaginal deliveries were collected and 60 control cases of planned elective caesarean sections, where the indication for CS was breech presentation, were collected in the same manner. Part II Nineteen registrars completed a questionnaire regarding their subjective experiences of vaginal breech deliveries at Tygerberg Academic Hospital. Results: Part I An analysis of the results found statistically significant differences in maternal ages between the two groups, with younger women delivering by CS; gravidity and parity was lower in the CS group; blood loss was observed to be higher in the CS group with more women requiring a blood transfusion when compared to vaginal delivery; there were more neonatal admissions in the vaginal delivery group as well as more birth trauma, neonatal seizures and death in this group; Apgar scores were higher in the CS group and finally, neonates born by CS were more commonly discharged at the same time as their mothers in the CS group. Part II When analyzing the registrar questionnaire it can be noted that although clinicians are performing an adequate number of breech vaginal deliveries, with an average of 10 deliveries per year, the skills training for clinicians is invaluable. Not all registrars learned skills from a senior clinician and skills training in skills labs are essential for initial and even continual training of these clinicians. It is suggested that these skills training programs be made compulsory for all registrars and that a biyearly attendance and completing of such a course be mandatory for those wishing to work in the labour ward. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, there was more morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal breech delivery. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die korttermyn neonatale en moederlike uitkomste van enkeling swangerskappe met stuitligging wat vaginaal of met elektiewe keisersnee verlos is by die Tygerberg Akademiese Hospitaal in Kaapstad, te bepaal. Die werkstuk is ‘n retrospektiewe gekontroleerde-gevallestudie. Metode: Deel 1 ‘n Totaal van 120 pasiënte is gekies. 60 gevalle van vaginale stuitverlossings en 60 kontrolegevalle van beplande elektiewe keisersnitte waar die indikasie stuitligging was. Deel 2 Negentien kliniese assistente het die vraelys oor hul persoonlike ervaring van vaginale stuitverlossing by die Tygerberg Akademiese Hospitaal ingevul. Resultate: Deel 1 ‘n Ontleding van die resultate wys statisties betekenisvolle verskille in die moederouderdom van die twee groepe, met meer jong vroue wat met keisernit geboorte gee. Graviditiet en pariteit was laer in die keisersnit-groep. Bloedverlies was hoër in die keisersnit-groep en in vergelyking met die vaginale verlossings met meer vroue wat bloedoortapping benodig. In die vaginale verlossingsgroep was meer neonatale toelatings nodig asook meer geboortetrauma, neonatale konvulsies en sterftes. Apgar-tellings was hoër in die keisersnitgroep en neonate wat met ‘n keisersnitte gebore is, is meer dikwels saam met hul moeders ontslaan. Deel II Ontleding van die vraelys vir kliniese assistente wys dat hoewel klinici ‘n genoegsame getal van gemiddeld 10 vaginale stuitverlossings per jaar uitvoer, vaardigheidsopleiding vir klinici van onskatbare waarde sal wees. Nie alle kliniese assistente leer vaardighede by senior klinici nie en opleiding in ‘n vaardigheidslaboratorium is noodsaaklik vir die aanvanklike en selfs voortdurende opleiding van dié kliniese assistente. Dit word voorgestel dat hierdie vaardigheidkursusse verpligtend gemaak word vir alle kliniese asssistente en bywoning en voltooiing van die kursus twee maal per jaar verpligtend moet wees vir diegene wat in ‘n kraamsaal wil werk. Gevolgtrekking: Vaginale stuitverlossings, hoewel nie stastisties betekenisvol nie, het met meer morbiditeit en sterftes gepaardgegaan.

With the intention to fill a gap in the research field, this thesis porposes to illuminate privatepersons’ use of Instagram simply as private actors without any profitable interest. The users with a solely personal interest may in some cases attract thousands of followers in the scale ofcelebrity fan base. This thesis aims to map out what motivates and drives a thought-through, strategic use of Instagram, to discover if there is a strategic use of Instagram among the objects of study and also to share the objects of study’s reflections about their Instagram use. Through a selection based on the number of followers of a non-profitable Instagram profile, age and an involvement in the culture and/or media business, ten people were selectedto constitute the objects of study. Through a comparision of five users with many followers (more than 1000) and five with few (less than 500), a comparative study was made to discover differences and similarities in their use and attitudes to Instagram. With an abductive approach and a rich theoretical framework, focusing on theories concering self-presentationand personal branding, in-dept interviews were made to create a deep understanding of the subject of research. The intervew answers were processed through a content analysis that concluded astrategic use among all of the objects of study, motivated by personal satisfaction and hopes of being percieved in a certain way. The users with many followers all reflected on and experience negative psychologial concequenses from their Instagram use, but the reflections and effects were absent among the users with few followers. The study demonstrate user patterns amongst those observed that suggest that a greater commitment to Instagram is more likely to have an effect on mental health.

Roman gender was often defined and regulated visually – that is, if and under what conditions a woman or man appeared in public, through personal appearance, or through representations in art or literature. In this discourse on gender, the gaze (especially the public’s) was thus an important agent in helping not only to shape gender ideals, but also the direction and function of the discourse itself. The emperor affected these precepts because of his appropriation of public space and his control of the gaze: as the most powerful and high-ranking member of society, no one could be more visible than him, and his own gaze was unlimited: he was all-seeing and all-visible. As befitting these attributes of imperial office, public space became his domain, and he placed limitations on the expression of public images in this space. This therefore affected gender by limiting the ways in which it could be expressed and proved. Within the changed discourse, the emperor was the alpha male, the most masculine man in Roman society, and controlled public space and access to the gaze. Aristocratic males thus suffered a crisis in masculinity, and were forced to find alternate sources of masculinity from the traditional ones of gaining virtus through military service, public oratory and service, and public competition for gloria. In response, some still valued the traditions of military and service to the res publica, but no longer made public expression or competition of virtus as a precondition for its legitimacy or existence – in effect de-linking masculinity from the public sphere. Another response turned to the private sphere for inspiration, finding role models for virtus in ideal women and stressing a man’s behavior in the home as important in judgments on his masculinity. Femininity did not suffer such changes or crisis. Feminine ideals remained relatively stable, but with a few minor changes: imperial women were held to a stricter standard of traditional femininity to prevent their intrusion into imperial power, and their public activities were either low-profile or focused around the family. Aristocratic women had more scope for public activities, which enhanced their femininity but were not prerequisites for being a good woman: that is, it was not necessary for a woman to possess and maintain a public image for her to be feminine.

<p>In modern society, individuals constantly pass judgments on their own body and physical competence as well as that of other people. All too often, the verdict is less favourable. For the person, these physical self-perceptions (PSP) may negatively affect global self-esteem, identity, and general mental well being. The overall aim of this thesis is to examine primarily the role that exercise, but also the roles that gender and culture, play in the formation of PSP. In Study I, using confirmatory factor analyses, strong support for the validity of a first-order, and a second-order hierarchical and multidimensional model of the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP: Fox & Corbin, 1989) was found across three national samples (Great Britain, Sweden and Turkey) of university students. Cross-cultural differences were detected, with the British sample demonstrating higher latent means on all PSPP subdomains except for the physical condition subdomain (Condition), than the Swedish and Turkish samples. In Study II, a higher self-reported exercise frequency was associated with more positive PSP (in particular for Condition) and more importance attributed to PSP in Swedish university students. Males demonstrated higher overall PSPP-scores than females. In Study III, a true-experimental design with randomisation into an intervention and a control group was adopted. Strong support for the effects of an empowerment-based exercise intervention programme on PSP and social physique anxiety (SPA) over six months for adolescent girls was found. The relations of exercise, gender and culture with PSP, SPA and self-esteem are discussed from the standpoints of a variety of theoretical models (the EXSEM-model), and frameworks (self-presentation and objectification theory). The two theories of self-enhancement and skill-development are examined with regard to the direction of the exercise-physical self relationship and motivation for exercise. Arguments for the relevance of exercise and PSP for practitioners in promoting general mental well-being and preventing modern-day diseases are outlined.</p>

Skaitmeninė pateiktis šiandien yra labiausiai paplitęs būdas mokyti kursų ir rengti mokslo bei verslo pristatymus. Norint paremti šią koncepciją, daugumoje universitetų klasės kambarių ir verslo konferencijų salėse yra įrengtos didelės raiškos projektoriai ir kompiuteriai. Siekiant kontroliuoti pateiktis, dėstytojai ar konferencijos dalyviai turi naudoti kompiuterio klaviatūrą ir pelę. Operacijos, tokios, kaip kitos skaidrės įjungimas, frazės paryškinimas ar grafiko nubraižymas, atliekamos dirbant kompiuteriu užuot tiesiogiai bendraujant su auditorija. Lazeriniai žymekliai – dažnai naudojamas įrankis pateikčių metu. Šis įrankis suteikia didesnę laisvę, tačiau atlikti pateikčių valdymo veiksmams pranešėjas privalo nueiti prie kompiuterio. Panaudojant turimą pateikčių įrangą ir įdiegus vaizdo apdorojimo sistemą, galima pateiktims suteikti interaktyvumo. Interaktyvios sistemos dėka, pranešėjas pateikčių metu galėtų atsiriboti nuo kompiuterio, sutelkti visą dėmesį auditorijai ir tuo pačiu metu atlikti pagrindinius pateikčių valdymo veiksmus. Tokiu būdu pranešėjas pateikiamą medžiagą auditorijai pateiktų efektyviau ir įtaigiau. Atliekant šį magistrinį darbą, sukurta „Fenix“ sistema, kuri internetinės kameros fiksuojamam vaizde, aptinka lazerinį žymeklį, nustato žymeklio padėtį ekrane ir, priklausomai nuo padėties, atlieka pagrindinius pateikčių metu naudojamus veiksmus. / Computer - based presentations are now the most common way to teach courses and make scientific or business presentations. To support this, the majority of university classrooms and corporate conference rooms are equipped with high - definition projectors and computers. To control presentation, teachers or participants of the conference must use the computer keyboard and mouse. Operations such as changing slide, highlighting phrase or graphic, performed by sitting near computer instead of directly communicating with the audience. Laser markers - a tool often used during the presentation. This tool provides more freedom, but presenter must go to the computer to make an action. This document describes a method for interactive presentation controlling using laser pointer, web cam, projector and image processing. In project part you will find the main technical and design issues of system that was developed during master course. Document also contains developed system test results and reviews.

The general purpose this study has been to determine the perception of MBA students on quality lecturing. Business schools are concerned about how learners evaluate the lecturing experiences in order to monitor the quality of the lecturing. Student evaluations are assumed to mirror relative stable views which hold implications for how tertiary institutions act upon and reward the educational practices of lecturers. It is evident from prior research that broad reaching claims concerning student satisfaction cover large alternatives in terms of a construct being evaluated. Links between what is measured, and how this information should be utilised, are not always well-defined. Previous studies suggest that student satisfaction and perception is a multifaceted concept consisting of several complex dimensions. The true muscle of lecturing is crucial leadership ability. It is not just a lecture or a presentation. Lecturing is a set of skills. It is not just about a gift. It is a set of practices that should be rehearsed, mastered and delivered. A lecturer will certainly not deliver a faultless lecture, but might bring an influential and current lecture. The skill set of lecturing is both a skill and a discipline. A lecturer should learn and practices the discipline; then the skill will be conquered. Everyone can be a powerful and skillful presenter, but it will take time, rehearsal and vigor to overcome mediocrity. The management of business schools should comprehend the importance of quality lecturing. Without emphasis on lecturing, the perceived quality of a business school could be misconceived by students. Quality lecturing should always be a focus point and the emphasis on improved effectiveness by management. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of alternative advertising presentation formats, and the quantity of information presented in advertisements in overcoming possible information-processing deficits in senior adults that could affect their recall of ad attributes and brand name, the cognitive responses generated, and attitude toward the ad. In addition, the study examined the effectiveness of retirement status as a classification or segmentation variable in comparison with the use of the more traditional classification variable, chronological age. A convenience sample of senior adult volunteers from church groups, social clubs, and civic organizations from the local area were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental conditions. The experiment utilized a simulated magazine to test the effects of presentation formats (3 levels), and quantity of information (3 levels) on senior adult's recall, cognitive responses and attitude toward the test ads. Covariates (gender, wealth, education, activity level, health, and income) were used to reduce variance. The findings clearly indicate that the presentation format of the can ad adversely affected the memory of some senior adults. In addition, the results were significantly different across the different age levels. Retirement status was less beneficial than chronological age in the current study, but did reveal a marginally significant difference between seniors due to the number of attributes contained in the test ads. The implication of findings for advertisers and those who design marketing communications for seniors are numerous, and relate to the marketer's communication goals. Senior adults may prefer print media, but the inappropriate use of presentation format and the number of product attributes in the ads could have an adverse and significant impact when communicating with senior adults. Recognition of the information-processing differences of senior adults would result in more effective marketing communications for this rapidly growing and important segment of our society.

<p>Our group has pioneered the development of a live-attenuated poliovirus, called PVSRIPO, for the purpose of targeting cancer. Despite clinical progress, the cancer selective cytotoxicity and immunotherapeutic potential of PVSRIPO has not yet been mechanistically dissected. Defining such mechanisms may inform its clinical application.</p><p> Herein I describe the discovery of a mechanism by which the MAP-Kinase Interacting Kinases (MNKs) regulate PVSRIPO cytotoxicity in cancer. In doing so, I delineate a novel, intricate network connecting the MNK and mTOR signaling pathway that regulates activity of a splicing kinase called the Ser-Arg Rich Protein Kinase (SRPK), and define SRPK as an impediment to IRES mediated translation. Moreover, I demonstrate that MNK regulates mTORC1 associations that determine its substrate proximity and thus, activity. In a collaborative effort, we found that PVSRIPO oncolysis produces antigen specific, cytolytic anti-tumor immunity in an in vitro human system and that much of the observed adjuvancy is due to the direct infection of dendritic cells (DCs) by the virus itself; implicating PVSRIPO as a potent adjuvant. In summary, oncogenic signaling in part through MNK leads to cancer specific cytotoxicity by PVSRIPO that engages an inflammatory environment conducive to DC activation and antigen specific T cell antigen immunity.</p> / Dissertation

Att företag ska visa en så rättvisande bild av sin verksamhet som möjligt i årsredovisningarna har blivit ett allmänt accepterat faktum. Den här studien behandlar och granskar om och hur konsultföretag redovisar sitt humankapital samt om det är möjligt att komplettera årsredovisningen med en icke obligatorisk humankapitalsvärderingsmodell, likt hur GRI fungerar idag.  Syftet med uppsatsen är således att förklara hur konsultfirmor hanterar redovisning av humankapital, samt att baserat på det ge förslag till kompletteringar till årsredovisningen som gör årsredovisningen mer rättvisande.  I den teoretiska referensramen presenteras olika definitioner samt tidigare forskning inom redovisning, redovisning av humankapital samt de vanligaste förslagen till humankapitalsvärderingsmodeller. I studien har det brukats en kvalitativ metod med redskapen; personlig intervju, mejlintervju samt dokumentinsamling.  Analysen fokuserar på vad det arbete som bedrivs idag i konsultföretag med humankapitalsredovisning innebär samt vad som eventuellt kan tilläggas det redan existerande arbetet. I analysen behandlas även konsultföretagens åsikter angående de humankapitalsvärderingsmodeller som finns.  Exempel på viktiga slutsatser som kan dras av analyskapitlet är att det med absolut säkerhet kan sägas att det finns en möjlighet och en vilja från konsultföretag att komplettera årsredovisningar med humankapitalsvärderingsmodeller. Anledningen till att värderingsmodellen läggs som komplement är att det är svårt att införa humankapitalsvärderingsmodeller i den officiella årsredovisningen, med tanke på rådande värderingsprinciper för tillgångar. / That companies is supposed to show the most true and fair view possible in their annual report has become socially accepted. This study will reflect on and examine how and if consulting firms present their human capital, and whether or not it is possible to add a human capital valuation model as a non-compulsory addition to the annual report.  The purpose of the study is to explain how consulting firms present their human capital, and based on that give suggestions on human capital valuation models as additions that might increase the level of true and fair view in the annual report.  The theoretical framework presents different definitions and previous research about accounting, presentation of human capital in accounting and the most common suggestions on human capital valuation models. In the study we have been using a qualitative method with the tools; face-to-face interview, e-mail interview and documentary secondary data.  The analysis focuses on what kind of work is being made in the consulting firms today regarding human valuation, and what might be added to that already existing work. In the analysis the consulting firms views on existing human capital valuation models is also being treated.  Examples of important conclusions are that there seems to be possible to add a human capital valuation model as a complement to the annual report, as long as it isn’t compulsory. It is regarded as difficult to add a human capital valuation model as a part of the annual report, which makes putting it as a complement to the annual report the reasonable suggestion.