The development flow region of stepped chutes was studied experimentally. Three configuration of chute bed slopes 3.5H:1V, 5H:1V, and 10H:1V were used to study the flow characteristics. Each model had five horizontal steps and with constant step height of 15 cm. Constant temperature anemometry was used to investigate the velocity field characteristics as well as local void fraction. Pressure transducers were used to examine the pressure distribution. The conditions of aerated and non-aerated cavity were studied. It was found that the temperature anemometry is a valuable tool in the study of water flow problems due to its good spatial and temporal resolution. It is recommended that the constant overheat ratio procedure should be used in dealing with non-isothermal water flows. Flow conditions along the development flow region were found to be quite complex with abrupt changes between steps depending whether or not the flow jet has disintegrated. The flow on this region does not resemble a drop structure and after the first step, the step cavity condition does not affect the flow parameters. Pressure distribution was also found to be complex. It was found that there are no conclusive pressure profiles either on the step treads nor on step risers. No correlation was observed with the values of pool depth. The instantaneous characteristics of the velocity field along the jet of a drop structure were also studied. It was concluded that the cavity condition does not affect the velocity field of the sliding jet. The shear stress layer at the jet/pool interface was quantified.

Im Zuge systematisch durchgeführter thermografischer Untersuchungen an 95 Asiatischen Elefanten in europäischen Zoos konnten physiologische Wärmeprofile aller nicht von Fußkrankheiten betroffener Elefanten erstellt werden. Um eine objektivere Befundung zu ermöglichen, wurden dafür definierte Messbereiche an den Füßen festgelegt und deren Temperaturdaten als Wärmekurven für jeden Zeh dargestellt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Bandbreite von Temperaturen gleicher Messbereiche starken individuellen Schwankungen unterliegt, weshalb eine Befundung nicht anhand absoluter Temperaturwerte erfolgen sollte. So wurden über gleichen Messbereichen unterschiedlicher Elefanten Temperaturunterschiede von bis zu 8 °C festgestellt. Auch die Umgebungsfaktoren während der Untersuchung tragen zu dieser Varianz bei. Bei Umgebungstemperaturen zwischen 17,5 °C und 23 °C stellt sich durch Erhöhung der Außentemperatur um 1 °C eine um 0,5 °C erhöhte Wärmeabstrahlung über der Haut dar. Eine Erhöhung der Luftfeuchte um 1 % verursacht eine um 0,03 °C vermehrte Wärmeabstrahlung. Die Wärmeprofile stellten sich für die Kronsaum- und Hufwandbereiche der Zehen eines Fußes von medial nach lateral in einem parabelförmigen Verlauf dar, wobei die höchsten Temperaturen an den kranialen Zehen gemessen wurden. Die Differenz zwischen Kronsaum- und Hufwandbereichen blieb dabei konstant. Die Temperaturen der Zehenregion oberhalb des Kronsaums folgten nicht dieser Parabelform, lagen aber, außer an der jeweils medialen Seite, konstant unterhalb der Kronsaumtemperaturen. Bei Vergleich mit thermografischen Befunden erkrankter Zehen zeigte sich meist ein starker Anstieg der Zehenregiontemperatur weit über die Kronsaumtemperaturen hinaus, weshalb sich dieses Verhältnis als Indiz für ein akutes Enzündungsgeschehen nutzen lässt. Ein gleichmäßiges Wärmeprofil, welches möglichst dicht dem in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Profil gleicht und konstante Temperaturdifferenzen zwischen den einzelnen Messbereichen aufweist, ist ein gutes Indiz für einen gesunden Fuß. Thermografische Befundungen sollten immer mit Hilfe herkömmlicher visueller Auswertung und zusätzlich der Erstellung eines Wärmeprofils vorgenommen werden, um die Subjektivität zu minimieren. Erstmalig wurden in dieser Arbeit drei Elefanten mittels Pedografie untersucht, um Aufschlüsse über die Druckverteilung unter dem Elefantenfuß zu erhalten. Wie bei Menschen und pedografisch vermessenen Rindern fanden sich auch beim Elefanten charakteristische Druckprofile. Druckspitzenwerte tauchten hierbei vor allem im kranialen Bereich der Füße als Druckleiste, aber auch im kaudalen Bereich in Form zweier Druckpfeiler auf. Experimente mit einer Methode zur Simulierung weicheren Untergrundes schienen die Druckspitzenwerte etwas abzuschwächen und das allgemeine Druckprofil einzuebnen, waren aber nur schwer auszuwerten. Die Methode eignet sich ebenso zur Erfassung der tatsächlich belasteten Fläche der Füße, welche sich bei stärkerer Belastung, beispielsweise dreibeinigem Stehen, vergrößerte. Trotz noch einiger methodischer und technischer Probleme, eröffnet sich mit der Pedografie ein sicherlich lohnenswertes Forschungsfeld für weitere Studien, die einen besseren Einblick in die Druckphysiologie des Elefantenfußes gewähren könnten. Weiterhin wurden in dieser Arbeit Daten der Elefantenhaltungssysteme von 17 besuchten europäischen Zoos, sowie Daten über Häufigkeit und Art der Gliedmaßenkrankheiten und anderer gesundheitlicher Parameter aller 95 untersuchter Elefanten ausgewertet. Hierbei zeigte sich immer noch starker Verbesserungsbedarf im Hinblick auf Innengehegegrößen und die verwendeten Bodenmaterialien. Auch Bewegungsprogramme für den Aufenthalt im Außengehege wurden nur in weniger als der Hälfte der Zoos eingesetzt. Positiv fiel auf, dass die Elefanten in den besuchten Zoos kaum noch angekettet werden und falls doch, nur kurzzeitig zu Untersuchungszwecken. Den Daten der Haltungsanalysen entsprechend, fielen die Auswertungen zur Fußgesundheit aus: Nur 36 % der untersuchten Elefanten litten bisher noch niemals unter Fußerkrankungen. Allein zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung wurden bei 27 % der Tiere akute Erkrankungen festgestellt, die unter Behandlung standen. Hierbei handelte es sich hauptsächlich um Abszesse oder andere entzündliche Veränderungen im Bereich des Nagelbetts. Weiterhin wurden 30 % der Elefanten als übergewichtig eingeschätzt und 36 % der Tiere zeigten stereotype Bewegungsmuster. / A total of 95 Asiatic Elephants in 17 European zoos were systematically examined using a high resolution thermographic camera and physiologic heat profiles of elephant’s feet without known foot diseases were established. To allow a more objective evaluation of thermographic findings, the feet and toes were divided schematically into defined areas for measurement purposes, based on anatomical features for which the temperature data was then plotted to produce heat curves for each area. Measurements of temperatures pertaining to similar areas of different elephants showed strong individual fluctuation. Temperature variation was as high as 8 °C in similar areas between elephants. Thus, evaluation of thermographic findings should never be based on absolute temperature readings alone. This strong variation is partly caused by environmental factors during the examination. With environmental temperatures between 17,5 °C and 23 °C, a one degree increase of this temperature will cause a 0,5 °C increase of the heat radiation of the feet. An increase of air humidity by 1 % will cause an increase of 0,03 °C of the measured thermographical heat radiation. The physiological heat profiles for coronary and hoof wall areas of the toes showed an arched, parable-like shape when plotted from the medial over the cranial to the lateral toes. The highest temperature readings were found on the cranial toes. The difference between coronary and hoof wall temperatures of similar toes were constant all over the foot. The physiological heat profiles of the toe areas above the coronary region did not show this arched shape but stayed below the coronary temperature readings except on the medial toe. On comparison with thermographic findings of inflammated toes, a strong increase of this area above the coronary band was found which exceeded the temperature of the coronary region. This characteristic can be used as an indicator for acute inflammations. A regular heat profile, which resembles closely the physiological heat profile created in this study and which shows constant temperature differences between the defined areas of the single toes, is a good indicator of healthy foot. It is recommended that thermographic examinations always are evaluated using conventional observation of the heat patterns in conjunction with the additional creation of a heat profile to minimize subjectivity by the clinician. For the first time three elephants were examined in this study using a new pedographic method to gain information on the pressure distribution below the elephant’s foot. As found in humans as well as in pedographically examined cows, the pressure distribution in elephant’s feet showed a characteristic profile. Pressure peaks showed up especially in the cranial area of the foot, possibly the border between sole and pad, as well as in the caudal region in the shape of two pressure pillars. Experiments with a method to simulate softer ground seemed to lower the pressure peaks slightly in favor of a broader distribution, but were very difficult to evaluate, especially considering the small sample size. This method is also suited to register the actual area size put under pressure by the elephant, which was shown to rise under increased pressure, e. g. three legged standing. Despite some encountered methodical and technical problems, pedography of elephants is going to be a very promising field for further scientific studies in order to acquire more information on the physiology of pressure distribution. Data on husbandry conditions of the 17 visited zoos and as well as data on frequency and type of foot diseases and other health parameters of all 95 examined elephants were also collected and evaluated. A strong need for improvement was observed in terms of enclosure sizes and the surface materials used in indoor enclosures. Also, daily routines to increase activity of the elephants in the outdoor enclosures were found to be carried out only in half of the visited zoos. On a positive note, elephants in the evaluated zoos were hardly ever chained and if so, only for examination purposes. According to the data of the husbandry evaluation the information on the current status of foot health showed the need for improvement: Only in 36 % of the examined elephants foot problems were so far not encountered. On the time of examination 27 % of the animals were found to be under ongoing treatment for foot diseases. Mostly these were abscesses or other inflammation processes in the area of the nail’s laminar tissue. Out of the study sample, 30 % of the elephants were estimated to be overweight and 36 % showed stereotypic movement patterns.

Substantive changes introduced in the agricultural work, driven by further increases in productivity in the agricultural machinery are the basis of this study. The tractor is a machine used in most activities of tillage, by concentrating most of the physical and mechanical actions to perform these activities. The tractor seat is one of the most important factors to be considered in the design of the workplace, it is the area where the operator remains for hours. The aim of this study was to analyze the transmissibility of vibration and pressure distribution in the seat-operator interface in two types of seats in agricultural tractors, in two settings for suspension in three forward speeds and three different types of micro-reliefs. Were performed simultaneous field experiments with measurements of amplitude of vibrations and pressure distribution on a path of 40 meters in three distinct areas, consolidated, ploughed and asphalt, in three average speeds, 4.66, 5.57 and 6.58 km/h. The data of operator exposure to whole body vibration were obtained through the RT Pro Photon 6.30 system, which performs simultaneous readings in the triaxial axes x, y and z and to measure the pressure distribution was used a blanket sensorized interface module of the X-sensor system. Later, the parameters which allowed the evaluation of the transmissibility of vibration were calculated, as well as the distribution of pressures on the trunk of the operator in the seat. Was performed an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Test. The level of significance was the 95% reliability. It was concluded that in consolidated and ploughed areas the effective accelerations exceeded the upper limit of the little discomfort zone of standard 2631-1:1997 and that the actual magnitude of the transmissibility of vibration increased on frequencies of 2.5 and 12.5 Hz. The maximum limit of comfort and daily work of eight hours have been overcome by the magnitude of the effective accelerations in all the tests and by the accelerations in more than one direction, in the frequency ranges of 2.5 and 5 Hz on consolidated and mined areas. The values of the average pressures of seat B1 were around 25% lower than the seat B2 medium pressure on consolidated and ploughed areas and their distribution was similar between the two benches, regardless of the setting of the suspension regulation. The dynamic capability to mitigate sudden changes of pressure of seat B1 was higher in regulation R1 and on seat B2, in the regulation R2, considering that on the wrought soil regulation R2 of seat B2 showed an ability to reduce the sudden pressure 50% lower than the regulation R1. Areas of effective contact in the seat-operator interface were 20% higher on the seat B1 than seat B2. / As alterações substanciais introduzidas no trabalho agrícola, impulsionadas por aumentos adicionais de produtividade nas máquinas agrícolas são a base deste estudo. O trator é a máquina mais usada nas atividades agrícolas, por concentrar a maioria das ações físicas e mecânicas para executar essas atividades. O assento do trator é um dos mais importantes fatores a ser considerado no projeto do posto de trabalho, pois é o local onde o operador permanece por mais horas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a transmissibilidade das vibrações e a distribuição da pressão na interface assento-operador em dois tipos de bancos de tratores agrícolas, em duas regulagens de suspensão, em três velocidades de deslocamento e três diferentes tipos de micro-relevos. Foram realizados experimentos simultâneos a campo com medição da amplitude das vibrações e da distribuição da pressão na superfície de contato entre o homem e o banco em trajetos de 40 metros em três distintas áreas, consolidada, lavrada e asfáltica, em três velocidades médias, 4,66, 5,57 e 6,58 km/h. Os dados da exposição do operador à vibração de corpo inteiro foram obtidos através do sistema RT Pro Photon 6,30, que executa simultaneamente leituras nos eixos triaxiais x, y e z e para medir a distribuição da pressão foi utilizada uma manta sensorizada do sistema X-sensor. Posteriormente, foram calculados os parâmetros que permitiram a avaliação da transmissibilidade das vibrações, assim como da distribuição das pressões do tronco dos operadores no assento do banco. Foi realizada a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e Teste de Duncan. O nível de significância aceito foi de 95% de confiabilidade. Concluiu-se que nas áreas consolidada e lavrada as acelerações eficazes ultrapassaram o limite superior da zona de pouco desconforto da norma 2631-1:1997 e que a amplitude efetiva da transmissibilidade das vibrações aumentou nas frequências de 2,5 e 12,5 Hz. Os limites máximos conforto e de trabalho diário de 8 horas foram ultrapassados pelas magnitudes das acelerações eficazes na totalidade dos ensaios e pelas acelerações em mais de uma direção, nas faixas de frequência de 2,5 e 5 Hz nas áreas consolidada e lavrada. Os valores das pressões médias do banco B1 foram em torno de 25% menores que as pressões médias do banco B2 nas áreas consolidada e lavrada e sua distribuição ocorreu de maneira semelhante entre os dois bancos, independente do tipo de regulagem da suspensão. A capacidade dinâmica de atenuar as mudanças repentinas de pressão do banco B1 foi superior na regulagem R1 e no banco B2, na regulagem R2, sendo que no solo lavrado a regulagem R2 do banco B2 apresentou uma capacidade 50% menor do que a regulagem R1. As áreas de efetivo contato na interface banco-operador foram 20% maiores no banco B1 que no banco B2.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Otacilio.pdf: 1115427 bytes, checksum: b2c572e56990d8fc350a9e27e16cffbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the rearfoot eversion motion on the biomechanical variables of the walking related with the plantar pressure distribution and the center of pressure (COP). Twenty-one male subjects (mean age 27 years ± 8 years, height 1.78m ± 0.6m and body mass 76kg ± 10kg) have participated of the study. Subjects were separate into two groups considering the Maximum Rearfoot Eversion Angle: Normal Group (n-11) - which had an angle < 8° and Overpronation Group (n=10) - which had an angle &#8805; 8°. The experimental data acquisition consisted in the evaluation of the barefoot gait in a straight line on a EVA walkway (flat stuff), and a controlled speed of 5 km / h ± 5%. The variables examined were: Maximum Rearfoot Eversion Angle, Media Plantar Pressure, Plantar Pressure Peak, Contact Area, Relative Load, Mean Velocity of the COP and Medial and Lateral displacement of the COP. The kinematic data has been acquired by the Spica Technology Corporation video system with two video cameras synchronized with a sampling rate of 955 Hz. For the kinetic data acquisition was used the Novel Emed-XR system with a sampling rate of 100 Hz. The Shapiro-Wilk test has been applied for the statistical analysis to verify the normality of the data and the statistical test One-Way ANOVA was used to compare the kinetic variables intra-group in different regions of the foot. The Student t-test was used to compare these inter-groups variables and the Pearson statistical test to check possible correlation between the Maximum Rearfoot Eversion Angle and kinetic variables. The level of significance adopted was 0.05. Analyzing the variables Media Plantar Pressure, Plantar Pressure Peak and Relative Load between different regions of the foot intra-groups, had been observed that both groups has shown a similar pattern of distribution of plantar pressure, but differentiating themselves only by the intensities of these variables. Plantar Pressure Peak and Contact Area variables have been compared among themselves in different regions of the foot inter-groups and, it was observed that the Normal Group showed higher mean values significant statistically, especially on the region of the heel and mid-foot. There was no significant statistically difference on the regions examined when the variables Media Plantar Pressure, Relative Load, Mean Velocity of the COP and Medial and Lateral displacement of the COP were compared between Normal Group and Overpronation Group. Analyzing possible correlations between the Maximum Rearfoot Eversion Angle and kinetic variables can be observed that the variables Media Plantar Pressure, Plantar Pressure Peak, Contact Area and Relative Load have shown positive significant statistically correlations with the Maximum Rearfoot Eversion Angle mainly in the mid-foot. However, there were no correlations on the variables of Mean Velocity of the COP and Medial and Lateral Displacement of the COP. These results suggest that the increase in the rearfoot eversion angle (overpronation) affects considerably some biomechanical variables such as the distribution of plantar pressure during the gait. This study demonstrates the importance of the analysis of the distribution of pressure on the clinical and preventive situation, since it has a great potential to predict abnormal movements during the locomotion. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a influência do movimento de eversão do calcanhar sobre as variáveis biomecânicas da marcha relativas à distribuição de pressão plantar (DPP) e o centro de pressão (COP). Participaram do estudo 21 sujeitos do sexo masculino (média de idade 27 anos ± 8 anos, estatura de 178cm ± 6cm e massa corporal de 76kg ± 10kg). Os sujeitos foram divididos em dois grupos, considerando o Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar: Grupo Normal (n=11) - sujeitos que apresentavam Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar < 8° e Grupo Overpronado (n=10) - sujeitos que apresentavam Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar &#8805; 8°. A coleta de dados consistiu - se em avaliar o andar de forma descalça em linha reta sobre uma passarela de EVA sem qualquer inclinação em relação à linha do horizonte e com uma velocidade controlada de 5km/h ± 5%. As variáveis analisadas foram: Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar, Pressão Plantar Média, Pico de Pressão Plantar, Área de contato, Carga Relativa, Velocidade Média do COP e Deslocamento Medial e Lateral do COP. Para a aquisição dos dados cinemáticos foi utilizado o sistema Spica Technology Corporation com duas câmeras de vídeo sincronizadas, com taxa de amostragem de 955Hz. Para a aquisição dos dados cinéticos utilizou-se o sistema Novel Emed- XR com taxa de amostragem de 100Hz. Na análise estatística foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Para comparar as variáveis cinéticas intra-grupo nas diferentes regiões do pé, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA One-Way. Já comparando estas variáveis inter-grupos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Para verificar possíveis correlações entre o Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar e as variáveis cinéticas analisadas, utilizou-se o teste de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Ao comparar as variáveis Pressão Plantar Média , Pico de Pressão Plantar e Carga Relativa entre as diferentes regiões do pé intra-grupo, pode-se observar que ambos os grupos apresentaram um padrão de distribuição de pressão plantar semelhante, diferenciando-se apenas pelas intensidades dessas variáveis. Já ao comparar as variáveis Pico de Pressão Plantar e Área de Contato nas diferentes regiões do pé intergrupos, observou-se que o Grupo Normal apresentou maiores valores médios, estatisticamente significativos, principalmente na região do calcanhar e do médio pé. Em relação às variáveis Pressão Plantar Média , Carga Relativa , Velocidade Média do COP e Deslocamento Medial e Lateral do COP não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao comparar o Grupo Normal e o Grupo Overpronado em nenhuma das regiões analisadas. Ao analisar possíveis correlações entre o Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar e as variáveis cinéticas, pode-se observar que as variáveis Pressão Plantar Média , Pico de Pressão Plantar , Área de Contato e Carga Relativa apresentaram correlações positivas estatisticamente significativas com o Ângulo Máximo de Eversão do Calcanhar , principalmente na região do médio pé. Já as variáveis Velocidade Média do COP e Deslocamento Medial e Lateral do COP não apresentaram correlações estatisticamente significativas. Assim, é possível concluir que o aumento do ângulo de eversão do calcanhar (overpronação) afetou consideravelmente algumas variáveis biomecânicas da distribuição de pressão plantar durante a marcha. Isso demonstra a importância da análise da distribuição de pressão plantar no quadro clínico e preventivo, pois a mesma possui um grande potencial para predizer movimentos anormais durante a locomoção.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RUDNEI PALHANO.pdf: 3683877 bytes, checksum: fe25b167aa6def43f3bead628f1850d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this correlational study was to analyze the plantar medial longitudinal arch during the stance phase of the gait. Thirty-two subjects of both genders (mean age 25,78±6,75 years) from Vale dos Sinos RS have participated of the research. The specific objectives was to describe the behavior of the plantar medial longitudinal arch during the gait in the initial contact and stance phase; identify the foot s angle with the surface in the initial contact; correlate the medial longitudinal plantar arch with the Ankle s angle during the contact phase; correlate the anthropometry variables with the dynamic behavior of the medial longitudinal plantar arch; correlate the plantar pressure distribution (peak pressure, plantar pressure mean, contact time and mean area) with the dynamic behavior of the kinetics and kinematics variables of the medial longitudinal plantar arch during the stance phase and relate the kinetics and kinematics variables with kinds of medial longitudinal plantar arch. The kinematics data has been acquired by the Spica Technology Corporation video system and for kinetic data was used the Novel Emed-XR system with a sampling rate of 100 Hz and the 3D Scanner INFOOT. Subjects were separate into three groups by the Cavanagh s arch index: Cavus foot; normal foot e planus foot. The variables analyzed were: medial longitudinal plantar arch angle in seated position, initial contact and stance phase, angle of the ankle in seated position and stance phase, plantar pressure of peak, mean plantar pressure, contact area, contact time and mean force. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test has been applied for the statistical analysis to verify the normality of the data. The ANOVA One-Way test has been used to compare means intra-groups and to verify where were the differences was used the Scheffé`s Post Hoc test. Pearson test has been applied to verify the correlation. The level of significance adopted was p &#8804; 0.05. There were no differences statistically significant when inter-groups kinematics and anthropometrics variables had been compared. Only in some regions of the plantar surface has shown differences statistically significant when the kinetics variables were compared inter-group. Analyzing the correlations between the dynamic arch index with kinematics variables, only the medial longitudinal plantar arch angle has shown a moderate correlation statistically significant, while others correlations had low relations. / O objetivo deste estudo correlacional foi analisar o Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial durante a fase de apoio da Marcha. Com objetivos específicos: descrever o comportamento do Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial durante a marcha nos períodos do Contato Inicial e Apoio Simples; Identificar o Ângulo do pé com a superfície no Contato Inicial; Correlacionar o Ângulo do Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial com o Ângulo do Tornozelo durante a Fase de Contato; Correlacionar as variáveis antropométricas com o comportamento dinâmico do Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial; Correlacionar as variáveis da Distribuição de Pressão Plantar (Pico de Pressão Plantar, Pressão Plantar Média, Tempo de contato e Área media) com o comportamento dinâmico das variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas do Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial durante a o apoio simples;Verificar diferenças nas variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas relacionando com os diferentes tipos de Arco Plantar Longitudinal Medial dinamicamente. Participaram do estudo 32 sujeitos da região do Vale dos Sinos RS, ambos os sexos, idade entre 19 e 46 anos (25,78±6,75 anos). Utilizaram-se como instrumentos o Sistema de cinemetria da Spica Technology , Sistema cinético da Novel Emed e o Scanner 3D INFOOT. Os sujeitos foram classificados em três grupos através do Índice do Arco Plantar: Pés Cavos (PC); Pés Normais (PN) e Pés Planos (PP). As variáveis analisadas foram: Ângulo do Arco Plantar Longitudinal Média, na posição sentada, contato inicial e no apoio simples; Ângulo do Tornozelo, na posição sentada e apoio simples; Pico de Pressão Plantar; Pressão Plantar Média; Área de Contato; Tempo de Contato e Força Média. Na análise estatística foi aplicado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a normalidade nos dados. Na comparação das médias intra-grupos foi aplicado ANOVA One-Way e para verificar onde as diferenças encontravam foi utilizado o teste de Post hoc de Scheffé. Para verificar as correlações foi aplicado Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de p&#8804; 0,05. Na comparação inter-grupos para as variáveis cinemáticas e antropométricas, não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Apenas na comparação inter-grupos das variáveis cinéticas, em algumas regiões da superfície plantar apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Ao analisar as correlações entre o Índice do Arco Plantar dinâmico com as variáveis cinemáticas, somente o ângulo do Arco Plantar longitudinal medial apresentou correlação moderada estatisticamente significativa, as demais variáveis cinemáticas apresentaram correlações baixas.

Einleitung: Klauenerkrankungen und Lahmheiten stellen ein großes ökonomisches sowie tierschutzrelevantes Problem in der modernen Milchviehhaltung dar. Diese werden wesentlich durch die Haltung auf harten Böden wie Beton oder Gussasphalt begünstigt. Daher werden in Rinderställen vermehrt Gummi-Laufflächenbeläge eingebaut, welche die mechanischen Belastungen und somit potentielle Schädigungen der Klauen reduzieren sollen. Die Einwirkung von Kräften in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher Böden auf die Klauenfußungsfläche kann mittels Druckmessung untersucht werden. Um dabei den direkten kinetischen Einfluss des Bodens auf die Fußungsfläche ermitteln zu können, sind dünne Sensorfolien nötig. Ziele der Untersuchung: Ziel der Arbeit war es, zunächst ein Ex-vivo-Belastungsmodell für isolierte Rindergliedmaßen zu etablieren, um mit einem folienbasierten Druckmesssystem den direkten kinetischen Einfluss verschiedener Untergründe auf die Fußungsfläche der Klauen zu ermitteln. Anschließend sollte dieses Messsystem erstmals unter lebenden Rindern angewendet werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Insgesamt wurden drei Versuche durchgeführt, in denen die kinetischen Einflüsse von Betonboden sowie mindestens einem Gummiboden der Firma Gummiwerk KRAIBURG Elastik GmbH & Co. KG anhand folgender Parameter untersucht wurden: Kraftverteilung, Belastungsfläche sowie durchschnittlicher und maximaler Druck. Die Datenerfassung erfolgte mit dem Hoof™System (Tekscan®). Zunächst wurde ein Ex-vivo-Versuch mit einem speziell für diese Messung angefertigten Belastungsgerät durchgeführt. Damit wurden zwölf linke isolierte distale Hintergliedmaßen auf Betonboden sowie drei Laufgang-Gummimatten (KARERA P, KURA P und profiKURA P) belastet. Außerdem wurde in diesem Versuch neben den oben aufgeführten Parametern zusätzlich die Kraft- und Druckverteilung innerhalb definierter Bereiche unter der Klaue analysiert. Diese Versuchsanordnung wurde anschließend in einen statischen In-vivo-Versuch mit elf auf Beton und KURA P Gummiboden stehenden, adulten Milchkühen überführt. Außerdem wurden die Sensorfolien in einem zweiten In-vivo-Versuch unter den Klauen der linken Hintergliedmaße von zehn adulten Milchkühen angebracht und die kinetischen Einflüsse von Beton und KURA P Gummiboden im Stand und beim Laufen ermittelt. Die statistischen Vergleiche zwischen den Böden wurden gepaart für die Klauen bzw. Kühe sowie zwischen den Versuchen mittels Wilcoxon-Vorzeichen-Rang-Test mit anschließender Post-Hoc-Korrektur nach Bonferroni-Holm berechnet. Für alle Resultate mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von p < 0,05 wurde eine statistische Signifikanz angenommen. Zusätzlich wurden im Laufen die Kraft-Zeit-Kurven einzeln für die laterale und mediale Klaue aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse: In allen Versuchen sowie auf allen untersuchten Böden lastete die Kraft signifikant mehr auf den lateralen als auf den medialen Klauen. Die belastete Fläche war auf allen Gummiböden signifikant größer als auf Betonboden. Dadurch zeigten sich auf allen Gummiböden signifikant geringere Druckbelastungen als auf Betonboden: Der durchschnittliche Druck fiel im Ex-vivo-Versuch auf allen untersuchten Gummiböden im Mittel 34 - 44 % geringer aus als auf Betonboden (44,69 ± 5,39 N/cm²), während die Durchschnittsdruckwerte in den In-vivo-Versuchen auf KURA P-Gummiboden im Mittel um 16 - 21 % geringer waren als auf Beton (statisch: 32,05 ± 4,56 N/cm² bis 35,74 ± 7,66 N/cm², dynamisch: 46,60 ± 13,94 N/cm² bis 55,60 ± 9,78 N/cm²). Der auf die Klauen wirkende Maximaldruck war im Ex-vivo-Versuch auf den getesteten Gummiböden im Mittel 33 - 45 % geringer als auf Beton (130,31 ± 23,29 N/cm²) und in den In-vivo-Versuchen auf KURA P-Gummiboden im Mittel 28 - 32 % geringer als auf dem Betonboden (statisch: 92,12 ± 8,83 N/cm² bis 104,79 ± 20,40 N/cm², dynamisch: 158,47 ± 37,66 N/cm²). Die Kraft-Zeit-Kurven des dynamischen In-vivo-Versuchs zeigten weitgehend biphasische Verläufe mit lokalen Maxima bei 29 % und 79 % der Stützphase. Es traten jedoch interindividuell sowie jeweils zwischen lateralen und medialen Klauen deutliche Unterschiede im Kurvenverlauf auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Hoof™System konnte erfolgreich bei Rindern eingesetzt werden. Mit dem Belastungsgerät konnten standardisierte Messwiederholungen auf verschiedenen Untergründen durchgeführt werden. Künftig können damit weitere Untergründe sowie neue Klauenpflegetechniken zunächst ex vivo evaluiert werden, bevor sie an lebenden Rindern Anwendung finden. In allen Versuchen war auf Gummiboden eine mechanische Entlastung der Klauenfußungsfläche zu verzeichnen, was die Vermutung nahelegt, dass diese Böden einen Beitrag zur nachhaltigen Verbesserung der Klauengesundheit in der konventionellen Milchviehhaltung leisten können. / Introduction: Claw lesions and lameness are amongst the major problems in modern dairy husbandry. They are mainly caused by keeping the cows on hard, unyielding floors like concrete or mastic asphalt. Therefore preventively, an increasing number of farmers install rubber floorings in the walking alleys to minimize the mechanical stress to the sole and consequently reduce damage of the claws. The kinetic effect of different flooring types to the sole can be analyzed by means of pressure measurement. In order to detect the direct kinetic impact of the tested flooring, thin sensor foils capturing the interactions between claw and floor are required. Aims of the study: In the present study, an ex vivo load applicator was to be developed in order to use a foil-based pressure measurement system to determine the direct kinetic effect of different flooring types on the claws’ soles. Furthermore, this system was to be applied to live dairy cows for the first time. Materials and Methods: Three trials were conducted in which the kinetic effects of concrete and at least one rubber flooring (Gummiwerk KRAIBURG Elastik GmbH & Co. KG) were analyzed considering the following parameters: force balance, contact area, mean pressure and maximum pressure. Data acquisition was performed with the Tekscan® Hoof™System. Initially, an ex vivo trial was carried out with a purpose-built load applicator. Using this method, twelve left isolated distal hind limbs were loaded on concrete and three rubber floorings (KARERA P, KURA P and profiKURA P). Beside the parameters mentioned above, force and pressure distribution were analyzed within the separate areas of the claw’s sole. Afterwards, this test setting was transposed into a static in vivo trial with eleven adult dairy cows standing on concrete and KURA P rubber mats, respectively. Subsequently, the sensor foils were attached under the left hind limbs of ten adult dairy cows and the kinetic impacts of concrete and KURA P rubber flooring were determined during standing and walking. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test in combination with Holm-Bonferroni post hoc correction. Differences were considered to be significant at p < 0.05. In addition to the parameters mentioned above, force-time-curves of the walking cows were captured separately for the lateral and medial claw. Results: In all trials and on all tested floorings load was distributed unevenly between the claws at the expense of the lateral claw. The contact area was larger on all rubber floorings than on concrete. Therefore, the mean and maximum pressure loads were lower on all rubber floorings compared to concrete: In the ex vivo trial the mean pressure was, on average, 34 - 44 % lower on all rubber floorings than on concrete (44.69 ± 5.39 N/cm²), while in the in vivo measures the mean pressure was, on average, 16 - 21 % lower on KURA P rubber flooring compared to concrete (static: between 32.05 ± 4.56 N/cm² and 35.74 ± 7.66 N/cm², dynamic: between 46.60 ± 13.94 N/cm² and 55.60 ± 9.78 N/cm²). The maximum pressure loads in the ex vivo measures were, on average, 33 - 45 % lower on the tested rubber floorings than on concrete (130.31 ± 23.29 N/cm²) and in the in vivo trials, on average, 28 - 32 % lower on KURA P rubber flooring compared to concrete (static: between 92.12 ± 8.83 N/cm² and 104.79 ± 20.40 N/cm², dynamic: 158.47 ± 37.66 N/cm²). The force-time-curves of the dynamic in vivo study essentially showed biphasic curve progression with local peaks at 29 and 79 % of the stance phase. However, considerable differences in the curve progression between individuals as well as between the respective lateral and medial claw were found. Conclusions: The Hoof™System was applied successfully in dairy cattle claws for the first time. With the load applicator standardized repeated measurements on different floorings were conducted. In the future, more flooring systems as well as novel claw trimming methods can be evaluated using this setup before they are applied on live cattle. In all trials, a mechanical relief for the sole on the rubber floorings was determined. This leads to the conclusion that these floorings may contribute to a sustainable improvement of claw health in conventional dairy husbandry.

Purpose: A common prescription in Prosthetic and orthotic clinics in Sweden is custom-made foot orthoses (CmFO). These must be placed in shoes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the shoe type will have an impact on the effectiveness of CmFO regarding plantar pressure (PP).  Method: PP data was collected during gait from two healthy participants while wearing two pairs of different shoe types, a stable walking shoe and a flexible canvas shoe, with CmFO and original shoe insoles (OSI) respectively. The in-shoe F-scan system was used for data collection. Results: Going from canvas shoe to walking shoe showed reduced peak PP with around 40% in the forefoot and 27-50% in the heel. The walking shoe increased midfoot pressure &gt;90% for both participants compared to the canvas shoe. The use of CmFO reduced the peak PP in the heel by 35-41% in the walking shoe and 9-44% in the canvas shoe.  Conclusion: The CmFO reduced peak PP in the heel and spread the pressure to the midfoot in both types of shoes but had bigger impact in the walking shoe. The walking shoe with OSI generated lower peak PP under the forefoot and heel than the canvas shoe with CmFO. / Syfte: En vanlig förskrivning på ortopedtekniska kliniker i Sverige är individuellt formgjutna fotortoser vilka måste placeras i skor. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida skotypen påverkar effekten av sådana fotortoser med hänsyn till plantartryck.  Metod: Data för plantartryck samlades in under gång från två friska deltagare bärandes två olika par av skor, en stabil Walking-sko och en flexibel canvassko, med individuellt formgjutna fotortoser respektive originalsulor genom att använda in-shoe  F-Scan systemet.  Resultat: Vid övergång från canvasskon till walking-skon minskade högsta plantartryck med ca 40% i framfot och 27-50% i hälen. Walking-skon ökade trycket i mellanfoten med över 90% för båda deltagarna jämfört med canvasskon. Användandet av individuellt formgjutna fotortoser sänkte högsta plantartryck i hälen med 35-41% i walkingskon och 9-44% i canvasskon.  Slutsats: De individuellt formgjutna fotortoserna sänkte högsta plantartryck i hälen och spred trycket mot mellanfoten i båda typerna av skor men hade en större påverkan i walking-skon. Walking-skon med originalsulor genererade lägre högsta plantartryck under framfoten och hälen än canvasskon med individuellt formgjutna fotortoser.

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This thesis presents a novel, cost-effective method for mapping the pressure distribution on a rotating cylinder in cross flow, a phenomenon central to the Magnus effect. Utilizing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensors, a high-resolution data acquisition system was developed and integrated into a rotating cylinder model. Compared to traditional approaches, such as slip rings or one-off designs, this method proved significantly cheaper and faster while achieving comparable or superior resolution. The experimental setup, including a modified continuous rotation technique and adaptable model design, facilitated rapid testing across a broad range of Reynolds numbers and reduced frequencies, exceeding the scope of existing literature. This provided an unprecedentedly detailed view of pressure distributions under both steady and unsteady flow conditions. The validated experimental methodology, applicable to arbitrary bluff body shapes and attitudes, has the potential to significantly accelerate research into unsteady aerodynamics. Moreover, the low-cost, adaptable nature of the setup allows its integration into educational settings, providing students with hands-on experience in experimental fluid mechanics and data acquisition.

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