<p>Despite being mentioned in most international anti-corruption instruments, trading in influence appears only rarely in the spotlight of legal practice and literature. This paper aims to shed some light on the issue. The main objective is to highlight the different forms of trading in influence stipulated in various international agreements and national laws in order to draw a comprehensive picture of this offence. Furthermore, by identifying and critically appraising the core issues connected with trading in influence, this paper aims to provide recommendations which may be of use to states obliged to implement or to consider implementing this offence.</p>

<p>Despite being mentioned in most international anti-corruption instruments, trading in influence appears only rarely in the spotlight of legal practice and literature. This paper aims to shed some light on the issue. The main objective is to highlight the different forms of trading in influence stipulated in various international agreements and national laws in order to draw a comprehensive picture of this offence. Furthermore, by identifying and critically appraising the core issues connected with trading in influence, this paper aims to provide recommendations which may be of use to states obliged to implement or to consider implementing this offence.</p>

Bullying occurs to some extent in all schools. Study 1 investigated and screened for frequently bullied students in a randomly selected and stratified sample of Year 4 students in 29 primary schools using multiple informants and a comprehensive measure of bullying. Using self- and/or parent-report, 16.3% of students were identified as frequently bullied, defined as 'about once a week' or more. There were no sex differences in the proportion of students identified as frequently bullied, however, frequently bullied boys were more likely to experience physical bullying and having money or other things taken away or broken. Self- and parent-report revealed significantly more depressive and anxiety symptoms, somatic complaints, and lower peer self-concept and general self-worth in frequently bullied students. Furthermore, a greater proportion of frequently bullied students experienced clinical levels of depressive, anxiety and/or somatic symptoms. The results clearly highlight the need for interventions that reduce and prevent the distress of frequently bullied students. In taking a universal approach to bullying intervention, it is important that the needs of targeted groups are not overlooked. In Study 2, a group randomised controlled trial with follow-up investigated the impact of the first year of a universal whole-school bullying preventive intervention, Friendly Schools, on the psychological health of frequently bullied students aged 8-9 years. The program utilised the Health Promoting Schools (HPS) approach to facilitate implementation of classroom curriculum, whole-school policy and practice, and partnerships with parents. / At post-intervention and 4-month follow-up the proportion of students who remained frequently bullied did not differ across the groups. Furthermore, there were no significant group differences on self-report victimisation frequency or self and parent-report health outcomes. A preventive effect was revealed however, when students were categorised to clinical and healthy subgroups on the basis of student report pre-intervention scores on the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. A greater proportion of intervention students with low levels of depression and/or anxiety remained healthy at post-intervention, compared to control group children. However, this effect was not maintained at follow-up and the intervention did not reduce symptoms into a healthy range for frequently bullied children reporting high levels of symptomology at pre-intervention. Process evaluation revealed moderate to high levels of use and satisfaction with Friendly Schools by school staff, students and parents. These results suggest that the universal intervention protected students who were frequently bullied from developing clinical levels of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms in the short term. This is a positive finding given that a universal approach acknowledges the social context of bullying and is highly suitable to the school environment, offering economy, practicality and reduced stigmatisation of bullied students. / However, the lack of maintenance of the result emphasises the need for an on-going, multi-year approach. Furthermore, to effectively meet the mental health needs of frequently bullied students already experiencing high levels of symptoms, levels of intervention beyond universal are required. Schools and related health services should address this finding in their planning and implementation of intervention aimed at addressing bullying and helping students victimised by their peers. To help achieve this, further research is required to determine effective targeted strategies that complement universal, whole-school action.

The outcome for children who become involved in criminal behaviour can be bleak, and gaining a criminal record can have effects on all aspects of their lives; including mental health, relationships and employment. Supporting children not to become involved in the Youth Justice System is the best way to protect against these outcomes. There are a variety of risk factors which are known to place children at risk of becoming involved in offending behaviour. However, whilst many children with these risk factors do not go on to offend or gain criminal records, few studies have examined the factors that are protective influences. This study employed a qualitative approach; using thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with 5 children who were referred to a Youth Offending Team preventative programme, and who did not go on to offend. Nine themes were identified in the children’s answers. These were: having had enough of antisocial behaviour, awareness of consequences, goals and aspirations, identity, strategies, understanding the need for authority, support, positive relationships outside immediate circle, alternative activitiesFrom these themes, seventeen key factors were identified as being important in these children’s resistance to offending. These factors were found to be both within the child and within their environment, and were that the children: showed an understanding of the possible consequences of future negative behaviour on themselves, showed an understanding of the need for authority, had a goal in life, viewed themselves positively, distanced themselves from their past behaviour, had strategies to manage negative friends, showed that they have ‘had enough’ of antisocial behaviour, showed an understanding of the possible consequences of future negative behaviour on their family, distanced themselves from others who offend, had opportunities to be a good role model, had strategies to avoid even minor antisocial behaviour, had strategies to avoid trouble spots, had support from family, had co-ordinated support from professionals, had access to alternative activities, had positive peers and had a positive relationship with an adult outside their immediate circleThe seventeen factors were developed into a theoretical model, which was used to produce a framework for intervention for Educational Psychologists (EPs). The validity of this model was discussed by considering its fit with the previous literature around both desistance from, and resistance to, offending behaviour. A role for EPs using this model and a framework for working within Youth Offending Teams is discussed along with future research directions.

SANTRAUKA Nedarbas – Lietuvoje viena aktualiausių šių dienų problema. Ir nors šiuo metu bedarbių skaičius ženkliai mažėja, problema neišnyksta. Netekęs darbo žmogus skirtingai interpretuoja priežastis, o pagal tai pasirenka ir įveikos strategiją. Šiame darbe nagrinėjome, kaip bedarbiai aiškina savo bedarbystės, darbo praradimo, bei neradimo priežastis; kokią įveikos strategiją naudoja norėdami pakeisti esamą situaciją; ar demografiniai veiksniai nulemia atribucinio stiliaus pasirinkimą, bei įveikos strategiją. Tyrime dalyvavo 200 tiriamųjų : 100 Vilniaus rajone gyvenančių bedarbių ir 100 Akmenės rajone gyvenančių bedarbių. Tyrime naudoti tyrimo metodai - klausimynas, kurį sudarė 5 klausimų grupės: 1) išorinės – vidinės priežastys; 2) pastovios – kintančios priežastys; 3) kontroliuojamos – nekontroliuojamos priežastys; 4) į problemą – į emocijas orientuotos įveikos strategijos; 5) gynybos mechanizmai naudojami bedarbystėje. Atlikus tyrimą pasitvirtino mūsų keltos hipotezės: 1. Tiriamieji aiškinant bedarbystės, darbo praradimo ir darbo neradimo priežastis naudoja savitą, gynybiškumo atribucinį stilių, t.y. priežastis dažniausiai priskiria išoriniams veiksniams. 2. Tiriamieji bedarbiai, kurie jaučiasi kontroliuoją aplinką, renkasi į problemą orientuotas įveikimo strategijas ir atvirkščiai, tiriamieji bedarbiai, kurie mano negalįs kontroliuoti esamos padėties, renkasi į emocijas nukreiptas įveikos strategijas. Tyrimo metu išryškėjo šios tendencijos: &#61656; Tiriamieji bedarbiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Unemployment is one of the most relevant problems in Lithuania. Currently the number of unemployed declines but the problem hadn‘t disappear. The person who have lost his or her job he or she interpret every reason in his or her one way and he or she choose strategy of coping. In this study we discuss how the unemployed explain reasons of losing or not finding job, what strategy of coping with unemployment they use and demographical factors influence or not choosing of attribution style and coping strategy. In this study were selected 200 participants: 100 unemployed in Vilnius district and 100 unemployed in Akmene district. There was used test which yields five sub-cores: 1) Internal – external reasons; 2) Stable - unstable reasons; 3) Controlled – uncontrolled reasons; 4) Coping strategy; 5) Defensive element using coping with unemployment. This study validates our hypothesis: 1. Unemployed are using defensive attribution style to explain reasons of losing or not finding job (external attribution style). 2. Unemployed who feel that they can control environment chose the coping strategy applying to problem and unemployed who feel that they can‘t control environment chose the coping strategy applying to emotions. This study gives such tendencies: • Unemployed usually use the coping strategy applying to problem (they are searching for job actively). Only some of the unemployed coping with unemployment have changed their qualification even when they thought that the... [to full text]

The government of South Africa in the White Paper on Tourism recognises the importance of attracting foreign investment in order to achieve the growth and development objectives of the tourism sector. Foreign investment will increase competition and improve standards as well as create employment and facilitate economic growth. The government should establish a climate of political stability, economic growth and profitability, and provide transparent, stable and consistent policies to attract foreign investment. Crime in South Africa is high and widely believed to restrain investment. The South African White Paper on Tourism has categorically and succinctly stipulated policy guidelines to ensure that tourists are maximally safe and secure. The traditional response to rising crime has been to devote more resources to law enforcement and to introduce tougher penalties in the hope of deterring offenders from committing further crimes. For the purpose of the study, the hypothesis was formulated that the safety and security policy for sustainable development does not necessarily provide a solution to crime and further proactive measures need to be implemented to promote tourism in Sedibeng District Municipality. This study will focus on; strategies for preventing crime in the Sedibeng District Municipality. It is recognised that such policies may need to go beyond the traditional concerns of the criminal justice system (i.e. police, the courts and prisons) if crime prevention is to be addressed in a comprehensive way. Combating crime has been tackled in various ways throughout the world, with some strategies being more successful than others. With the process of formulating a National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) high on South Africa's agenda, the wealth of international experience in crime prevention cannot be ignored. Research, monitoring and objective evaluation of crime policies and programmes, aimed at ensuring that limited financial resources are used most effectively, is a significant contribution which criminologists can make to the policy-making process. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

The government of South Africa in the White Paper on Tourism recognises the importance of attracting foreign investment in order to achieve the growth and development objectives of the tourism sector. Foreign investment will increase competition and improve standards as well as create employment and facilitate economic growth. The government should establish a climate of political stability, economic growth and profitability, and provide transparent, stable and consistent policies to attract foreign investment. Crime in South Africa is high and widely believed to restrain investment. The South African White Paper on Tourism has categorically and succinctly stipulated policy guidelines to ensure that tourists are maximally safe and secure. The traditional response to rising crime has been to devote more resources to law enforcement and to introduce tougher penalties in the hope of deterring offenders from committing further crimes. For the purpose of the study, the hypothesis was formulated that the safety and security policy for sustainable development does not necessarily provide a solution to crime and further proactive measures need to be implemented to promote tourism in Sedibeng District Municipality. This study will focus on; strategies for preventing crime in the Sedibeng District Municipality. It is recognised that such policies may need to go beyond the traditional concerns of the criminal justice system (i.e. police, the courts and prisons) if crime prevention is to be addressed in a comprehensive way. Combating crime has been tackled in various ways throughout the world, with some strategies being more successful than others. With the process of formulating a National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) high on South Africa's agenda, the wealth of international experience in crime prevention cannot be ignored. Research, monitoring and objective evaluation of crime policies and programmes, aimed at ensuring that limited financial resources are used most effectively, is a significant contribution which criminologists can make to the policy-making process. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Community health outreach workers (CHOWs) have been demonstrated to increase CRC screening patient education for vulnerable, medically underserved patients as well as increase CRC screening rates in rural populations.1,2 This project examined the effectiveness of CHOWs in increasing CRC screening rates among low-income, underserved ethnic minorities in Portland, Maine. Eligible patients were ages 50-75; due for CRC screening; enrolled in Medicaid or had no health insurance; and spoke Arabic, English, French, Kinyarwanda, Somali, Spanish or Vietnamese. Seven CHOWs were trained in CRC screening outreach and assigned to patients from their own ethnic communities where they employed culturally sensitive interventions to reduce barriers to CRC screening. CHOWs attempted contact with patients by phone four times prior to sending a language-specific letter to patients recommending CRC screening. CHOWs offered fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) or colonoscopy and provided tailored education and frequent reminders for colonoscopies, explanations about procedures for bowel preps, transportation to colonoscopies, reminders and instructions for FIT completion as well as assistance with health insurance and financial barriers. Upon completion of this session, participants should be able to: Define the role of a community health outreach worker (CHOW) in CRC screening. State three common sociocultural barriers patients experience for CRC screening. Identify the efficacy of CHOWs in increasing CRC screening rates.

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This study explores how the Social Services work with the issue of adolescents using drugs or are at the beginning of a drug abuse and how the professionals view that work. This study is highly based on the real-life experience of professionals and them valuing the profession that they in. A qualitative research method was used to go into the depth of people's feelings and knowledge and therefore got us a better understanding. Semi-structured interviews with open questions was used to create a secure and comfortable place to open up for a good conversation. We have used two different theories,  Labelling Theory and Social Learning Theories in this study to help explain the findings from research and interviews. In the results and analysis, we found four interesting themes that were prominent during the interviews, these were: social exclusion, mental illness, Attitudes towards drugs and preventive work. The themes will be explained and further developed in the analysis which was done through an un-official method with influences such as coding and thematising from the content analysis method. The results of the study showed the importance, but unfortunate lack, of preventive work by the Social Services. Keywords: Social Services, Adolescents, Drugs, Preventive Work