Bakgrund Fetma är en utbredd folksjukdom, hos såväl barn och unga som hos vuxna.Övervikt och fetma ökar riskerna för flertalet livslånga och potentiellt livshotande sjukdomar som diabetes typ 2 och kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Genom preventivt arbete kan sjuksköterskan hjälpa barn, föräldrar och familjer till en bättre hälsa vilket i längden även leder till en förbättrad hälsa på samhällsnivå. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans preventiva arbete mot barnfetma. Metod En allmän litteraturöversikt valdes med avsikt att sammanställa den aktuella vetenskapliga kunskapen som finns inom ämnet. Totalt har 17 artiklar inkluderats. Resultat Fem huvudkategorier formulerades. Förutsättningar för sjuksköterskans preventiva arbete mot barnfetma, med fokus på kunskap och ansvarsområden.Föräldrautbildning, med föräldrarnas avgörande roll för barnens hälsa i centrum samt hur sjuksköterskan på bästa sätt arbetar med utbildning av föräldrarna. Motiverande samtal,enligt forskning den mest framgångsrika metoden för preventionsarbete inom området.Interprofessionella teamet, ett arbetssätt som har stor potential att effektivisera preventionsarbetet. Hinder för sjuksköterskans preventiva arbete mot barnfetma, där omotiverade föräldrar ansågs vara det största hindret för minskning av barnfetma. Slutsats Grundläggande kunskap hos sjuksköterskan om hälsoproblemet är avgörande för preventivt arbete. De mest framgångsrika preventiva åtgärderna är föräldrautbildning,motiverande samtal och interprofessionellt samarbete. Största hindret anses vara omotiverade och/eller förnekande föräldrar.

There are two main objectives of this thesis. First, to review the social science evidence on the extent to which different police practices have been proven to reduce crime, or not reduce crime, as well as those cases where the evidence is not clear. This thesis synthesizes crime reduction strategies to short-list those practices that are proven to reduce crime. Second, it uses the evidence collected to facilitate an exploratory case study with three key informants from the Ottawa Police Service (OPS). The case study examines the current use and perceived future role of the police in evidence-based crime prevention efforts. Overall, the research study seeks to answer the following four research questions: 1. What sources of literature provide well-researched and reliable data on effectiveness of policing in crime reduction? 2. In this literature, what policing strategies/practices are shown to reduce crime, not reduce crime or are promising in reducing crime? 3. To what extent is the OPS using evidence-based knowledge to guide their policing strategy/practices? 4. To what extent is the OPS open to using evidence-based knowledge to guide their policing strategy/practices in the future?

Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva vad som orsakar fallolyckor hos äldre inom vårdhem, beskriva preventionsåtgärder samt att granska de urvalsmetoder som de granskade artiklarna använde sig av.Metod: Artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed, Medline samt Cinahl med publiceringsbegränsning mellan år 2008-2013. Totalt 16 artiklar inkluderades.                 Resultat: Föreliggande litteraturstudies resultat delades upp i två huvudkategorier med sex underrubriker varav fyra berörde orsaker till fallolyckor och två behandlade preventionsåtgärder. 1) Individuella faktorer; flera individuella faktorer såsom ålder, ostabil gång samt medicinsk bakgrund visade sig orsaka fallolyckor hos äldre boende på vårdhem. 2) Fysisk vårdmiljö; många aspekter av vårdhemmets miljö orsakade fallolyckor hos äldre boende på vårdhem, exempel på dessa aspekter var rummens utformning samt inredning. 3) Hjälpmedel; ett samband påvisades mellan fallolyckor och hjälpmedlet rullstol där antalet fallolyckor ökade vid användandet av rullstolar. Användandet av fysiska begränsningsåtgärder visade sig ha olika effekt på antalet fallolyckor. 4) Läkemedel; medicinering med centralverkande läkemedel orsakade en ökad risk att drabbas av fallolyckor medan icke-centralverkande läkemedel inte visades orsaka fallolyckor. 5) Fysiska preventionsåtgärder; interventionsprogram med fysiska preventionsåtgärder visade sig ha olika effekt på antalet fallolyckor. Det visade sig att olika undergrupper påverkades olika av preventionsåtgärder. 6) Preventionsåtgärder genom vårdpersonal; preventionsåtgärder genom vårdpersonal visade sig inte ha någon effekt på antalet fallolyckor. Metodologisk aspekt gällande urvalsmetod; av de granskade artiklarna framgick en tydlig beskrivning av urvalsmetod i åtta artiklar, i två artiklar beskrevs urvalsmetoden men ej utförligt och sex artiklar saknade helt beskrivning av urvalsmetod.Slutsats: Fallolyckor är ett världsomspännande folkhälsoproblem och förekomsten är stor hos äldre boende på vårdhem. Föreliggande litteraturstudie visade att ett flertal orsaker till fallolyckor hos äldre boende på vårdhem och fallolyckspreventionsåtgärder var belagt i vetenskapliga studier men att mer forskning krävs för att stärka bevisvärdet samt att förbättra preventionsarbetet. För att minska antalet fallolyckor hos äldre boende på vårdhem krävs det att sjuksköterskan ser till individen och arbetar förebyggande samt utvärderar de handlingar som utförs.

This thesis is an analysis of a curriculum development process used to train youth workers to raise and respond to alcohol issues. Within an interpretivist framework, a seven-stage model of curriculum planning was developed. Stage 1 involved examination of the literature on youth work and alcohol and youth work training, an empirical needs assessment study (via a national survey and in-depth consultation in one youth service) and examination of the results in relation to the literature on young people and alcohol. Stage 2 used the stage 1 data to define the rationale, which in turn informed stages 3-5, formulation of aims and learning outcomes, learning activities and teaching resources. Stage 6, delivery, involved pilot courses in in- service and initial-training contexts. Illuminative evaluation was used to assess the training process (Stage 7) and its impact on youth worker practice. The staged model was found to be a practical curriculum development framework, particularly combined with an action-research approach. The study confirmed the importance of thorough training needs assessment, including the needs of service users. Youth workers were found to typically adopt a reactive approach to alcohol issues, which focused on individual young drinkers rather than structural determinants of alcohol-related harm. The pilot courses were successful in stimulating planned alcohol education initiatives. Features of training that enabled youth workers to tackle alcohol issues included: a clear rationale based on youth work principles, harm-reduction goals, understanding the place and meaning of alcohol in young people's lives, a practice focus and managerial support. The study discusses the implications of the findings for youth work training and informal education practice and suggests a strategy for fixture development of the alcohol training materials.

The thesis reviews the changes which have taken place in policing England and Wales between 1950 and 1998 with particular reference to foui* key themes: community policmg, crime preverition, victims of crime and quality ofservice. It contributes to ah understanding of how policing has developed during a period of significant social change and explores the rationale which has underpinned legislative development and policy making at national and force levels whilst identifying the significance of these changes within a local city environment. The development of the key themes at national level is considered within the local policing environment of the south-west of England. This has been undertaken with particular reference to the way in which they have influenced the direction of policing within Devon and Cornwall and, in particular, how aspects of their implementation have been perceived by both police officers and sections of the public within the largest urban area of the two counties, the city of Plymouth. Much of the detailed research within the city has concentrated upon the area of Stonehouse, forming part of the St Peter ward; an area which has been identified as one of the most socially and economically deprived locations in England. Through personal interviews, telephone and postal questionnaires, and an insider's ethnographic perspective, the study is brought into local focus. This allows critical analysis of the key themes in terms of their local development against the national perspective.

No description available.

No description available.

Falls risk factor assessment is the first step in the development of appropriate intervention strategies for the prevention of falls. However, few multifactorial, validated falls risk assessments exist which are suitable for use in busy clinical settings. This project aimed to develop a reliable and valid falls risk assessment that was feasible for use in various clinical settings. The QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment was developed and evaluated via four methods; a) the test-retest reliability of the measures was assessed with 30 community-dwelling older people, b) the concurrent validity of the measures was assessed by comparison with performance in the Physiological Profile Assessment, c) the predictive validity of the measures was assessed by comparison of performance with prospective falls in two studies involving large samples of community dwelling older people and d) the feasibility of the assessment was evaluated with 40 clinicians who trialled the assessment with their patients. The QuickScreen clinical falls risk assessment consists of eight measures, including previous falls, total medications, psychoactive medications, visual acuity, touch sensation, the sit to stand test, the near tandem stand test and the alternate step test. The test-retest reliability of the assessment measures was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.89) and the assessment measures discriminated between multiple fallers and non-multiple fallers with relative risk values ranging from 1.4 to 2.5. The clinicians that trialled the assessment reported that it was quick and easy to administer and that it assisted in the management of their elderly patients. These results show that the QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment has proven validity, test-retest reliability and is practical for use in a variety of clinical settings.

Falls risk factor assessment is the first step in the development of appropriate intervention strategies for the prevention of falls. However, few multifactorial, validated falls risk assessments exist which are suitable for use in busy clinical settings. This project aimed to develop a reliable and valid falls risk assessment that was feasible for use in various clinical settings. The QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment was developed and evaluated via four methods; a) the test-retest reliability of the measures was assessed with 30 community-dwelling older people, b) the concurrent validity of the measures was assessed by comparison with performance in the Physiological Profile Assessment, c) the predictive validity of the measures was assessed by comparison of performance with prospective falls in two studies involving large samples of community dwelling older people and d) the feasibility of the assessment was evaluated with 40 clinicians who trialled the assessment with their patients. The QuickScreen clinical falls risk assessment consists of eight measures, including previous falls, total medications, psychoactive medications, visual acuity, touch sensation, the sit to stand test, the near tandem stand test and the alternate step test. The test-retest reliability of the assessment measures was acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.56 to 0.89) and the assessment measures discriminated between multiple fallers and non-multiple fallers with relative risk values ranging from 1.4 to 2.5. The clinicians that trialled the assessment reported that it was quick and easy to administer and that it assisted in the management of their elderly patients. These results show that the QuickScreen Clinical Falls Risk Assessment has proven validity, test-retest reliability and is practical for use in a variety of clinical settings.

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two most common causes of death worldwide. Angiogenesis plays a critical role tumourigenesis and atherogenesis. As a member of the basic region-leucine zipper protein family, c-Jun, has been linked with cell proliferation, migration and cell survival. However, the relationship between c-Jun and angiogenesis has not been firmly established. In this thesis, strategies targeting c-Jun mRNA such as DNAzyme and siRNA have been designed and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the c-Jun mRNA and c-Jun protein expression in vitro and in vivo. These agents block c-Jun expression and inhibit DNA binding activity of c-Jun. Luciferase assay showed that c-Jun siRNA suppressed c-Jun/AP-1-dependent reporter activity. The processes of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation were all down-regulated after treatment with c-Jun targeting agents. In vivo, c-Jun DNAzymes and siRNA inhibit angiogenesis in multiple models of angiogenesis in multiple models of angiogenesis, including tumour angiogenesis and growth, matrix angiogenesis, corneal angiogenesis and retinal neovascularization. This is mediated, at least in part, by c-Jun siRNA or DNAzyme inhibition of MMP-2 expression. These findings demonstrate the critical role played by c-Jun in the involvement of neovascularization and suggest that DNAzymes or siRNAs are efficient gene-silencing agents. The ability to identify and control key genes in angiogenesis provides opportunities for developing therapeutic molecular tools to treat cancer or other angiogenesis related diseases.