Since supplying passenger safety is the fundamental purpose of establishing vehicular ad hoc networks, researchers are mainly concerned with giving a strategy to ensure meeting this demand. Rescue services vehicles are one of the primary components of VANET, and the messages they broadcast play a vital part in delivering safety. As a result, offering a routing protocol algorithm that prioritizes their messages and guarantees QoS is one approach to meet the core purpose of VANET, or in other words, safety. Grouping the vehicle nodes, also known as clustering, is one of the appropriate solutions for improving the performance of the routing protocol. Most traditional cluster-based topologies in VANET solely consider the mobility to pick the cluster head. While cluster head speed fluctuations can affect the number of cluster head choices and improve the VANET QoS. Furthermore, the fast movement of vehicles exposes clustering links to vulnerability and directly impacts reliability. In this research, we proposed a new efficient multi-hop cluster-based routing protocol that prioritizes emergency vehicles' messages and provides stable and reliable communications to ensure emergency messages are delivered effectively. The number of neighbors, the distance between the vehicle and BS, and the S/N power received by the base station (BS) are the criteria for selecting a cluster head (CH) in our proposed model. Each CH is in charge of transmitting data from other cluster members to the infrastructure directly or indirectly through the qualified adjacent cluster heads. The epigenomic workflow approach is employed in our design to establish efficient resource management in RSU computing nodes and decrease transmission latency. The transmitted messages from vehicles are divided into two separate queues (q1 and q2), while the priority message queue uses the TDMA protocol to disseminate. In this thesis, experiments and simulations were carried out utilizing the NS-2 tool with VanetMobisim integration to assess the efficacy of the suggested approach. Achieved results indicate that the proposed technique increases communication reliability and stability while improving QoS for messages provided by rescue services.

Syfte: Att undersöka nyttan med ett digitalt prioriteringsverktyg för förbättringar för stödfunktioner i en tillverkande industri, baserat på prestationsmätetal och kundbehov. Därtill, att undersöka nyttan i att använda OEE som ett övergripande mätetal i ett sådant verktyg samt vilken nytta som finns i att koppla ihop verktyget med daglig styrning om det visualiseras digitalt. Metod och genomförande: För att kunna svara på studiens problemformuleringar har en fallstudie utförts parallellt med en litteraturstudie. Vid litteraturstudien har material inom performance measurement, prioritering av förbättringar och visualisering av förbättringsinformation studerats. Vid fallstudien har observationer och intervjuer använts för att samla data om fallföretagets sätt att arbeta med förbättringar, om OEE med tillhörande aspekter i två utvalda celler och om digitalisering av fallföretagets styrnings- och uppföljningstavlor. Analys har utförts där empiri ställts mot litteratur. Studiens resultat: Genomförandet av studien innebar att fördelar för användandet av ett digitalt prioriteringsverktyg för förbättringar, baserat på prestationsmätetal och behov, kunde presenteras. Detta kunde även göras för ett användande av OEE som ett övergripande mätetal i ett sådant verktyg, en digitalisering av tavlor för daglig styrning samt en sammankoppling mellan en digital daglig styrning och ett prioriteringsverktyg för förbättringar. Övergripande fördelar som kunde hittas för dessa tre delar var att prioriteringsverktyget kan öka sannolikheten för att kunna ge ett högre kundvärde, OEE kan ge både övergripande och detaljerad hjälp att prioritera förbättringsarbeten och en digital visualisering av daglig styrning samt en sammankoppling av det till ett prioriteringsverktyg kan underlätta prioritering av förbättringar. Rekommendationer: För att uppnå bättre resultat vid en vidare studie föreslås att en modell av ett digitalt prioriteringsverktyg för förbättringar konstrueras och testas med stödfunktioner för att tydligare se verktygets nytta, att benchmarking görs av digitala prioriteringsverktyg för att bättre klargöra just den digitala nyttan av ett prioriteringsverktyg samt att en modell av en digital styrnings- och uppföljningstavla konstrueras för att jämföra fördelar och nackdelar mellan fysik och digital tavla / Purpose: To explore the benefits of a digital prioritisation tool for improvements, for support functions in a manufacturing industry, based on performance measurements and costumer needs. Additionally, to examine the benefits of using OEE as an overall measurement for such a tool, and the available benefits of connecting said tool with daily management if it were to be visualised digitally. Methodology: In order to elucidate and attempt to solve the formulated problems of the study, a case study has been carried out in parallel with a literature study. During the literature study, material within performance measurement, prioritisation of improvements, and visualisation of improvement information has been studied. The case study consists of observations and interviews, which have been carried out in order to gather data related to the case-company’s way of work with improvements, about OEE with related aspects in two selected cells, and about digitalisation of the case-company’s management and follow-up boards. An analysis has been performed where the empirical results are examined and compared with the studied literature.   Findings: The implementation of the study meant that advantages of the usage of a digital prioritisation tool for improvements, based on performance measurements and needs, could be presented. This could also be done for a usage of OEE as an overall measurement in such a tool, a digitalisation of boards for daily management and an interconnection between a digital daily management and a prioritisation tool for improvements. Overall advantages that could be identified for these three parts were that the prioritisation tool can increase the probability for a higher costumer value, OEE can generate both overall as well as detailed assistance with prioritising improvement work and a digital visualisation of daily management and an interconnection of that to a prioritisation tool can simplify prioritisation of improvements.   Recommendations: In order to achieve better results in a further study, it is suggested that: a model of a digital prioritisation tool for improvements is built and tested with support functions to more clearly see the benefits of the tool; that benchmarking of digital prioritisation tools are conducted in order to clarify the specific digital benefits of a prioritisation tool; and that a model of a digital management and follow-up board is constructed so that advantages and disadvantages with a physical versus a digital board may be analysed.

De nordiska ländernas hälso- och sjukvård bygger på att sjukvården finns till hands när den behövs. För att ge företräde för de individer som har störst vårdbehov genomförs inom olika verksamheter vårdbehovsprioriteringar. Behovet av prioriteringar tilltar i takt med att efterfrågan på hälso- och sjukvårdens insatser ökar. Skälet till att göra prioriteringar inom hälso- och sjukvården är att upprätthålla en god vård med god effekt till dem som bäst behöver den. Även om hälso- och sjukvården kvantitativt spelar en begränsad roll för folkhälsan, utgör den en viktig del i samhället genom att skapa trygghet. Särskilt betydelsefullt i detta avseende är akutsjukvård varav ambulanssjukvård är en viktig del. Vid akut uppkommen sjukdom eller skada, förväntar sig befolkningen att snabbt få den hjälp och de sjukvårdsinsatser som de behöver. Prioritering av ambulansbehov och allokering av ambulans sker via en prioriterings och dirigeringscentral som nås av allmänheten via samhällets nödnummer. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att undersöka om de medicinska prioriteringar som görs vid ambulansallokering leder till ändamålsenligt vårdutnyttjande. Avhandlingen bygger på fem delstudier (1-5) som genererat sex delarbeten (I-VI) och är genomförda med en kvantitativ forskningsansats. I delstudie 1 (delarbete I-II) beskrivs ambulansallokering i relation till ambulanspersonalens bedömning av ambulansbehov. Delstudie 2 (delarbete III), beskriver hur patienter med akut bröstsmärta nyttjar ambulanssjukvård i olika geografiska områden. I delstudie 3 (delarbete IV) undersöks om nyttjandet av ambulans skiljer sig åt mellan tätort och glesbygd. I delstudie 4 (delarbete IV) beskrivs ambulansutnyttjande i Finland i relation till ambulanspersonalens bedömning av patienternas vårdbehov. Delstudie 5 (delarbeteVI), beskriver i vilken omfattning ambulanstransporterade patienter har behov av ambulanssjukvård och vård på akutmottagning. Resultatet visar att initial prioritering av ambulansrespons överensstämde med patienternas aktuella status såsom bedömt av ambulanspersonalen i hälften av uppdragen, och såsom bedömt retrospektivt av en expertpanel i en tredjedel av fallen. Enligt såväl ambulanspersonalens som expertpanelens bedömningar förelåg omfattande både underprioriteringar och överprioriteringar vid ambulansallokering. Resultatet visar därmed att de medicinska prioriteringar som görs vid ambulansallokering leder till både underutnyttjande och överutnyttjande av ambulanssjukvårdens resurser. Studien indikerar att medicinska prioriteringar leder till suboptimalt resursutnyttjande av hälso- och sjukvårds resurser. Graden av underutnyttjande dvs. patienter som underprioriterats måste betraktas som ett av studiens huvudfynd. Ett prioriteringssystem skall kunna identifiera de patienter som har störst vårdbehov, och ge dessa patienter tillträde till vården för att undvika onödig försämring av hälsotillståndet. Ett prioriteringssystem bör också, med bibehållande av säkerhetsmarginaler, minimera överutnyttjande av hälso- och sjukvårdsresurser. Ett annat huvudfynd i studien är att en hög säkerhetsmarginal med hög andel överprioriteringar inom ambulanssjukvården, tycks leda till att en stor andel av ambulansuppdragen består av transporter i en fullt utrustad ambulans, för patienter utan behov av varken den utrustning eller den kompetens som idag finns inom ambulanssjukvården. / The health care system in the Nordic countries’ are based on that those individuals who have urgent need of health care should have access to it without unnecessary delay. But regarded to limited resources prioritisation has to be made. The reason for prioritising is to deliver an appropriate and rapid response to those with the most urgent needs and to guarantee the public a qualitative good and effective health care. The health care system has an important role for creating safety, especially the emergency medical service. When someone become acute ill or injured, there are expectations for immediately rapid response from the health care system. The prioritisation and allocation of the ambulance service is performed from an emergency medical centre by the emergency number 112. Several Emergency Medical Systems use a criteria based prioritizing system for ambulance response. In such a system the operators at the medical emergency dispatch centres have to assess patients’ symptoms and needs for ambulance response. The prioritizing of the ambulance response is based on the seriousness of the patient’s symptoms, on the patient’s current condition and in the case of trauma, on the trauma mechanism. The priority system is supposed to optimize the use of the ambulance service and to match up and meet the patients’ needs with adequate responses of the ambulances. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if the prioritising of patients medical status leads to appropriate use of the health care service and the emergency medical service. The thesis is based on five parts, including six studies (I-VI) and the methods used have a quantitative approach. Part 1 (study I-II), evaluates the settings of priorities and patients need for prehospital care. Part 2 (study III), describes how patients with chest pain in different geographical areas uses the ambulance service. Part 3 (study IV), analyses the differences in use of the ambulance service between densely and sparsely populated areas. Part 4 (study IV), describes the use of the ambulance service in Finland. Part 5 (study IV), reviews the ambulance patients and the need of care at emergency department or similar level of care. The results show that the initial priority of ambulance response from the dispatch centre was consistent with patients' current status as assessed by ambulance staff in half of the missions, and as assessed retrospectively by an expert panel at one third of cases. According to the assessment of the ambulance personnel and the review from an expert panel there was extensive use of both ”overtriage” and ”undertriage” in the emergency medical dispatching of ambulance missions. The result also shows that decisions lead to sub optimal use of the ambulance service and other health care resources. One of the major findings is the occurrence of undertriage. A triage system has to identify those patients with the most urgent health needs, and give these patients access to care in order to avoid unnecessary deterioration in health status. At the same time must safety margins be maintained and overuse of resources minimised. Another major finding is that a high safety margins and high amount of overtriage leads to that a big part of the ambulance missions are transportation of patients with no need of today’s high tech ambulances or the professional competence of ambulance nurses

This research answers the complex decision-making question about identifying the quality dimensions in a polymer industry and to prioritize these quality dimensions to obtain the best quality product with minimum expenditure. This research takes use of expert opinion and right decision-making model to yield an optimal solution which will help the manufacturing plants to reduce wastage and to get a better consistent quality product throughout the production process.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A escassez hÃdrica de regiÃes semiÃridas associada a ausÃncia de saneamento tornam os reservatÃrios vulnerÃveis a contaminaÃÃo, implicando na eutrofizaÃÃo e prejuÃzos à saÃde pÃblica para as comunidades que os utilizam. Surge a necessidade de mecanismos possÃveis de identificar quais reservatÃrios encontram-se em situaÃÃo mais crÃtica para implementaÃÃo de aÃÃes de controle e reversÃo desse processo. A dificuldade de priorizar Ãreas para implantaÃÃo de saneamento rural à um fator que prejudica ou limita as intervenÃÃes governamentais, em virtude da escassez de instrumentos de gestÃo e planejamento. Desta forma, a pesquisa propÃs a construÃÃo de um Ãndice de priorizaÃÃo de Ãreas para o saneamento rural - IPAS, incorporando as dimensÃes ambientais, socioculturais e socioeconÃmicas. A Ãrea de estudo compreende o assentamento rural 25 de Maio, Madalena-Ce, que abrange uma Ãrea de 23.000 ha, onde vivem 586 famÃlias, organizadas em 13 comunidades. Para compor o Ãndice, foram realizados diagnÃsticos das condiÃÃes de saneamento, anÃlise da qualidade da Ãgua de cisternas e aÃudes, levantamento de dados hidrolÃgicos, uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo, taxa de exportaÃÃo de nutrientes e de capital social. Os resultados apontaram uma deficiÃncia dessas comunidades quanto ao abastecimento de Ãgua, destino dos resÃduos sÃlidos e esgotamento sanitÃrio. Nas cisternas, principal fonte de Ãgua para o consumo direto, os resultados indicaram a presenÃa de matÃria orgÃnica e de coliformes termotolerantes, classificando 30% das cisternas com condiÃÃes sanitÃrias insatisfatÃria, em virtude do manejo inadequado das mesmas. A oferta hÃdrica provÃm dos pequenos e micro reservatÃrios e a qualidade da Ãgua destes foi melhor no perÃodo seco do que chuvoso. As atividades desenvolvidas nas bacias dos aÃudes do assentamento estÃo contribuindo para a eutrofizaÃÃo dos mesmos, tendo a pecuÃria extensiva como a principal atividade degradadora da qualidade da Ãgua. Com o Ãndice proposto foi possÃvel identificar na ordem de hierarquia os aÃudes que merecem prioridades Ãs aÃÃes de saneamento. / Water scarcity in semiarid regions associated with lack of sanitation make reservoirs vulnerable to contamination, resulting in eutrophication and damage to communitiesâ public health that use them. Itâs necessary propose mechanisms that can help to identify which reservoirs are in the most critical situation for implementation of actions able to control and reverse this process. The difficulty of prioritizing areas for implementation of rural sanitation is a factor that affects or limits the government intervention due the lack of management tools and planning. The research propose the construction of an index for prioritizing areas for rural sanitation - IPAS, incorporating environmental, sociocultural and socioeconomic characteristics. The study area is located on the 25 de Maio rural settlement (Madalena, Cearà State) that covers an area of 23,000 ha, home to 586 families, organized in 13 communities. To compose the index, were made diagnoses of sanitation conditions, analysis of tanks and reservoirs water quality, hydrological data collection, use and occupation, rate of nutrient export and social capital. The results presented that water supply is insufficient to these communities, as disposal of waste and sewage solids are precarious too. For tanks, the main source of water, the results indicated presence of organic matter and fecal coliform, classifying 30% of the tanks with poor sanitary conditions because of inadequate management of them. The water supply comes from small and micro reservoirs and water quality of these was better in the dry than wet season. Also, activities developed in settlement ponds basins are contributing to eutrophication, with extensive livestock as the main activity of degrading water quality. In sum, the index proposed identified, by hierarchy, the reservoirs that need major priority to sanitation actions.

Walkability as a concept that captures the ability to walk from one place to another has multiple dimensions. Between traversability to being a proxy for better urban places, there are also numerous measurements of walkability that attempts to quantify certain or all aspects of walkability. It is, however, unclear, through a review of available literature, how these measurements of walkability relate to each other statistically. This methodology focuses on generating a framework for analysts to evaluate and prioritize pedestrian infrastructure. WalkScore™ (WS), HCM Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS), Average Nodal Degree (AND), and Intersection Density are the four metrics selected for this analysis that focuses on distinctive aspects of walkability (proximity, amenity, network-connectivity, respectively). A sample of 51 street segments from the County of San Luis Obispo is selected according to their respective Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes. Pearson’s Correlations between the six combinations of relationships are measured, and the strongest correlation between the six relationships is between WalkScore™ and Intersection Density with an R2 of 0.44. A regression model that includes external factors such as population and adjacent land use is used to analyze and predict PLOS of the street segment. Although the model is not statistically significant, the goal of this research is to identify gaps in current and potential walkability of street segments in the sample. Therefore, this framework of using established walkability metrics to predict PLOS, and then distinguishing places for improvements is proposed as a result of this research to be used by government agencies to prioritize pedestrian infrastructure.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Robert K. Schaeffer / Kansas police chiefs are a unique group of individuals. Because are they located throughout the various sized communities within the state, they have the potential to affect the daily lives of more people on a day-today basis than any other branch of law enforcement. The purpose of this study was to analyze how police chiefs prioritize emerging threats. In this study, using a purposeful sample, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Kansas police chiefs across the state. These police chiefs were asked about their views on the biggest emerging threats they have observed within the last 10 years. They were also asked why certain threats become priorities and why others do not. Police chiefs were split on their thoughts of whether or not they believed resources should be allocated in their communities to defend against terrorism in Kansas. What was discovered during the research process went beyond learning about the process of change for threat prioritization, or what specific threats Kansas police chiefs think their communities are facing today. What was discovered was a deeper understanding of how police chiefs think when it comes to the relationship between police departments, police personnel, and community. As police chiefs addressed the processes by which they go about prioritizing emerging threats, they illuminated a unique strategy hierarchy for success that is centered on maintaining positive departmental perception. To maintain this perception, police chiefs work both officially and covertly within governmental structures and the public sphere to control how people think about their personnel and department. A prominent difference was seen in the physical proximity and accessibility of police chiefs to the community between small, medium, and large towns. In effect, to come to an understanding of the process of prioritization for emerging threats for Kansas police chiefs, it was necessary to understand these police administrators’ unique thought processes that they bring to the table when addressing important issues.

PINHEIRO, Laldiane de Souza. Proposta de índice de priorização de áreas para saneamento rural: estudo de caso assentamento 25 de maio, CE. 2011. 110 F. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e de Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente-Prodema, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T15:06:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lspinheiro.pdf: 5077652 bytes, checksum: 3887ac54665ff22020369d0b38b23a08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T15:06:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lspinheiro.pdf: 5077652 bytes, checksum: 3887ac54665ff22020369d0b38b23a08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T15:06:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_lspinheiro.pdf: 5077652 bytes, checksum: 3887ac54665ff22020369d0b38b23a08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Water scarcity in semiarid regions associated with lack of sanitation make reservoirs vulnerable to contamination, resulting in eutrophication and damage to communities’ public health that use them. It’s necessary propose mechanisms that can help to identify which reservoirs are in the most critical situation for implementation of actions able to control and reverse this process. The difficulty of prioritizing areas for implementation of rural sanitation is a factor that affects or limits the government intervention due the lack of management tools and planning. The research propose the construction of an index for prioritizing areas for rural sanitation - IPAS, incorporating environmental, sociocultural and socioeconomic characteristics. The study area is located on the 25 de Maio rural settlement (Madalena, Ceará State) that covers an area of 23,000 ha, home to 586 families, organized in 13 communities. To compose the index, were made diagnoses of sanitation conditions, analysis of tanks and reservoirs water quality, hydrological data collection, use and occupation, rate of nutrient export and social capital. The results presented that water supply is insufficient to these communities, as disposal of waste and sewage solids are precarious too. For tanks, the main source of water, the results indicated presence of organic matter and fecal coliform, classifying 30% of the tanks with poor sanitary conditions because of inadequate management of them. The water supply comes from small and micro reservoirs and water quality of these was better in the dry than wet season. Also, activities developed in settlement ponds basins are contributing to eutrophication, with extensive livestock as the main activity of degrading water quality. In sum, the index proposed identified, by hierarchy, the reservoirs that need major priority to sanitation actions. / A escassez hídrica de regiões semiáridas associada a ausência de saneamento tornam os reservatórios vulneráveis a contaminação, implicando na eutrofização e prejuízos à saúde pública para as comunidades que os utilizam. Surge a necessidade de mecanismos possíveis de identificar quais reservatórios encontram-se em situação mais crítica para implementação de ações de controle e reversão desse processo. A dificuldade de priorizar áreas para implantação de saneamento rural é um fator que prejudica ou limita as intervenções governamentais, em virtude da escassez de instrumentos de gestão e planejamento. Desta forma, a pesquisa propôs a construção de um índice de priorização de áreas para o saneamento rural - IPAS, incorporando as dimensões ambientais, socioculturais e socioeconômicas. A área de estudo compreende o assentamento rural 25 de Maio, Madalena-Ce, que abrange uma área de 23.000 ha, onde vivem 586 famílias, organizadas em 13 comunidades. Para compor o índice, foram realizados diagnósticos das condições de saneamento, análise da qualidade da água de cisternas e açudes, levantamento de dados hidrológicos, uso e ocupação do solo, taxa de exportação de nutrientes e de capital social. Os resultados apontaram uma deficiência dessas comunidades quanto ao abastecimento de água, destino dos resíduos sólidos e esgotamento sanitário. Nas cisternas, principal fonte de água para o consumo direto, os resultados indicaram a presença de matéria orgânica e de coliformes termotolerantes, classificando 30% das cisternas com condições sanitárias insatisfatória, em virtude do manejo inadequado das mesmas. A oferta hídrica provém dos pequenos e micro reservatórios e a qualidade da água destes foi melhor no período seco do que chuvoso. As atividades desenvolvidas nas bacias dos açudes do assentamento estão contribuindo para a eutrofização dos mesmos, tendo a pecuária extensiva como a principal atividade degradadora da qualidade da água. Com o índice proposto foi possível identificar na ordem de hierarquia os açudes que merecem prioridades às ações de saneamento.

Den svenska hälso- och sjukvården har begränsade resurser vilket kräver att prioriteringar görsför att resurserna ska fördelas så effektivt och rättvist som möjligt. En reell prioriteringssituationdär avvägningen mellan effektivitet och rättvisa blir särskilt tydlig är vid beslut om subventionav förskrivningsläkemedel. När ett sådant prioriteringsbeslut fattas är det relevant att undersökavad resurserna som krävs för en prioriterad behandling i stället hade kunnat generera i form avannan vård, det vill säga att kvantifiera både vinster och förluster i termer av hälsa. I dennauppsats granskas därför beslut om subvention av läkemedel som fattats av Tandvårds- ochläkemedelsförmånsverket (TLV) mellan 2017 och 2022, för att kvantifiera hur avvägningenmellan effektivitet och rättvisa kan ha påverkat den totala hälsan i Sverige. Med hjälp av etttröskelvärde för marginalproduktiviteten i hälso- och sjukvården på 250 000 kronor beräknasnettohälsoeffekten av TLVs beslut. Resultaten visar att av totalt 49 granskade beslut omsubvention av läkemedel har det i 32 fall gjorts en avvägning mellan effektivitet och rättvisa.Endast åtta av besluten har en positiv nettohälsoeffekt, där hälso- och sjukvårdssystemetgenererar mer hälsa än det förlorar till följd av TLVs beslut. För de 17 läkemedel där antaletpatienter som berörs av ett beslut angetts kan en negativ nettohälsoeffekt på -24 060 år i fullhälsa (QALYs) konstateras. Cirka 84 % av de observerade besluten har en negativnettohälsoeffekt och har därmed också påverkat den totala hälsan i Sverige negativt. Resultatendiskuteras sedan med stöd av den svenska etiska plattformen och olika teorier om distributivrättvisa, vilka är möjliga anledningar till att resultatet ser ut som det gör. Att uttrycka kostnadoch effekt i termer av hälsa, som nettohälsoeffekten, tydliggör beslutsfattandet och är en starttill en mer transparent fördelning av samhällets begränsade resurser. Vårt förslag är att införaberäkning av nettohälsoeffekten som komplement till nuvarande metod i svenskahälsoekonomiska utvärderingar. / The Swedish healthcare system has limited resources which requires prioritization in order todistribute resources as efficiently and fairly as possible. A real prioritization situation where thetrade-off between efficiency and fairness becomes particularly clear is when deciding tosubsidize prescription drugs. When such prioritization decisions are made, it is relevant toexamine what the resources required for a prioritized treatment could instead have generated inthe form of other care, i.e., to quantify both gains and losses in terms of health. This thesistherefore examines decisions on subsidizing pharmaceuticals made by the Swedish Dental andPharmaceutical Benefits Agency (TLV) between 2017 and 2022, to quantify how the trade-offbetween efficiency and equity may have affected the overall health in Sweden. Using athreshold value for marginal productivity in health care of 250 000 SEK, calculations are madeto determine the Net Health Benefit. The results show that out of a total of 49 revieweddecisions on the subsidization of pharmaceuticals, a trade-off between efficiency and fairnesshas been made in 32 of these. Only eight of the decisions have a positive net health effect, wherethe healthcare system gains more health than it loses. For the 17 drugs where the number ofpatients affected by the decision could be quantified, a negative total Net Health Benefit of -24,060 years of full health (QALYs) was calculated. Approximately 84 % of the observeddecisions have a negative Net Health Benefit and have thus also had a negative impact onoverall health in Sweden. The results are then discussed with support of the Swedish ethicalplatform and various theories concerning distributive justice, which are possible reasons for theresults. Expressing cost and impact in terms of health, as the Net Health Benefit, clarifiesdecision-making and is a start towards a more transparent distribution of society's limitedresources. Our proposal is to introduce calculation of the Net Health Benefit as a complementto the current method in Swedish health economic evaluations.

This paper investigates alternative scheduling for game objects in a game engine by using priority based algorithms and comparing different priority assigning methods. Research concerning commercial game engines, game loops, concurrency and scheduling was performed. Three different scheduling algorithms were created and tested using a varying amount of game objects between two different testing scenarios. The results showed that using priority based scheduling gave a slight increase in average frames  per second (FPS) as well as boosting logical update performance of prioritized objects, however overall performance was decreased. The reason this decrease in performance occurred could have been due to the way the scheduler was implemented, and despite the decrease in performance using a priority based scheduling system was considered feasible within certain game engines. / Denna uppsats undersöker alternativa sätt för schemaläggning av spelobjekt i en spelmotor genom att använda prioriteringsbaserade algoritmer och jämföra olika tilldelningssätt för prioritetsmetoder. Forskning gällande kommersiella spelmotorer, ''game loops'', parallellisering och schemaläggning utfördes. Tre olika schemaläggningsalgoritmer skapades och testades med ett varierande antal spelobjekt i två olika testscenarion. Resultaten visade att användning av prioritetsbaserad schemaläggning gav en lätt ökning av det genomsnittliga antalet bilder per sekund (FPS) och gav bättre logikuppdateringsprestanda för prioriterade objekt. Den totala prestandan minskade dock. Anledningen till att denna minskning i prestanda skedde kan bero på hur schemaläggaren implementerades, men trots denna prestandaminskning ansågs schemaläggningssystemet vara möjlig inom vissa spelmotorer.