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Le 13 février 1991, un colloque sur « l’actualité vietnamienne » est organisé au Sénat. Lorsque Georges Boudarel, universitaire à Paris VII et spécialiste du Viêtnam, prend la parole, il est immédiatement interrompu par Jean-Jacques Beucler, ancien secrétaire d’état aux anciens combattants et ancien prisonnier français de la guerre d’Indochine. Ce dernier entend le confondre pour son rôle de commissaire politique dans les camps du Viêt-minh. C’est le début de l’affaire Boudarel qui va opposer durant de longs mois les anciens prisonniers à Georges Boudarel devenu l’incarnation de l’idéologie communiste.Derrière la dimension politique de l’affaire se cachent les souffrances d’une communauté d’anciens combattants de la guerre d’Indochine en mal de reconnaissance. Cette situation a contraint ce groupe mémoriel à s’organiser, à établir des stratégies pour parvenir à une reconnaissance dans l’opinion publique. Cette mémoire « souterraine » va se confronter à l’histoire dans une zone de tension mémorielle, chacune se nourrissant de l’autre. La sociologie pragmatique par son approche du suivi des acteurs nous a permis d’observer l’évolution de cet espace et la manière dont les acteurs-témoins se l’approprient.Dans leurs stratégies, les acteurs témoins ont perçu les avantages qu’ils pourraient tirer de l’utilisation de l’Internet. Cet usage permet une visibilité que n’offraient pas les médias traditionnels. Cette nouvelle donne risque toutefois d’avoir des répercussions sur la discipline historique, notamment en ce qui concerne la prise en compte des traces que génèrent les acteurs-témoins et leur pérennisation. Il apparaît que l’écriture de l’histoire des différents événements contemporains pourrait s’en trouver modifiée / On the 13th February 1991, a colloquium about the « Vietnamese topicality » isorganized at the French Senate. When Georges Boudarel, an academic at Paris VII University and a Vietnam specialist starts to speak, he is immediately interrupted by Jean-Jacques Beucher, former Secretary of State for the Veterans and who is also a former French prisoner of the Indo-China War. The latter wants to confound him for his role as a political commissioner in the Viet-Minh camps. This is the beginning of the Boudarel case confronting former prisoners to Georges Boudarel during long months, and who is now the incarnation of the communist ideology.The sufferings of a community of Indo-China War veterans longing for gratitude are hidden behind the political dimension of this case. The situation compelled this memorial group to organize themselves and to build up strategies in order to get gratitude from the public opinion. This “subterranean” memory is going to face history in a zone of memorial tension, in which each one thrives on each other. The pragmatic sociology thanks to its followed approach of the actors allowed us to see the evolution of this space and how the actors witnesses took over it.In their strategies, the actors- witnesses saw the advantages they could take of the use of Internet. Indeed, it allows a visibility which was impossible with the usual Medias. However, this new order may have repercussions on the historical discipline, especially concerning the traces generated by the actors-witnesses and their perpetuation. It turns out that the writing of history of different contemporary events could be modified.

The United States offered an idal situation for prisoner of war camps during World War II. The remoteness of the states of Utah and Idaho offered also an ideal situation to intern prisoners. The United States established 141 base camps and 313 branch camps. Out of this number, Utah and Idaho represented a total number of nine base and twenty-one branch camps. Utah and Idaho had under their supervision approximately 11,660 or 3.6% of the prisoners in the base camps. The Utah and Idaho camps were under supervision of the United states War Department. Their basic source for the administration came from the written provisions within the International Red Cross Geneva Convention of 1929.

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This dissertation examines the trial of Japanese war crimes conducted by Australia between 1945 and 1951; although the study commences in 1943, when the Government first focussed on the issue, and ends in 1961, when the issue was closed. Beyond providing an overview of the trials the thesis addresses the major criticism of the trials by looking at whether the trails were fair and if they fulfilled Australian aims. This is addressed within the context of the two elements of international law, the political, and the legal, and examined in each of the three sections. The Policy section establishes the political context of the trials by examining the influence of the international community and the Australian Government. Both influenced structure and progress rather than the final application of the law. When Australian attitudes were incongruous with international views, a perception that Australia was harsh and repressive developed even though justice was an important part of the Government???s agenda. A study of legal aspects of the trials commences in the Procedures section. Australia???s legislation and regulations are explained with particular emphasis on the more controversial aspects, and a comparison is made with the war crimes instruments of other Allies trying the Japanese showing many similarities between the regulations used by other nations and Australia???s. Procedures also discusses the framework for the Australian trials, the procedures used to bring a case to trial, the process used in court, the review process and the carrying out of sentences. Such a thorough study of the procedural basis is necessary to evaluate the individual trials. Practical examples of some of the procedural problems are also discussed in the following section ??? Practice. This section reviews a number of trials and the various types of crimes and the claims made in defence to show how Australia applied and interpreted the law. The study finds many similarities between Australia???s application of the law and the practice of other nations, indicating that Australian courts were applying what was considered to be customary expectations of behaviour. Throughout the trials there was little evidence of vindictiveness or revenge, either by Government or in the courts. Both were faced with significant problems, which were not always dealt with well but overall the trials were fair and those involved were concerned that justice should not only be seen to be done, but actually be done.

This dissertation examines the trial of Japanese war crimes conducted by Australia between 1945 and 1951; although the study commences in 1943, when the Government first focussed on the issue, and ends in 1961, when the issue was closed. Beyond providing an overview of the trials the thesis addresses the major criticism of the trials by looking at whether the trails were fair and if they fulfilled Australian aims. This is addressed within the context of the two elements of international law, the political, and the legal, and examined in each of the three sections. The Policy section establishes the political context of the trials by examining the influence of the international community and the Australian Government. Both influenced structure and progress rather than the final application of the law. When Australian attitudes were incongruous with international views, a perception that Australia was harsh and repressive developed even though justice was an important part of the Government???s agenda. A study of legal aspects of the trials commences in the Procedures section. Australia???s legislation and regulations are explained with particular emphasis on the more controversial aspects, and a comparison is made with the war crimes instruments of other Allies trying the Japanese showing many similarities between the regulations used by other nations and Australia???s. Procedures also discusses the framework for the Australian trials, the procedures used to bring a case to trial, the process used in court, the review process and the carrying out of sentences. Such a thorough study of the procedural basis is necessary to evaluate the individual trials. Practical examples of some of the procedural problems are also discussed in the following section ??? Practice. This section reviews a number of trials and the various types of crimes and the claims made in defence to show how Australia applied and interpreted the law. The study finds many similarities between Australia???s application of the law and the practice of other nations, indicating that Australian courts were applying what was considered to be customary expectations of behaviour. Throughout the trials there was little evidence of vindictiveness or revenge, either by Government or in the courts. Both were faced with significant problems, which were not always dealt with well but overall the trials were fair and those involved were concerned that justice should not only be seen to be done, but actually be done.

No description available.