Aktiviteter är betydelsefulla för ungdomar som vistas på institution. Forskning visar att ungdomar som har en meningsfull tillvaro med aktiviteter och en variation av sysselsättning under sin institutionsvistelse har större möjlighet att lyckas förändra ett problembeteende. En institutionsmiljö bör tillgodose ungdomarnas behov av en hemlik miljö och kontakt med pro-sociala ungdomar i övriga samhället. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa aktivteters betydelse för ungdomar som är placerade på institution, relationen mellan schemalagda och icke schemalagda aktiviteter samt vilken roll personalen har i utövandet av aktiviteter för ungdomar som vistas på institution. Studiens metodansats bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer med professionella som tjänstgör på ett HVB-hem (Vård och boende) för ungdomar. Studiens resultat har analyserats utifrån relevant forskning inom området och med utgångspunkt i Piagets utvecklingspsykologi. Resultatet bidrar med förståelse för aktivteters betydelse för ungdomar som vistas på institution, samt vikten av personal som är utbildad och insatt i verksamhetens teoretiska grunder och valda metoder. Personalen har en viktig roll på flera olika sätt i utförandet av aktiviteter på en institution. / Activities are significance for adolescents who reside at institutions. Science indicates that adolescents who have a meaningful existence with activities and a variation of occupations at the institution have greater opportunity to succeed in changing behavioral problems. An institutional environment should satisfy the adolescent’s need of a homelike environment and the need of meeting other pro-social adolescents from the society. The intention with this research is to highlight the importance of activities for the adolescents who are placed at institutions, the relation between scheduled activities and non scheduled activities as well as to see what role the staff has during the exercise of activities at the institution. This research is based on qualitative interviews with professional staff at an institutional accommodation for adolescents. The research result has been analyzed with relevant science in the specific field and from Piaget’s developmental psychology. The result contributes with an understanding for the activities significance for the adolescents who residing in institution and for the importance of that the staff are educated and has knowledge in the institutions selected theoretical methods. The staff has an important role in several ways during the exercise of activities at the institution.

Im Optimierungsprozess einer Konstruktion und zur Variantenbildung ist die Nutzung der Parametrik für den Konstrukteur zum Standard und unverzichtbar geworden. Auslegungen und speziell die Festlegung von Abmessungen werden im Maschinenbau über die Umstellung von Analysegleichungen oder durch iterative Analysen, wie bspw. die numerische Optimierung durchgeführt. Die Mechanismenlehre ist eines der wenigen Fachgebiete, in denen speziell für die Auslegung klassische Syntheseverfahren entwickelt wurden. Im Zeitalter vollparametrischer CAD-Systeme erscheinen diese Verfahren in einem neuen Licht. Einfache getriebetechnische Kenntnisse sind für die Lösung von Führungs- und Bewegungsaufgaben zwar erforderlich, sind in Lehrbüchern, VDI-Richtlinien, TGL-Blättern usw. aber auch gut nachzulesen. Anhand einiger Beispiele soll hier gezeigt werden, wie diese klassischen grafischen Konstruktionsvorschriften auf einfache Weise in das CAD-System Pro/Engineer Wildfire integriert werden können. Der Konstrukteur kann seine Auslegung dynamisch interaktiv variieren und sogar verschiedene Gütewerte seines Getriebes dabei beobachten. Durch diese assoziative Komponente wird eine mehrparametrige Optimierung realisierbar. Im Vortrag wird an Beispielen gezeigt, dass ein CAD-Konstrukteur diesem Vorschlag folgen und das Verfahren anwenden kann, um einen ersten Entwurf vorzulegen. Eine weitgehende Verwendung von Zusatzmodulen, wie zum Beispiel Pro/Mechanica oder Pro/Mechanism, würde erst bei zusätzlichen Untersuchungen der Konstruktion erforderlich.

Mandarin Chinese is said to be a radical pro-drop language, in the sense that verbal arguments in this language can be dropped rather freely. However, in this dissertation, I show that the omission of arguments in Mandarin Chinese is in fact constrained by various conditions. First, I demonstrate that the availability of a discourse topic is insufficient to license empty categories in Mandarin Chinese by showing that subject and object positions cannot be left empty at random. Some empty subject positions are neither true instances of nominal ellipsis nor variables bound by discourse topics; instead, they are a side effect of verb or vP movement followed by TP-ellipsis. Next, I address the issue of when objects can be "dropped" in Mandarin Chinese. I argue that structural parallelism built on verbal identity between sentences plays an important role in licensing `objectless' sentences. I propose that the mechanism responsible for the creation of such sentences is V-stranding VP-ellipsis rather than argument ellipsis. In the last part of this dissertation, I show that, although we cannot rely on the strength of discourse alone to account for empty categories, the concept of topic-hood is nevertheless implicated in the appearance of certain empty argument positions in sentences used in monologues. I claim that subject pro in Mandarin Chinese must have as its antecedent an element located in an A'-position, which can be overt or covert. In addition, I suggest that the differences between Italian, Japanese, and Mandarin Chinese with respect to the use of subject pro can be boiled down to the featural properties of the covert topic TOP preceding subject pro: this covert topic has inherently valued phi-features in Italian and Japanese, while its counterpart in Mandarin Chinese does not. / Linguistics

In dieser Präsentation wird das universelle FE-Modell eines Kegelrollenlagers vorgestellt. Mittels eines Pro/ENGINEER-Layouts, basierend auf dem Top-Down Designkonzept, kann automatisch innerhalb einer kurzen Bearbeitungszeit ein geprüftes und lauffähiges FE-Modell eines Kegelrollenlagers abgeleitet werden. Dieses Modell kann z.B. in großen Getriebemodellen eingebaut werden, um eine quasistatische Betrachtung mit korrekten Lagersteifigkeiten zu ermöglichen.

Le virus de l'hépatite B (HBV) infecte chroniquement plus de 250 millions de personnes. Des traitements existent permettant de contrôler la production de particules infectieuses. Cependant, aucun des traitements actuels ne permet d'éradiquer complètement l'infection. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques, incluant des approches immunothérapeutiques pour permettre un meilleur contrôle immunologique des infections HBV. Dans une étude récente menée au sein du laboratoire, il a été montré que l'IL-1ß est la cytokine ayant le plus fort effet antiviral contre la réplication d'HBV dans les hépatocytes. Dans le foie, la cytokine IL-1ß est principalement produite par les macrophages résidents (les cellules de Kupffer) ou infiltrant (monocytes inflammatoires différenciés en macrophages). De nombreuses études récentes ont montrés qu'HBV était capable de bloquer partiellement l'induction des réponses immunitaires innées. Il est donc important de déterminer si HBV est capable d'empêcher la production d'IL-1ß par les différents types de macrophages. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'effet du virus sur le phénotype des macrophages et les implications de ces modifications phénotypiques sur l'établissement de l'infection dans les hépatocytes. Des monocytes du sang ou des macrophages du foie ont été purifiés, respectivement, du sang périphérique ou de résections hépatiques, et ont été exposés au virus pendant leur différentiation et/ou leur activation pour les monocytes, ou seulement pendant leur activation pour les macrophages hépatiques déjà différenciés. Il a été démontré que le virus de l'hépatite B est capable d'inhiber la sécrétion d'IL-6 et d'IL-1ß par les macrophages pro-inflammatoires. De plus, HBV est capable d'inhiber la sécrétion d'IL-1ß par les macrophages hépatiques stimulés par différents ligands. Finalement, les surnageants de macrophages pro-inflammatoires sont capables de bloquer l'établissement de l'infection, ce qui n'est pas le cas quand les macrophages ont été exposés au virus. Il apparait donc qu'HBV est capable de modifier le phénotype des macrophages pour favoriser l'établissement et la persistance de l'infection. La compréhension des mécanismes de subversion du phénotype des macrophages par le virus de l'hépatite B serait un premier pas vers le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide. Several treatments can be used to prevent the formation of de novo particles. However, they do not allow the total eradication of the infection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies, including immune-therapeutic ones, which would be more likely to lead to an immunological control of HBV infections. We have recently shown that IL-1ß is the most effective antiviral cytokine against the replication of HBV in vitro. In the liver, IL-1ß is mainly produced by resident macrophages (also called Kupffer cells) or infiltrating cells (inflammatory monocytes differentiated into macrophages). Recent studies have shown that HBV is able to partially inhibit the induction of innate immune responses. Hence, it was necessary to determine if HBV was also able to block the production of IL-1ß by the different types of macrophages.The objective of this thesis was to study the effect of HBV on macrophage phenotypes and the impact of those modifications on the establishment of HBV infection in hepatocytes.Blood monocytes and liver macrophages were purified, respectively, from peripheral blood or hepatic resections, and were exposed to HBV during their differentiation and/or activation for monocytes, or only during activation for liver macrophages which are already in a differentiated state. HBV was able to partially inhibit the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1ß by pro-inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, HBV was able to inhibit IL-1ß secretion by liver macrophages stimulated by different ligands and, conditioned medium of pro-inflammatory macrophages could inhibit the establishment of infection in hepatocytes. This effect was reverted when macrophages were exposed to HBV, concomitantly with a lower production of IL-6 and IL-1ß.In summary, HBV is able to modify macrophage phenotypes to favour the establishment and persistence of HBV infection. The full understanding of the mechanistic basis of how HBV phenotypically modifies macrophages will be a first step towards the development of new therapeutic strategies

This Diploma thesis describes the structure of Czech franchise market. The main focus of the thesis is put on number of franchise systems and franchisants, age of individual systems, origins of foreign systems, and on usual content of a franchise package. Condi-tions of franchise systems are analyzed on a sample of franchise companies. The results of analysis are used as a source of recommendation especially for new franchisors and franchisants. In the theoretical part of the thesis, a definition of the term franchising is provided as well as a history of franchising, legislation of franchising, positives and negatives of franchising, foundation of franchises, requirements of the system, and or-ganizational structure of franchises.

Master's thesis deals with furniture for the elderly. The goal is analysis of elderly furniture. The begining of the thesis is about demography and about important information regarding elderly, their habitation, psychology, health and furniture features. Next, the thesis deals with market research. Survey in retirement homes has the goal find out features about furniture in retirement homes and find out information from clients and nursing personnel about satisfaction with furniture and requirements for furniture. In the end of thesis the informations are completely evaluate and used for create missing furniture element and create informative handout.

The main aim of my work is to explore Ukrainian dramatic literature written for children, and to find there inspirational topics that will be of benefit to Drama in Education. I want to focus on searching for contemporary literary themes through the fantasy-folkloric motifs that are present in the work of Ukrainian writers. I will also try to outline how the Theatre of Young Audience in Ukraine works.

Master´s thesis takes interest in basic technical and psychological prerequisites for reaching artificial guitar playing. The ways of solving technical questions are shown from historical and contemporary view. This thesis contains the comparison of Segovia?s and Tennant?s methods with my personal evaluation. In the case of playing position together with right and left-hand technique I add my own remarks and proposals.

This thesis focuses on the Violin Concerto composed by L. v Beethoven, its interpretation and the changes in attitude towards the composition within the two centuries of its existence. The paper is divided in four chapters. First of all it provides information based on primary sources about the development and changes in the violin technique and interpretation. After that an insight into the fate of the concerto after its premiere occurs, followed by an account of its performers. The following chapters compare first the different editions of the concerto and later on its numerous recordings. A live recording of the concerto performed by the author accompanied by Musica Florea with the conducter Marek Štryncl makes part the thesis.