Den här rapporten är ett resultat av ett examensarbete som är utfört på institutionen för teknik- och naturvetenskap vid Linköpings universitet inom civilingenjörsutbildningen medieteknik i Norrköping. Rapporten är på teknisk kandidatnivå. Examensarbetet utfördes på det uppmärksammade spelföretaget Proactive Gaming i Norrköping där uppdraget var att skapa ett webbaserat spel med modern teknik till papperstillverkaren Holmen. Holmen ville använda sig av spelet i marknadsföringssyfte för deras nya papper Holmen View. Rapporten tar upp hur det webbaserade spelet utformas rent tekniskt med HTML5, Canvas-element och KineticJS. Inspiration till spellogiken hämtades från X-COM: Enemy Unkown, Civilization-serien, Tiny Towers och Game Dev Story. Spelet är ett realtidsstrategispel inom spelifiering och handlar om att användaren är chef över ett tidningsförlag och ska försöka tjäna pengar genom att sälja sin tidning till så många läsare som möjligt genom en balans mellan att investera i journalister, forskning och de anställdas gladhet. Under utvecklingen av spelet så användes utvecklingsmetodiker som vattenfallsmetoden och agila metodiker. Ett mindre användbarhetstest gjordes för att försäkra sig om produktens kvalité. Slutprodukten blev ett roligt spel som Holmen kan visa upp på mässor för att skapa intresse för företaget och pappersindustrin.

Abstract Technological development and various information services becoming common has had the effect that data from everyday situations is available. Utilizing this technology and the data it produces in an efficient manner is called context-aware or ubiquitous computing. The research includes the specifications of each application, the requirements of the communication systems, issues of privacy, and human - computer interaction, for example. The environment should learn from the user's behaviour and communicate with the user. The communication should not be only reactive, but proactive as well. This thesis is divided into two parts, both representing methodology for enabling intelligence in our everyday surroundings. In part one, three different applications are defined for studying context-recognition and routine learning: a health monitoring system, a context-aware health club application, and automatic device configuration in an office space. The path for routine learning is straight forward and it is closely related to pattern recognition research. Sensory data is collected from users in various different situations, the signals are pre-processed, and the contexts recognized from this sensory data. Furthermore, routine learning is realized through association rules. The routine learning paradigm developed here can utilize already recognized contexts despite their meaning in the real world. The user makes the final decision on whether the routine is important or not, and has authority over every action of the system. The second part of the thesis is built on experiments on identifying a person walking on a pressure-sensitive floor. Resolving the characteristics of the special sensor producing the measurements, which lies under the normal flooring, is one of the tasks of this research. The identification is tested with Hidden Markov models and Learning Vector Quantization. The methodology developed in this thesis offers a step along the long road towards functional and calm intelligent environments.

In traditional Wireless Sensor network's (WSN's), the sink is the only unconditionally trusted authority. If the sink is not connected to the nodes for a period of time then the network is considered as unattended. In Unattended Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN), a trusted mobile sink visits each node periodically to collect data. This network differs from the traditional multi hop wireless sensor networks where the nodes close to the sink deplete their power earlier than the other nodes. An UWSN can prolong the life time of the network by saving the battery of the nodes and also it can be deployed in environments where it is not practical for the sink to be online all the time. Saving data in the memory of the nodes for a long time causes security problems due to the lack of tamper-resistant hardware. Data collected by the nodes has to be secured until the next visit of the sink. Securing the data from an adversary in UWSN is a challenging task. We present two non-cryptographic algorithms (DS-PADV and DS-RADV) to ensure data survivability in mobile UWSN. The DS-PADV protects against proactive adversary which compromises nodes before identifying its target. DS-RADV makes the network secure against reactive adversary which compromises nodes after identifying the target. We also propose a data authentication scheme against a mobile adversary trying to modify the data. The proposed data authentication scheme uses inexpensive cryptographic primitives and few message exchanges. The proposed solutions are analyzed both mathematically and using simulations proving that the proposed solutions are better than the previous ones in terms of security and communication overhead.

Relational aggression encompasses behaviour meant to hurt others by destroying their friendships and reputation (Crick & Grotpeter, 1995). As peer relationships take on greater importance in early adolescence, relational aggression becomes more accepted and prevalent, yet perceived as equally or more harmful to its targets than physical aggression. The present study explored whether reactive and proactive subtypes of relational aggression were associated with an inability to empathize with others, regulate emotional states, and hold attitudes that it is acceptable to manipulate and harm others. Empathy, emotion regulation, and Machiavellianism’s roles in predicting reactive and proactive relational aggression was examined using Crick and Dodge’s (1994) reformulated Social Information-Processing Theory’s framework. Reactive relational aggression was expected to be associated with low empathy and high emotion dysreglation. Proactive relational aggression was expected to be predicted by high empathy, low emotion dysregulation, and high Machiavellianism. Low empathy was expected to predict overt aggression indices. One hundred and thirty-three children (73 females, 60 males, Mage = 12.84 years) in grades 6 through 8 from five schools in a public Ontario schoolboard were recruited. Caregivers completed a measure of their child’s emotions and behaviours (The Emotion Regulation Checklist; Shields & Cicchetti, 1995). Participating students completed four self-report measures assessing relational and overt aggression (Children’s Social Behaviour Scale – Self-Report; Crick & Grotpeter, 1995), proactive and reactive subtypes of aggression (Little, Jones, Henrich, & Hawley, 2003), empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index; Davis, 1980), and Machiavellianism (Kiddie Mach Scale; Christie & Geis, 1970) during one 60 minute session. Empathy, Machiavellianism, and emotion dysregulation scores were associated with total, reactive, and proactive relational aggression scores. When contrasting subtypes of aggression were controlled, however, these emotional and cognitive variables did not predict total and reactive relational aggression. There was a non-significant trend for higher levels of empathy to predict proactive relational aggression. Low empathy significantly predicted total and reactive overt aggression indices. Machiavellianism predicted reactive and proactive overt aggression. Emotion regulation was not a significant predictor in analyses. Results provide support for the role of Machiavellianism and empathy in relational aggression, particularly proactive or goal-oriented instances.

Establishing discipline in the contemporary classroom is a challenge to most educators. The real challenge lies in the implementation of discipline measures and procedures that uphold order in the classroom with understanding and compassion and more importantly, in the development of self-discipline in learners. The researcher adopted a qualitative approach to understand the phenomenon classroom discipline and to answer the research questions that sought to explore the meaning that is attached to the word “discipline” by individual educators, the challenges that educators are faced with in their classrooms, as well as the discipline strategies that they employ to establish discipline. A case study involving three high schools was conducted. Data was collected through interviews and observations. It has emerged in the findings that educators face a daily struggle in terms of establishing discipline in their classrooms; educators attach different meanings to the word “discipline” and the meaning that individual educators attach to “discipline” impacts on their choice of discipline strategies. Most of the discipline strategies employed by educators are control-oriented and thus hinge on rewards and punishment. The study also revealed that when these control-oriented strategies are employed to establish discipline, learners engage in various coping mechanisms, which ultimately render these strategies ineffective, and thus minimise any chance the child has to develop self-discipline. Essentially, learners who have been coerced usually show very little self-control when they are outside the influence of the controller. Recommendations based on findings and conclusions of this study are discussed and revolve mainly around the use of proactive discipline strategies that are geared to promote self-discipline and thus inner control. The recommendations outline proactive discipline strategies that could be employed by educators to establish discipline in their classrooms and suggest the creation of a good educator-learners relationship, the empowerment of learners to be in charge of their behaviour, responsibility training, inculcation of values, character development, modelling good behaviour, and strengthening of partnership with parents and other support structures in behaviour management. Benchmarking for best practices with other schools and conducting internal workshops for educators to share classroom discipline issues and solutions, as well as skills development programmes for training and development of educators are recommended. The study hopes to contribute to the existing body of knowledge and will be useful to educators by enabling them to find more constructive ways of building a culture of discipline among learners. It will also help educators develop personal systems of discipline tailored to their individual philosophies as well as to the needs and social realities of their schools and communities. / Dissertation (MEd (Education Management, Law and Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-06-16T19:59:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adalberto Ramos Cassia.pdf: 1425509 bytes, checksum: 75a7012c255d8829b4750874e8d7b9c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T19:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adalberto Ramos Cassia.pdf: 1425509 bytes, checksum: 75a7012c255d8829b4750874e8d7b9c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / This study involves the analysis of the impact of dynamic capabilities on the innovative capability, considering the influence of technological turbulence on this impact and the effect of proactive market orientation on this influence. The literature that addresses this topic has focused on studies of direct relationships and simple moderation analysis, leaving gap of studies addressing the effects of double moderation, enabling new approaches on the relationship between the variables that affect the innovative ability of companies. The research, quantitative, considered a sample of 244 completed cases and used statistical techniques of multivariate analysis, including factor analysis and linear regression in 5 statistical models as support for the hypothesis tests. The results show the positive impact of dynamic capabilities on the innovative capability, the positive influence of technological turbulence on this impact and the negative effect of proactive market orientation on this influence. The main study of the contribution relates to the identification of a combined effect of technological turbulence and proactive market orientation on the impact of dynamic capabilities in innovative capability. This positive impact is amplified by the influence of technological turbulence and mitigated the negative effect of proactive market orientation on this influence. The technological turbulence influences the expansion of dynamic capabilities out, what contributes to the rise of innovativa capability. However, proactive market orientation acts on this influence, softening the force with which the technological turbulence drives the impact of dynamic capabilities on the innovative capability. This study may contribute to improving the management of innovation in companies operating in the manufacturing industry by providing subsidies to improve responsiveness in the face of technological changes occurring in the business environment. / O objetivo deste estudo envolve a análise do impacto das capacidades dinâmicas sobre a capacidade inovativa, considerando a influência da turbulência tecnológica sobre este impacto e o efeito da orientação proativa para o mercado sobre esta influência. A literatura que aborda este tema tem se concentrado nos estudos de relações diretas e na análise de moderação simples, restando lacuna de estudos que abordem os efeitos de moderação dupla, que permitam novas abordagens sobre as relações entre as variáveis que afetam a capacidade inovativa das empresas. A pesquisa realizada, de natureza quantitativa, considerou uma amostra com 244 casos completos e utilizou técnicas estatísticas de análise multivariada, incluindo análise fatorial e regressão linear, em 5 modelos estatísticos, como suporte para os testes das hipóteses. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam o impacto positivo das capacidades dinâmicas sobre a capacidade inovativa, a influência positiva da turbulência tecnológica sobre este impacto e o efeito negativo da orientação proativa para o mercado sobre esta influência. A principal contribuição do estudo refere-se à identificação de um efeito combinado entre a turbulência tecnológica e a orientação proativa para o mercado sobre o impacto das capacidades dinâmicas na capacidade inovativa. Este impacto positivo é amplificado pela influência da turbulência tecnológica e atenuado pelo efeito negativo da orientação proativa para o mercado sobre esta influência. A turbulência tecnológica influencia a expansão das capacidades dinâmicas, oque contribui para a elevação da capacidade inovativa. No entanto, a orientação proativa para o mercado atua sobre esta influência, amenizando a força com que a turbulência tecnológica impulsiona o impacto das capacidades dinâmicas sobre a capacidade inovativa. Este estudo pode contribuir para a melhoria da gestão da inovação nas empresas que atuam na indústria de transformação, fornecendo subsídios para o aprimoramento da capacidade de resposta em face das mudanças tecnológicas que ocorrem no ambiente de negócios.

Stress cannot be fully avoided in an animal´s life, and the way that animals handle stress can be crucial for their health. Coping styles in animals are describing consistent sets of behaviour and physiological stress responses. Two forms of coping are typically described; a more proactive type that is more bold, active, and aggressive, and, in contrast, a less active, more shy reactive type. Coping styles can be used to learn how animals react to stress, and thus improve our handling of stress in captive animals. To investigate the existence of the reactive-proactive coping styles in the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), both male and female red junglefowl were exposed to behavioural assays measuring boldness, activity, exploration, and aggression. These behavioural measures were compared to blood plasma concentrations of the stress hormone corticosterone, hence exploring the link between behaviour and physiological response to stress. I show positive correlations between boldness, activity, and exploration measured in a novel arena test, and boldness and activity measured in a novel object test. This somewhat confirms the inter-related behavioural aspect of reactive-proactive coping styles. Further, some of these behaviours correlated with post-stress concentrations of corticosterone, which somewhat links behaviour to the physiological aspect of coping styles. This study tentatively supports the reactive-proactive coping styles by showing a link between behaviours and the physiological stress response in the red junglefowl, with some similarities to what have been observed in other species across taxa.

Diploma thesis focuses on the issue of proactive risk management in companies, using appropriate procedures and methods in the selected company. Thesis is divided into three parts. First part is focused on theoretical knowledge, which serves as a basis for the analytical part. The analytical part characterizes the selected company, organizational structure, job positions and key processes in the company, with a focus on proactive risk management. In the last part of the diploma thesis, measures for proactive risk detection are suggested.

Abstract The adoption of agile methods in software projects has been fast. The majority of new software projects utilises agile methods, and they have radically changed the internal dynamics of software development projects. This has created a need for adjustments in the management of software projects. The current literature rarely discusses the early phases of agile projects: contracting and organising agile projects. The literature also lacks investigations on the project management practices of agile projects. This dissertation focuses on flexibility as it occurs in agile software projects. The main objective of this research is to explore the nature of flexibility in agile software projects and study the challenges of project contracting and management in leveraging agile development methods. The research was conducted as a mixed methods research. The research findings contribute to the emerging literature on agile project management. Secondarily, the results contribute to proactive contracting literature. The results indicate that agile methods can be used to increase flexibility and efficiency in software projects, but flexibility needs to be planned by projects parties. This planning activity already starts in the negotiation phase, and it is optimally summarised in the project contract. Thus, it is also important that lawyers contributing to project contracts are aware and informed of the business contexts. The traditional project management approach needs adjustments in adopting agile practices. This research reports several categories of challenges faced in adopting agile practices and increasing flexibility in projects. The results also indicate that projects delegate part of the decision-making authority to implementation teams in order to increase flexibility. By taking some of the decisions closer to project implementation, flexibility can be used to manage uncertainties caused by a complex environment. / Tiivistelmä Ketterien kehitysmenetelmien käyttö ohjelmistoprojekteissa on yleistynyt nopeasti. Suurin osa alkavista ohjelmistoprojekteista käyttää jo ketteriä menetelmiä ja niiden soveltaminen on muuttanut radikaalisti kehitysprojektien sisäistä dynamiikkaa. Tämän vuoksi on syntynyt tarve tarkastella tarkemmin ketterien projektien johtamista. Kirjallisuudessa on harvoin tarkasteltu ketterien projektien alkuvaiheita, sopimuskäytäntöjä ja organisoitumista. Kirjallisuudessa ei myöskään vielä käsitellä ketterien projektien projektinhallinnan käytänteitä. Tämä väitöskirjatutkimus tarkastelee joustavuutta, joka ilmenee ketterissä ohjelmistoprojekteissa. Työn päätavoite on tarkastella joustavuuden luonnetta ketterissä ohjelmistoprojekteissa ja tutkia mitä haasteita ketterien menetelmien käyttö aiheuttaa projektin sopimusprosesseissa ja projektinhallinnassa. Väitöskirjatutkimus on toteutettu monimetelmätutkimuksena. Tutkimustulokset kohdistetaan tuoreeseen tieteelliseen projektitutkimuksen keskusteluun ketteristä projektinhallintamenetelmistä. Toisekseen, väitöskirja osallistuu ennakoivaa sopimista käsittelevään oikeustieteellisen tutkimusalan keskusteluun. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että ketteriä menetelmiä voidaan käyttää lisäämään joustavuutta ja tehokkuutta ohjelmistoprojekteissa, mutta joustavuus tulee olla suunniteltua, jotta siitä voidaan hyötyä. Joustavuuden käytön suunnittelu alkaa jo projektin neuvotteluvaiheessa ja kirjaukset joustavuuden hyödyntämisestä on optimaalisesti kirjattu jo projektisopimukseen. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää, että sopimuksen muotoiluun osallistuvat juristit ovat hyvin perillä liiketoiminta-alasta ja ovat tietoisia, että sopimus tulee sisältämään joustavuusnäkökohtia tarkoituksellisesti. Perinteinen projektinhallinta kaipaa myös muutoksia ketterien projektien johtamiseen. Tutkimus osoittaa seitsemän pääkategoriaa haasteita, joita yritykset kohtaavat siirtyessään käyttämään ketteriä menetelmiä. Tutkimus osoittaa myös, että ketterissä projekteissa päätöksenteko on joustavuuden lisäämiseksi hajautettu itseohjautuville tiimeille. Kun päätöksentekovaltaa siirretään lähemmäs varsinaista kehitystyötä, voidaan joustavuuden avulla hallita epävarmuutta kompleksissa ympäristössä.

Proaktiv interferens (PI) uppstår när äldre, irrelevant minnesinformation stör nyinlärning ellerframplockning av relevant information. PI påverkas av faktorer som familjaritet ochinkodning av kontextuell information. Tidigare forskning indikerar att PI har en koppling tillminnets åldrande och negativa tankeprocesser, såsom oro och ruminering. Studien undersökteom ett anpassat arbetsminnestest (2-back) kan inducera PI och om irrelevant information medolika grader av familjaritet ger olika grad av PI. Studien syftade också till att undersöka omäldre upplever mer PI än yngre samt om PI går att koppla till grad av oro och ruminering. 15yngre vuxna (20-30 år) och 10 äldre vuxna (65-69 år) genomförde ett datoriserat 2-back-testoch fyllde i skattningsformulär (PSWQ och RRS-BR). Resultatet visade att PI inducerades avtestet och att PI minskade när familjariteten minskade. Resultatet visade också att äldreupplevde en signifikant högre grad av PI på ett mått, men inte på ett annat. Ingen signifikantkoppling mellan PI och oro eller ruminering hittades. Resultaten bör dock tolkas medförsiktighet. / Proactive interference (PI) occurs when older and irrelevant memory information interfereswith new learning or retrieval of relevant information. PI is influenced by factors such asfamiliarity and the encoding of contextual information. Previous research indicates that PI hasa link to age-related memory decline and negative thought processes such as worry andrumination. The study investigated whether a modified working memory test (2-back) caninduce PI and if irrelevant information with different degrees of familiarity induces differentdegrees of PI. The study also aimed to investigate whether older adults experience more PIthan younger adults and whether PI can be linked to the degree of worry and rumination. 15younger adults (20-30 years) and 10 older adults (65-69 years) performed a computerized 2-back test and completed self-report questionnaires (PSWQ and RRS-BR). The result showedthat PI was induced by the test and that PI decreased as familiarity decreased. The results alsoshowed that the older adults experienced a significantly higher degree of PI in one measure,but not in another. No significant association between PI and worry or rumination was found.The results should be interpreted with caution.