Research investigating aggressive behavior among youth is plentiful; however, the field contains mixed findings in terms of risk factors, correlates, sequelae, and treatment response, suggesting that individuals who exhibit aggressive behaviors are heterogeneous. The current project utilized a person-centered perspective to characterize youth who differ in frequency and quality of aggressive behaviors and a variable-centered approach to validate these classes. Specifically, the aims of the current study were (a) to use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify classes of youth that are characterized by qualitatively and quantitatively different types of aggressive behaviors, and (b) to examine the external validity of the identified aggression classes in a large, prospective sample. Participants included 648 children (M = 11.42 + .92 years; 76% Caucasian) assessed at five time points between the ages of 10 and 25 as part of a longitudinal project conducted through the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Analyses suggest five distinct aggression profiles in the sample; individuals exhibiting (1) primarily reactive aggression, (2) primarily proactive aggression (3) mixed reactive and proactive aggression, (4) loss of control (endorsement of a subset of reactive aggression items), and (5) low reactive and proactive aggression. Classes differed in their levels of executive functioning, peer processes, lack of guilt, internalizing symptoms, and provocation to aggression. Specifically, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive, primarily reactive, or mixed aggression exhibited significantly lower ECF than individuals in the low aggression class. Individuals who engaged in mixed aggression experienced greater peer rejection, associations with deviant peers, internalizing symptoms, and lack of guilt than individuals who exhibited low aggression at specific time points. Of note, individuals who engaged in primarily proactive aggression were more likely to experience internalizing symptoms than individuals who engaged in reactive or low aggression in late childhood and early adolescence and were more likely to report lack of guilt after misbehaving than members of other aggression classes across late childhood and early adulthood. Differences among classes in terms of these variables better characterize and validate the subgroups of aggressive youth identified in the latent class analysis. The study fills gaps in the literature by identifying concurrent and prospective correlates of aggression classes and decreasing the heterogeneity found in aggression-related research by considering the qualitative and quantitative ways in which individuals differ on aggression using a dimensional approach. These findings enhance understanding of risk processes related to aggression and inform interventions that focus specifically on ameliorating deficits displayed by youth with different aggression profiles. / Psychology

A key attribute of resilience, robustness serves as a predictor of infrastructure system performance under disruptions, thus informing proactive infrastructure risk management. A literature review indicated that previous studies did not consider some key factors that can influence the robustness of Air Transportation Infrastructure Networks (ATIN) and thus their (system-level cascade) systemic risk management processes. In this respect, the current study first assesses existing and then develops a new methodology to quantify the robustness of ATIN. Specifically, based on integrating travel time and flight frequency, the study develops alternative best route and link weight approaches to assess key ATIN robustness measures and relevant operating cost losses (OCL). In order to demonstrate the practical use of the developed methodology, the robustness and the associated OCL of the Canadian Domestic Air Traffic Network are evaluated under random failures (i.e., disruptive events that occur randomly) and targeted threats (i.e., disruptive events that occur deliberately). The analysis results show that the network robustness is influenced by the utilized evaluation approach, especially after 20% of the network components become nonoperational. Overall, the methodology developed within this study is expected to provide ATIN policymakers with the means to quantify the network robustness and OCL, and thus enable ATIN resilience-guided proactive risk management in the face of natural or anthropogenic hazard realizations. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The purpose of this linear-analytic exploratory case study is to illustrate the reintegration process from acute care and rehabilitative care to the traditional school setting after one has sustained a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). TBI is an unrecognized educational challenge. Few educational professionals are aware of the divarication of TBI. Traumatic Brain Injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children and adolescents in the United States. The review of literature reveals there is a void between the requirements of the law and educator preparedness regarding TBI. There is a need for a proactive means to enhance transition and reintegration of a TBI student from rehabilitation to the traditional school setting. The research study showed the schematic efforts of one school division to integrate a TBI student. This exploratory case study emphasized the importance of a proactive education treatment planning process that facilitates the transition to the school setting. The study is qualitative in design and examined the sequence of subtopics of the problem, a review of relevant literature, methods used, findings of the data collected and analyzed, and conclusions and implications from the findings. This case study is analogous to a single experiment. Data were gathered from archival records, educational records, medical records, teachers and therapists comments, friends' perceptions, family histories, recollections, and interviews with participants in the reintegration process. There were three major domains that have been extracted from the case study. The first domain, the strengths and weakness of the student in the post traumatic brain injury environment were collated, collected, and analyzed. The second domain, the adaptation of Larry involved three general sub sets: (1) Larry's self adaptation, (2) the participants' roles in the student's adaptation, and (3) other influential factors in Larry's adaptation. The third domain centers on the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies used by the school division in the reintegration process. The strengths fell into five general categories; (1) caring professional (2) existing structure for disabled students, (3) cooperation, (4) willingness of general education teachers to make accommodations, and (5) willingness of school-based clinicians to try a variety of approaches. The weaknesses consisted of seven categories; (1) little knowledge of TBI, (2) no in-house pro-active plan,(3) no historical data on TBI, (4) no written records, (5) not central structure (scattered resources), (6) no written plan, and (7) no roster teacher/case manager with authority to direct staff with TBI scenario. The study will enhance the understanding of TBI and will provide a meaningful guide to parents, educators, and school based clinicians. The results illustrated that the data base of this study contained the critical pieces of evidence, this evidence was presented neutrally, and the evidence is valid. A holistic overview of the findings included the major domains and data sources that were explored. Additionally, the integrant building blocks that support this holistic overview are provided. In conclusion this case study discusses implications and recommendations. Of note is the reconciliation of this case study with the literature on TBI. / Ed. D.

Yes / This paper uses insights from the natural resource-based view (NRBV) to examine the conditions under which proactive environmental strategy (PES) drive firm performance. Using data collected from 266 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Ghana, the results suggest that the impact of PES on firm performance is more pronounced in firms that do not purse bottom of the pyramid (BOP) orientation but not significant for firms pursuing the BOP orientation. Besides, the findings show that the influence of PES on firm performance is amplified for firms adopting imitation orientation but not significant for non-imitation oriented firms. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

The emergence of the positive psychology movement has brought the attention to individuals’ strengths and their deficits. Specifically of interest within an organisational context is the extent to which employees’ strengths are used and their deficits are improved. Specifically, organisations may provide their support for employees’ strengths use and deficit improvement, and individuals themselves can also proactively seek opportunities to use their strengths and improve their deficits. However, little attention has been paid to strengths use and deficit improvement in empirical research. One reason for this may be a lack of a clear conceptualisation of organisational support for strengths use and deficit improvement and individuals’ proactive strengths use and deficit improvement. Furthermore, this lacking conceptualisation hinders research to empirically measure these constructs, since no measuring instrument exists to measure strengths use and deficit improvement by the organisation and the individual. In addition, no empirical research has been conducted to determine whether strengths use or deficit improvement, or possibly a combined approach focusing on both, may be more beneficial for the organisation in terms of work-related outcomes such as work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Moreover, the relationship between work engagement (a well-established positive psychology construct) with organisational support for strengths use and deficit improvement and specifically individuals’ proactive strengths use and deficit improvement is unexplored. In light of the above gaps in the literature, the primary objectives of this study were: (a) To conceptualise a taxonomy of strengths use and deficit improvement and to develop and validate the Strengths Use and Deficit Improvement Questionnaire (SUDIQ) that measures four constructs, namely perceived organisational support for strengths use (POSSU), perceived organisational support for deficit improvement (POSDI), proactive behaviour towards strengths use (PBSU) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI); (b) to examine the item bias, structural equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence of the SUDIQ among South African ethnic groups; (c) to examine whether POSSU, POSDI or a combination of these two will lead to the best organisational outcomes (i.e. work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention); and (d) to determine whether (1) work engagement mediates the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and between POSDI and PBDI, or (2) whether proactive behaviour (PBSU and PBDI) mediates the relationship between POSSU and POSDI with work engagement. The above research objectives were addressed in four empirical, quantitative research articles. For the purpose of research article 1, the Strengths Use and Deficit Improvement Scale (SUDIQ) was developed by following the guidelines of DeVellis (2003). A pilot study was conducted among a heterogeneous sample (N = 241). The validation study was conducted among a heterogeneous sample (N = 699) in various industries in South Africa. For research article 2, the item bias, construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence of the SUDIQ were assessed among a heterogeneous sample (N = 858) in various South African industries. For the purpose of article 3, the relationships between POSSU, POSDI and a combined approach with the outcomes, work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention were examined among a sample of 266 public school teachers in the Western Cape. Finally, to determine the relationships between work engagement and PBSU and PBDI and also the mediation effect in a structural model, a sample of 378 employees in the financial industry was investigated. For the pilot study in article 1, an initial item pool of 33 items was generated. In the exploratory factor analysis of this pilot study, four distinct factors were extracted and were labelled perceived organisational support for strengths use (POSSU; eight items), perceived organisational support for deficit improvement (POSDI; eight items), proactive behaviour towards strengths use (PBSU; nine items) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI; eight items). The factorial validity was confirmed with a confirmatory factor analysis that confirmed the hypothesised four-factor structure of the SUDIQ. The POSSU and POSDI dimensions were positively related to autonomy and participation in decision-making, two job resources, and confirming the convergent validity of these two scales. The PBSU and PBDI scales were found to be positively related to self-efficacy, establishing the convergent validity of these two scales. The criterion-related validity was established through the positive correlation of the four SUDIQ dimensions with work engagement and the negative correlation with burnout. According to the results of the bias and equivalence analysis in article 2, the uniformly biased items included one POSSU item, two POSDI items, two PBSU items and three PBDI items. Three POSSU items were found to be non-uniformly biased. These items that were identified as having either uniform or non-uniform bias for black, white or coloured participants were discarded from further analyses. The results confirmed the SUDIQ to be equivalent across the three ethnic groups in terms of construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence. The results of research article 3 indicate that both strengths use and deficit improvement are important predictors of work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Learning was higher and turnover intention lower for individuals experiencing a combined approach compared to those believing that their school does not support them to either use their strengths or improve their deficits. Furthermore, a combined approach was associated with higher job satisfaction than a strengths-based approach, and a deficit-based approach was shown to be associated with higher levels of work engagement and turnover intentions compared to an environment where neither employees’ strengths nor deficits are addressed. Finally, in article 4, two competing models were tested where in model 1 work engagement was specified as a mediator in the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and between POSDI and PBDI. In model 2, proactive behaviour (PBSU and PBDI) was specified as a mediator in the relationship between POSSU and POSDI with work engagement. The results indicated that model 1 fitted the data better compared to model 2. Therefore, it was found that work engagement mediates the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and also between POSDI and PBDI. Recommendations were made for organisations and for future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The emergence of the positive psychology movement has brought the attention to individuals’ strengths and their deficits. Specifically of interest within an organisational context is the extent to which employees’ strengths are used and their deficits are improved. Specifically, organisations may provide their support for employees’ strengths use and deficit improvement, and individuals themselves can also proactively seek opportunities to use their strengths and improve their deficits. However, little attention has been paid to strengths use and deficit improvement in empirical research. One reason for this may be a lack of a clear conceptualisation of organisational support for strengths use and deficit improvement and individuals’ proactive strengths use and deficit improvement. Furthermore, this lacking conceptualisation hinders research to empirically measure these constructs, since no measuring instrument exists to measure strengths use and deficit improvement by the organisation and the individual. In addition, no empirical research has been conducted to determine whether strengths use or deficit improvement, or possibly a combined approach focusing on both, may be more beneficial for the organisation in terms of work-related outcomes such as work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Moreover, the relationship between work engagement (a well-established positive psychology construct) with organisational support for strengths use and deficit improvement and specifically individuals’ proactive strengths use and deficit improvement is unexplored. In light of the above gaps in the literature, the primary objectives of this study were: (a) To conceptualise a taxonomy of strengths use and deficit improvement and to develop and validate the Strengths Use and Deficit Improvement Questionnaire (SUDIQ) that measures four constructs, namely perceived organisational support for strengths use (POSSU), perceived organisational support for deficit improvement (POSDI), proactive behaviour towards strengths use (PBSU) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI); (b) to examine the item bias, structural equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence of the SUDIQ among South African ethnic groups; (c) to examine whether POSSU, POSDI or a combination of these two will lead to the best organisational outcomes (i.e. work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention); and (d) to determine whether (1) work engagement mediates the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and between POSDI and PBDI, or (2) whether proactive behaviour (PBSU and PBDI) mediates the relationship between POSSU and POSDI with work engagement. The above research objectives were addressed in four empirical, quantitative research articles. For the purpose of research article 1, the Strengths Use and Deficit Improvement Scale (SUDIQ) was developed by following the guidelines of DeVellis (2003). A pilot study was conducted among a heterogeneous sample (N = 241). The validation study was conducted among a heterogeneous sample (N = 699) in various industries in South Africa. For research article 2, the item bias, construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence of the SUDIQ were assessed among a heterogeneous sample (N = 858) in various South African industries. For the purpose of article 3, the relationships between POSSU, POSDI and a combined approach with the outcomes, work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention were examined among a sample of 266 public school teachers in the Western Cape. Finally, to determine the relationships between work engagement and PBSU and PBDI and also the mediation effect in a structural model, a sample of 378 employees in the financial industry was investigated. For the pilot study in article 1, an initial item pool of 33 items was generated. In the exploratory factor analysis of this pilot study, four distinct factors were extracted and were labelled perceived organisational support for strengths use (POSSU; eight items), perceived organisational support for deficit improvement (POSDI; eight items), proactive behaviour towards strengths use (PBSU; nine items) and proactive behaviour towards deficit improvement (PBDI; eight items). The factorial validity was confirmed with a confirmatory factor analysis that confirmed the hypothesised four-factor structure of the SUDIQ. The POSSU and POSDI dimensions were positively related to autonomy and participation in decision-making, two job resources, and confirming the convergent validity of these two scales. The PBSU and PBDI scales were found to be positively related to self-efficacy, establishing the convergent validity of these two scales. The criterion-related validity was established through the positive correlation of the four SUDIQ dimensions with work engagement and the negative correlation with burnout. According to the results of the bias and equivalence analysis in article 2, the uniformly biased items included one POSSU item, two POSDI items, two PBSU items and three PBDI items. Three POSSU items were found to be non-uniformly biased. These items that were identified as having either uniform or non-uniform bias for black, white or coloured participants were discarded from further analyses. The results confirmed the SUDIQ to be equivalent across the three ethnic groups in terms of construct equivalence, measurement unit equivalence and scalar equivalence. The results of research article 3 indicate that both strengths use and deficit improvement are important predictors of work engagement, learning, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Learning was higher and turnover intention lower for individuals experiencing a combined approach compared to those believing that their school does not support them to either use their strengths or improve their deficits. Furthermore, a combined approach was associated with higher job satisfaction than a strengths-based approach, and a deficit-based approach was shown to be associated with higher levels of work engagement and turnover intentions compared to an environment where neither employees’ strengths nor deficits are addressed. Finally, in article 4, two competing models were tested where in model 1 work engagement was specified as a mediator in the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and between POSDI and PBDI. In model 2, proactive behaviour (PBSU and PBDI) was specified as a mediator in the relationship between POSSU and POSDI with work engagement. The results indicated that model 1 fitted the data better compared to model 2. Therefore, it was found that work engagement mediates the relationship between POSSU and PBSU and also between POSDI and PBDI. Recommendations were made for organisations and for future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire. / The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between the behavior of proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, and possibly the effect of moderating standards prosocial class group and the rejection by the peer group. Specifically, linkages will be examined: 1) the main positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, 2) the moderating effect (ie, guard) first-level standards in prosocial class group on the link between proactive aggression and delinquency and 3) the moderating effect of the second level of peer rejection, given the dampening effect of the first level of prosocial norms of their class group. Two theoretical models are used to support the choice of assumptions and provide a framework in interpreting the results: The model group and model group similarity person. The data come from a sample of 327 children were assessed at six times the age of 10 years (ie, grade 4) and 15 (third year of secondary). Delinquency was measured using self-reported data by participants. Standards prosocial class group are based on average ratings made by teachers of prosocial behavior in their class. The rejection by peers was measured using sociometric assessments in group classes. The hierarchical linear regression models were used. The results show a positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency. Despite obtaining a marginal interaction coefficient, the results indicate that moderate pro-social norms, but increasing, the link between aggression and delinquency. The moderating effect of peer rejection is not as significant. These results will be discussed to better understand the link between aggression and elements of social context in which the child grows, and their involvement in the prevention of problems with aggression and delinquency in schools.

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire. / The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between the behavior of proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, and possibly the effect of moderating standards prosocial class group and the rejection by the peer group. Specifically, linkages will be examined: 1) the main positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency, 2) the moderating effect (ie, guard) first-level standards in prosocial class group on the link between proactive aggression and delinquency and 3) the moderating effect of the second level of peer rejection, given the dampening effect of the first level of prosocial norms of their class group. Two theoretical models are used to support the choice of assumptions and provide a framework in interpreting the results: The model group and model group similarity person. The data come from a sample of 327 children were assessed at six times the age of 10 years (ie, grade 4) and 15 (third year of secondary). Delinquency was measured using self-reported data by participants. Standards prosocial class group are based on average ratings made by teachers of prosocial behavior in their class. The rejection by peers was measured using sociometric assessments in group classes. The hierarchical linear regression models were used. The results show a positive link between proactive aggression in childhood and adolescent delinquency. Despite obtaining a marginal interaction coefficient, the results indicate that moderate pro-social norms, but increasing, the link between aggression and delinquency. The moderating effect of peer rejection is not as significant. These results will be discussed to better understand the link between aggression and elements of social context in which the child grows, and their involvement in the prevention of problems with aggression and delinquency in schools.

Le clivage est un mécanisme de défense dans lequel les représentations positives et négatives de soi-même et d’autrui sont séparées afin d’éviter de ressentir l’anxiété. Les stresseurs interpersonnels provoqueraient des comportements impulsifs chez les individus ayant une propension au clivage élevée. Ceci dit, les processus cognitifs associés à la propension au clivage sont inconnus. La capacité de résistance à l’interférence proactive est la capacité de résister à l’intrusion en mémoire de travail de pensées impertinentes pour la tâche en cours. Ainsi, cette capacité pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la gestion de représentations et être diminuée par les stresseurs de nature interpersonnelle. La présente étude avait pour but de vérifier l’hypothèse voulant que la résistance à l’interférence proactive diminue dans une condition d’exclusion sociale et que cet effet soit augmenté par la propension au clivage. L’échantillon comprenait 131 individus provenant d’une population non-clinique. D’abord, ils ont complété un questionnaire mesurant la propension au clivage. Ensuite, ils ont été assignés aléatoirement à une condition soit d’exclusion sociale, soit d’inclusion sociale. Finalement, ils ont effectué une tâche de résistance à l’interférence proactive. Dans la condition d’exclusion, les participants commettent davantage d’erreurs sur les cibles négatives non récentes que sur les cibles négatives récentes à la tâche de résistance à l’interférence proactive. Aucune interaction n’a été obtenue entre la propension au clivage et les conditions sociales. Conséquemment, les processus cognitifs associés à la propension au clivage demeurent inconnus, mais des pistes d’explication sont explorées du point de vue méthodologique pour les recherches futures. / Splitting refers to a defense mechanism by which the positively and negatively charged representations of self and others are separated in order to protect oneself from several anxiety. Interpersonal stresses play a major role in triggering impulsive behaviors among individuals with a high splitting usage. However, the cognitive processes associated with the usage of splitting are unknown. Resistance to proactive interference is the ability to resist memory intrusions from irrelevant previously learned information. This cognitive ability might, thus, play an important role in regulating representations and be decreased by interpersonal stress. It is hypothesized that the resistance to proactive interference would decrease during social exclusion and this effect would be function of splitting use frequency. The sample consisted of 131 nonclinical individuals from student and general population. They completed a self-report splitting questionnaire. Then, they were randomly assigned to rejection or inclusion conditions on an interpersonal task. Finally, they performed a resistance to proactive interference task. In the rejection condition, the error rate on negative probes trials was higher than recent negative probes trials. Splitting usage did not interact with social condition in predicting the error rate in the resistance to proactive interference task. Consequently, the cognitive processes associated to splitting usage remain unknown but explanations are explored in a methodological view for future researches.

La maintenance de flottes de systèmes mobiles dans le monde du transport et de la logistique revêt de nos jours une importance croissante de par l’augmentation des attentes des exploitants et opérateurs en termes de sécurité, de fiabilité, de suivi, de diagnostic et de maintenance de ces systèmes. Dans ce contexte, Les mainteneurs des flottes doivent souvent faire face à d'énormes quantités de données brutes, informations et événements de surveillance liés aux contexte de leurs systèmes. De plus, ces événements, données et informations manquent souvent de précision et sont souvent contradictoires ou obsolètes. Enfin, le degré d'urgence des décisions de maintenance est rarement pris en compte. Ce travail est consacré à la proposition et à la mise au point d’une architecture de surveillance pour l’aide à la maintenance d’une flotte de systèmes mobiles. Cette architecture, appelée EMH², est destinée à faciliter le diagnostic et le suivi de ce type de flotte. Elle est construite sur les principes holoniques, des plus bas (capteurs) aux plus hauts niveaux (ensemble d’une flotte de systèmes mobiles). Elle se base également sur une standardisation des événements traités afin de traiter les données de manière générique. Cette architecture, indépendante des types de systèmes surveillés et de leur niveau hiérarchique, peut devenir l'épine dorsale d’une stratégie efficace de maintenance proactive d’une flotte. Une méthodologie de déploiement est ainsi proposée. Une étude en simulation et une application sur une flotte de 10 trains actuellement en service est présentée. / The maintenance of mobile systems fleets in the world of transport and logistics is of increasing importance today due to the increasing expectations of operators in terms of safety, reliability, monitoring, diagnosis and maintenance of these systems. In this context, fleet maintainers often have to deal with huge amounts of raw data, information and monitoring events related to the context of their systems. Moreover, these events, data and information are often lack precision and often contradictory or obsolete. Finally, the urgency of maintenance decisions is rarely taken into account. This work is devoted to the proposal and the development of a monitoring architecture to help maintain a fleet of mobile systems. This architecture, called EMH², is intended to facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of this type of fleet. It is built on holonic principles, from the lowest (sensors) to the highest levels (a whole fleet of mobile systems). It is also based on a standardization of processed events in order to process the data generically. This architecture, independent of the types of systems monitored and their hierarchical level, can become the backbone of an effective strategy for proactive fleet maintenance. A deployment methodology is thus proposed. A simulation study and an application on a fleet of 10 trains currently in service is presented.