Diarrhoeas in calves pose one of the most serious risks of calf management and cause economic losses. This is the reason why the objective of this paper was to evaluate in operation conditions the effect of selected dietary supplements on the frequency of diarrhoea occurrence in calves in the first stages of the period after weaning for milk nutrition. An agricultural enterprise where the workers were willing to cooperate and provide the biological material was selected: ZEFA Volary. In 2005 {--} 2008 calves were examined from 3 to 6 weeks of age on average. After filling the facility, the calves were divided into a control and experimental group. Blood and faeces samples were taken in selected calves of both groups and subsequently they were evaluated. The calves were treated with dietary supplements and their effect on the frequency of diarrhoeas was subsequently evaluated on the basis of the results of blood examination and recorded data (diarrhoea occurrence, diarrhoea duration, length of treatment, method and length of treatment, date of filling the facility and date of calf load-out, weight at the time of filling and load-out). The results were summarised and evaluated by a statistical programme (STATISTICA 7.0.). No statistically significant difference was proved between the particular calves of the control and experimental group. Based on our observations the effects of the treatment with dietary supplements on the frequency of diarrhoea occurrence in calves were not satisfactory in the first stages of the period after weaning for milk nutrition. But it is to state that some tendencies to reach a higher average weight gain were observed in calves of the experimental group in applied dietary supplements even though these results were statistically insignificant.

The intestinal microflora is an extensive ecosystem of microorganisms that consists of symbiotic and pathogenic species. The microflora is responsible for many important functions in the human body. An unquestionable function is that it affects the health state of the host. The higher the biodiversity, the greater the benefit for the host. However, it is necessary to point out that this should not include a high diversity of pathogenic bacterial species. There are many "beneficial" species, especially from the Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus families. In recent decades, the popularity of supplementing these "beneficial" species with various supplementary diets (e.g. probiotics) has been growing a lot. The presented diploma thesis deals with pilot studies of liquid commercial probiotic preparations from American companies Ascended Health (not available on the Czech market) and their effects on the human microbiome. The study involved 9 volunteers who provided 70 fecal samples before, during, and after use of the studied products. Two methods were used to determine the biodiversity of intestinal bacterial species. Both are based on the identification by bacterial DNA that encodes gene 16S rRNA. The first method uses PCR-DGGE technique and then identification by Sanger sequencing. The second method...

Mjölksyrabakterier är mikroorganismer som bildar mjölksyra när de bryter ned socker. Dessa bakterier förekommer naturligt i människans kropp och tillhör tarmens normalflora. De hjälper dessutom till med att skydda människan från patogena mikroorganismer. Maten som intas idag innehåller mycket lite av mjölksyrabakterier och bör därför berikas på annat sätt. BioGaia som är ett svenskt bioteknikföretag, har forskat på mjölksyrabakterien Limosilactobacillus reuteri och substansen reuterin. BioGaias produkter innehåller mjölksyrabakterien Limosilactobacillus reuteri som bidrar till en balanserad tarmflora. Stabilitetsstudier är en viktig aspekt när en ny produkt utvecklas där produktens hållbarhet behöver undersökas under olika förhållanden. Haltbestämningen som är en del av stabilitetsstudien, görs idag på bakterier i de olika produkterna på BioGaia med plattmetoden, d.v.s. bakterieodlingar. Processen för plattmetoden tar cirka tre dagar tills att ett resultat kan fås. Syftet med studien var att jämföra plattmetoden med flödescytometri på probiotiska prover, för att se om resultatet av haltbestämningen av antalet levande bakterier blir samma med de olika metoderna och om det är möjligt att ersätta plattmetoden med flödescytometri för probiotiska prover. Studien har visat att skillnaden mellan resultatet från plattmetoden och flödescytometrin på probiotiska prover, är större än förväntat. Storleken på skillnaden varierar mellan prover. Resultatet har dock inte ett tydligt mönster som gör det möjligt att avgöra ifall det är möjligt att ersätta plattmetoden med flödescytometri.

This diploma thesis deals with encapsulation of natural extracts. In the theoretical part the methods of encapsulation, materials for particle preparation, as well as application of encapsulation techniques in food industry were described. In experimental part selected natural extracts of propolis, green barley and probiotics were characterized. There substances were encapsulated into alginate and chitosan. In the total of 25 types of prepared particles long-term stability in some model physiological conditions as well as in four different model foods was evaluated. Additionally, stability of selected particles in several real milk-based products was followed too. The stability of particles was determined spectroptohometrically. In natural extract a content of polyphenols, proteins, chlorophylls, as well as total antioxidant activity were analysed. To analysis of probiotics optical and fluorescence microscopy were used. In propolis and green barley antimicrobial activity was tested too. Moreover, in the sample of propolis also cytotoxic assay was applied. Agar-chitosan was chosen as the best shell material for propolis due to its optimal stability in model physiological conditions as well as model foods. Liposomes were evaluated as unstable and were not recommended for further application. As the suitable shell material for powdered green barley starch-alginate (rate 1:4) and agar-chitosan were proposed, while the second one showed better stability for released proteins. Agar-chitosan shell material was usable for fresh green barley too. For probiotics encapsulation alginate or alginate-starch were chosen because of their porosity and possibility of nutrients diffusion. In real foods the best results were reached with application of probiotic particles into milk. Coencapsulation of powdered barley and probiotics did not confirm inhibition of culture growth. Neither the antimicrobial effect of propolis and barley nor the cytotoxic effect of propolis were confirmed.

Probiotics products are an integral part of the current market. Products containing probiotics cultures are also cosmetic products. The first part of the study focuses on testing of bacterial survival abilities in the environment of preservatives presented in cosmetic products. Collection strains of genus Lactobacillus were used for these tests. Another part of the study focuses on isolation of bacterial DNA from probiotic cosmetic products Ryor, Yoghurt of Bulgaria, FeminaMed and Lactovit Activit in PCR-ready quality. DNA was isolated by fenol extraction and with magnetic particles. Presence of bacteria was proved by genus and species specific PCRs Lactobacillus. Species specific PCR for identification of Lactobacillus pentosus was optimalized. Species identification was in accord with data declared by producers.

A breeding colony of lorises kept in the Institute for Functional Morphology at Ruhr-University Bochum got sick from 1995 on, after developing a dysbacteriosis. After diagnosis of an enteritis, a still relatively new treatment with the prebiotic t.p. was tried. The goal of the treatment was to re-establish the balance of the intestinal microflora determined in the status present, and to thus secure survival and improved health of the animals. In the literature part, the meaning of the intestinal microflora for different organs is described.

Bakgrund: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) karakteriseras av obehag i magtarmkanalen och förändrade avföringsvanor. Sjukdomen delas in i subtyperna IBS-C (förstoppning), IBS-D (diarré), IBS-M (blandad) och IBS-U (odiagnostiserad). Patofysiologin och etiologin är inte klarlagd, men bland annat störd tarmflora och inflammation har föreslagits. Prevalensen är 10-20 %. Denna litteraturstudie fokuserar på probiotika som behandling vid IBS-D, ett område med ökat intresse inom forskningen.  Syfte och Metod: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka effekten och säkerheten av probiotika Clostridium butyricum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Bio-Kult® samt BIO-25 på IBS-D patienter. Sökning i den medicinska databasen PubMed januari 2021 genererade 5 dubbelblindade, randomiserade, placebokontrollerade studier. Resultat: Bio-Kult® och Clostridium butyricum resulterade i signifikant skillnad på symtom jämfört med placebo. Den förstnämnda hade inga biverkningar, medan den senare medförde åtta biverkningsfall. Saccharomyces boulardii förbättrade interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), IL-10 och IL-10/IL-12 kvoten, men inte symtomen jämfört med placebo. Nära hälften av deltagarna fick lättare biverkningar. BIO-25 medförde en förbättrad tarmflora vad gäller Lactococcus och Lactobacillus, men det gav inga symtomförbättringar jämfört med placebo. Inga biverkningar upptäcktes. Quality of Life (QOL) förbättrades i alla studier där variabeln mättes. Slutsats: Liksom tidigare studier av andra forskare genererade artiklarna i detta arbete ett tvetydigt utfall. En anledning till det varierande resultatet kan härledas till placeboeffekten. En del av resultaten är hoppingivande, speciellt när det gäller QOL. Samtidigt antyder undersökningarna att probiotikans effekt är beroende av tarmflorans sammansättning. Saccharomyces boulardii förbättrade IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10 och IL-10/IL-12 kvoten, medan BIO-25 förbättrade Lactococcus och Lactobacillus. Fyra av fem studier hade en bra biverkningsprofil. Slutsatsen blir att probiotika har viss effekt på IBS-D patienter och få biverkningar. Fler och större studier behövs för att få en klarare bild av probiotikans effekt och biverkningar på IBS-D patienter. / Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by discomfort in gastrointestinal tract and change in the bowel motility. The subtypes of the disease are diveded into IBS-C (constipation), IBS-D (diarrhea), IBS-M (mixed) and IBS-U (undefined). The pathophysiology and etiology are incompletely understood but changed gut microbiota and inflammation has been proposed among other things as the underlying causes. The prevalence is 10-20 %. This study focused on probiotics as a treatment for IBS-D, which has been used during the last decade in the treatment of the disease. Purpose and method: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of Clostridium butyricum, Saccharomyces boulardii, Bio-Kult® and BIO-25 on IBS-D patients. Searches in the medical database PubMed in January 2021 resulted in 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Results: Bio-Kult® and Clostridium butyricum resulted in significant differences compared with placebo. The prior had no adverse events, while the latter had eight adverse events. Saccharomyces boulardii improved interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), IL-10 och IL-10/IL-12 ratio, but not the symptoms compared with placebo. Nearly fifty percent of the patients had mild adverse events. BIO-25 resulted in improved Lactococcus and Lactobacillus but showed no improvements in symptoms compared with placebo. No adverse events were discovered. Quality of Life (QOL) improved in all studies the variable was measured. Conclusion: The outcome of this study was inconclusive and thus similar to previous studies. One of the reasons for the various outcomes can be derived from the placebo effect. In some of the results the use of probiotic treatment were positive, especially when it comes to the improvement of QOL. The studies suggested that the effect of probiotics is dependent on the composition of the gut microbiota. Saccharomyces boulardii improved IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10 och IL-10/IL-12 kvoten, while BIO-25 improved Lactococcus och Lactobacillus. Four out of five studies had a good outcome when it comes to adverse events. The conclusion of this thesis is that probiotics have some effect on IBS-D patients and few adverse events. Larger studies need to be done to evaluate the effect of probiotics and its adverse events.

Aus E. coli bestehende probiotische Produkte wie Mutaflor (Ardeypharm, Herdecke) und Symbioflor 2 (SymbioPharm, Herborn) werden seit Jahrzehnten erfolgreich für die Behandlung gastroenterologischer Erkrankungen verwendet. Die Probiotika gelten aufgrund der langjährigen Erfahrung als sicher. Seit ca. 20 Jahren werden zunehmend Studien ins Leben gerufen, welche sowohl die Wirkung der Produkte klinisch bestätigen als auch die bisher unbekannten Wirkmechanismen aufklären sollen. Das in Mutaflor enthaltene Bakterium E. coli Nissle 1917 wurde bereits erfolgversprechend in klinischen Studien zur Remissionserhaltung bei Colitis ulcerosa getestet und wird seither als therapeutische Alternative zur Standardmedikation eingesetzt. Auch die Wirkung von Symbioflor 2 bei Erwachsenen und Kindern mit Reizdarmsyndrom konnte in ersten klinischen Studien belegt werden. Es gibt bereits zahlreiche Forschungsarbeiten mit E. coli Nissle 1917, die sich mit der molekularen Charakterisierung des Stamms befassen. Auch das Genom des Stamms wurde sequenziert. Dennoch fehlen schlüssige Argumente, welche Gene, Genprodukte und molekularen Mechanismen den probiotischen Effekt von EcN bewirken. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde nun das Produkt Symbioflor 2 näher untersucht. Es besteht aus den sechs E. coli-Genomotypen G1/2, G3/10, G4/9, G5, G6/7 und G8, die ursprünglich aus dem Habitat eines Spenders isoliert wurden. Alle sechs Genome inklusive der insgesamt zwölf natürlich enthaltenen Plasmide wurden sequenziert, annotiert und manuell nachbearbeitet. Die sechs E. coli-Genomotypen repräsentieren zusammen das im Produkt Symbioflor 2 enthaltene Pangenom. Somit konnten genomisch kodierte Virulenz- und Fitnessfaktoren analysiert werden. Ein Vergleich mit einer Vielzahl anderer bisher sequenzierter E. coli ermöglichte eine Einordnung der Symbioflor 2 E. coli in das Cluster der apathogenen E. coli. Unter Verwendung eines in vitro Testsystems mit humanen intestinalen Epithelzellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die probiotischen Stämme E. coli Nissle 1917 und E. coli G3/10 im Gegensatz zu Kontrollstämmen die Adhärenz enteropathogener E. coli signifikant hemmen. In weiteren Versuchen konnten dann kleine ribosomal synthetisierte und antibakteriell wirksame Moleküle, in EcN die Mikrozine M und H47, für diesen Effekt verantwortlich gemacht werden. In der Folge wurde auch in E. coli G3/10 ein neues, bisher unbeschriebenes Mikrozin detektiert, welches Mikrozin S genannt wird. Zudem konnten vier Gene auf dem Plasmid pSYM1 lokalisiert werden, die unterschiedliche Funktionen bei der Produktion von Mikrozin S haben. Zwei der Gene kodieren am Transport beteiligte Proteine. Ein kleiner Leserahmen konnte als das Mikrozin S-kodierende Gen mcsS identifiziert werden. Ein weiteres Gen vermittelt eine Immunität gegenüber Mikrozin S. Seine Expression in einem zuvor sensitiven Stamm macht diesen resistent gegenüber der Wirkung von Mikrozin S. Erst im September 2011 erfolgte ein erster Eintrag in die NCBI-Datenbank, in dem die Gensequenz von mcsS plasmidkodiert in einer Shigelle annotiert als hypothetisches Protein aufgeführt ist. Dem Gen wurde keine Funktion zugewiesen. Wird die Expression von mcsS in dem E. coli-Laborstamm MDS42 in Abwesenheit eines Immunitätsproteins induziert, wirkt das Peptid toxisch auf die bakteriellen Zellen. Mikrozin S kann zudem anhand seiner Aminosäuresequenz und der genetischen Organisation in die Mikrozine-Klasse IIa eingeordnet werden. Mikrozine können vielfältig verwendet werden, haben jedoch im Vergleich zu Bakteriozinen Gram-positiver Bakterien bisher zu wenig Beachtung gefunden. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten liegen in der Lebensmittelindustrie, der Human- und Veterinärmedizin, wo Mikrozin S nah verwandte Gram-negative Bakterien im Wachstum hemmen bzw. abtöten könnte. Zum Beispiel wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Wirkung von E. coli Nissle 1917 und E. coli G3/10 auf enterohämorrhagische E. coli in vitro getestet. Es wird gezeigt, dass das von E. coli G3/10 gebildete Mikrozin S eine Adhärenzminderung aller verwendeten EHEC-Stämme an humane intestinale Epithelzellen vermittelt. Da EcN nur einen der vier getesteten EHEC-Stämme inhibiert, wurden Untersuchungen begonnen, die die Ursache dafür thematisieren. Die in dieser Arbeit generierten Ergebnisse bilden die Grundlage für weitere Studien zu den in dem Produkt Symbioflor 2 enthaltenen E. coli. Zudem können umfangreiche Analysen von Mikrozin S, wie die Reinigung des Proteins, seine Produktion in großem Maßstab und die Testung von Anwendungsmöglichkeiten fortgeführt werden.

Diploma thesis deals with new technologies, which could be used in the ice cream manufacture. First three theoretical parts are about casual ingredients and ice cream manufacture process. Last two parts are dedicated to food with beneficial bacteria and how it influences human body. The practical part is devoted to ice cream manufacture from different milk based and plant based ice cream mixes with carob addition as a stabilizer and probiotics bacteria, which were incorporated to the mixes in different times of activations. Sensory evaluation proved, that replacement of milk has positive effect to the ice cream just as the probiotic incorporation, which causes pleasant yoghurt taste. Microbiological analysis proved sufficient content of living bacteria and therefore a benefical impact on human health.

En urinvägsinfektion (UVI) är ett samlingsnamn för infektioner som förekommer i urinvägarna och som drabbar cirka 2% av Sveriges befolkning under deras första levnadsår. Urinvägsinfektionen orsakas främst av tarmbakterier och den mest förekommande patogenen är den gramnegativa Escherichia coli. Då en infektion kan uppstå på flera ställen i urinvägarna så har den olika namn. En infektion i blåsan kallas för cystit och en infektion som spridit sig till de övre urinvägarna och njurarna kallas för pyleonefrit. En anledning till att infektionen fortskrider till pyelonefrit kan vara på grund av vesikoureteral reflux (VUR). Detta innebär att urin flödar tillbaka från urinblåsan och upp genom urinledaren mot njurarna. Detta ökar även risken för recidiverande UVI. I många fall kräver detta minst tre antibiotikabehandlingar per år, vilket i sin tur ökar risken för en utvecklad antibiotikaresistens. Forskare försöker därför komma på alternativ som kan hjälpa till att förebygga nya infektioner. Ett exempel på ett sådant alternativ är probiotika. Det är levande organismer som i rätt mängd kan vara fördelaktiga för personens hälsa. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är därför att undersöka om antibiotika och probiotika som profylax kan minska risken för en återkommande UVI. Därmed kunde även eventuella nackdelar med de två behandlingssätten studeras. För att kunna göra detta granskades sex stycken studier som undersökte effekten av antibiotika och/eller probiotika i samband med återkommande UVI hos barn. Slutsatsen är att det inte det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad i effekten mellan trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol och andra generationens cefalosporiner eller Lactobacillus acidophilus. Däremot kan ett ökat antal stammar av probiotika i jämförelse med placebo vara fördelaktigt i syfte att förebygga en återkommande UVI. / A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a collective name for an infection that occurs in the urinary tract and it affects about 2% of Sweden's population during their first year of life. The urinary tract infection is caused mainly by intestinal bacteria and the most common pathogen is the gram-negative E. coli. The infection can occur in different parts of the urinary tract, and it is therefore called by different names. An infection of the bladder is called cystitis and an infection that has spread to the upper urinary tract and kidneys is called pyelonephritis. One of the reasons leading to progression of an infection to pyelonephritis is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). VUR implies that urine flows back from the bladder and up through the ureter, towards the kidneys. This also increases the risk of recurrent UTI. In many cases, this requires at least three antibiotic treatments per year, which in turn increases the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. Researchers are therefore trying to come up with alternatives that can help prevent new infections. An example of such an alternative is probiotics, which are a live bacteria. The most common probiotics are bacteria that belong to the genera called Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Different types of probiotics may have different effects and they can be beneficial to a person´s health when ingested in the right amount. The purpose of this literature study is therefore to investigate whether antibiotics, in comparison with probiotics can reduce the risk of a recurrent UTI, and thereby examine the possible disadvantages of the two treatment methods. To be able to do this, six studies were examined that studied the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics in connection with recurrent UTI in children. It is concluded that there is no significant difference in the effect between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and second-generation cephalosporins or Lactobacillus acidophilus. However, an increased number of strains of probiotics may be beneficial compared to placebo in order to prevent a recurrent UTI.