Traditional socialization theories suggest that parents shape their children, and parents’ socialization strategies are decided upon largely independent of the children. These ideas, however, have received criticism. In this dissertation, I focus on how children and adolescents influence their parents’ behaviors. Specifically, I examine parents’ reactions to problematic behaviors in their adolescents. In the three studies, I presented theoretical models that offered explanations why parents react as they do to problematic behaviors in their adolescents. In these models, parents’ cognitions worked as mechanisms to explain their subsequent reactions. The overall pattern in the studies was that parents tended to shift in cognitions about their own role as parents and their adolescents’ behaviors when they were faced with problematic behaviors, which influenced their behaviors toward their adolescents. In Study I, parents became less strictly opposed to adolescent drinking when they encountered their adolescents intoxicated. This reaction was explained by a reduction in dissonance between their attitudes to adolescent drinking and their knowledge of their own adolescents’ drinking. In Study II and Study III, parents of adolescents with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems (HIA) reported that their adolescents did not respond to their attempts to correct their behaviors. This cognition made them feel powerless and, as a consequence, they increased in negative behaviors and decreased in positive parenting strategies. In these two studies, parents decreased in their thoughts of being able to deal with their adolescents’ misbehaviors. In addition, as was shown in the third study, these cognitions seem to be influenced by parents’ earlier experiences with their first-born children. In sum, the results of this dissertation suggest that adolescents influence their parents’ cognitions and behaviors. Further, the results highlight the importance of focusing on how parents’ ways of thinking influence their parenting strategies.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2925.pdf: 1402072 bytes, checksum: 71ea0b75cf31d0721a95106db282b473 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The literature has produced evidence that: (a) the early assessment and intervention in social skills can prevent and overcome problematic behaviors; (b) in the case of assessment, there are limits and advantages to different procedures generally used as well as a consensus about the importance of the multimodal design; (c) studies that investigate the relation among data obtained using different procedures, such as observation and informants reports are still scarce, mainly, with preschoolers; (d) analyzes of convergences and divergences between informants reports and between different procedures can produce important information to plan intervention to promote social skills and reduce problem behaviors in the childhood. In this way, the present study had as objectives: (1) To verify similarities and differences in the assessment of social competence with comparisons among four groups of children (with good social skills repertoire - SSB; with internalizing problematic behaviors - IPB, externalizing - EPB e mixed - MPB) in each kind of assessment (mother s report, teacher s report and observation) and comparing the three kinds of assessment to each group; (2) To characterize convergences and divergences between different informants and procedures, with comparisons among groups and intragroups. Based on a sample of 152 children evaluated by Preschool Kindergarten Behaviors Scales (PKBS), 26 children were selected and distributed to each one of the groups. These children participated in five structured situations that were recorded and analyzed by judges previously trained. In the interviews, mothers and teachers reported how the children s performance in each structured situation would have been. The data were analyzed by descriptive and non-parametric inferential statistics. The results indicated that: (1) to each group, the evaluation of social competence by mother s and teacher s reports and by observation were consistent; (2) only the teacher s evaluation differentiated the groups - the children of CHS group presented the best scores of social skills and the CPI group, the worst scores; (3) the convergences between report s data and of observation, in general, were the highest in the CHS group and the lowest in CPI group, except to comparison between mother report and observation, with the most convergence to CPE group. Possible reasons to explain the lowest convergence in the group CPI are highlighted, and methodological, clinical and educational implications are discussed, suggesting plans of intervention based on these results. / A literatura tem produzido evidências de que: (a) a avaliação e a intervenção precoces em habilidades sociais podem constituir caminho para prevenção ou superação de comportamentos problemáticos; (b) no caso da avaliação, há limites e vantagens para os diferentes procedimentos geralmente utilizados e um consenso quanto à importância de um delineamento multimodal (c) ainda são escassos os estudos que investigam a relação entre dados obtidos a partir de diferentes procedimentos, como observação e relato de informantes, especialmente junto a pré-escolares; (d) análises de convergências e divergências entre relatos de informantes e entre procedimentos podem produzir resultados relevantes para o planejamento de intervenções voltadas para a promoção de habilidades sociais e a redução de comportamentos problemáticos na infância. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivos: (1) Verificar semelhanças e diferenças quanto à avaliação de competência social comparando-se quatro grupos de crianças (com bom repertório de comportamentos das classes de habilidades sociais CHS; com comportamentos problemáticos internalizantes CPI; extenalizantes CPE; e mistos - CPM) em cada tipo de avaliação (relato da mãe, relato da professora e observação) e comparando-se os três tipos de avaliação em cada grupo; (2) Caracterizar convergências e divergências entre diferentes informantes e procedimento, com comparações entre grupos e intragrupos. Com base em uma amostra de 152 crianças avaliadas por meio da Escala de Comportamentos Sociais para Pré-Escolares (PKBS-Br), 26 crianças foram selecionadas e alocadas para cada um desses quatro grupos. As crianças participaram de cinco situações estruturadas que foram filmadas e analisadas por juízes previamente treinados. Em entrevista, mães e professoras relataram como teria sido o desempenho das crianças em cada situação estruturada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial não paramétrica. Os resultados indicaram que: (1) para cada grupo, as avaliações de competência social por observação, por relato de mães e de professoras foram consistentes; (2) somente a avaliação por relato das professoras diferenciou os grupos, sendo que as crianças do grupo CHS apresentaram melhores escores de competência social e as do CPI, os piores escores; (3) as convergências entre dados de relato e de observação, no geral, foram maiores no grupo CHS e menores no CPI, exceto para a comparação entre relato de mães e observação, com maior convergência no grupo CPE. Destacam-se possíveis razões para a menor convergência no grupo CPI e são discutidas implicações metodológicas, clínicas e educacionais desses resultados, sugerindo-se planejamentos de intervenção neles embasados.

Contrairement aux parents de la population générale, ceux présentant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) sont plus à risque d’être référés à la protection de la jeunesse, ainsi que de perdre la garde de leur enfant. Malgré que plusieurs programmes d’intervention parentale soient disponibles pour soutenir les parents, la plupart ne sont pas adaptés au fonctionnement d’apprentissage des personnes présentant une DI. Le programme The Family Game est un outil conçu spécifiquement pour les parents présentant une DI dans le but d’enseigner des stratégies parentales positives et d’augmenter la coopération de l’enfant. Sous forme de jeu, le programme enseigne trois stratégies parentales : a) donner des consignes claires, b) renforcer les comportements coopératifs et c) corriger les comportements inappropriés de l’enfant. Une première étude expérimentale a évalué le programme The Family Game auprès de deux mères présentant une DI et ayant un enfant âgé de 10 et 14 ans (Tahir et al., 2015). Les résultats suggèrent une amélioration des stratégies parentales enseignées chez les mères et des résultats variables quant à la généralisation des apprentissages. Dans cette perspective, d’autres études expérimentales sont nécessaires afin de mesurer les effets de ce programme. Ce projet de mémoire visait à évaluer l’efficacité du programme The Family Game sur les stratégies parentales positives auprès de parents présentant une DI. Un couple de parents présentant une DI légère et une DI moyenne et ayant un enfant âgé de 3 ans ont complété l’étude. Un protocole à niveaux de base multiples en fonction des stratégies parentales à enseigner a été utilisé pour évaluer les effets du programme. Les résultats de cette étude sont similaires aux résultats de la recherche menée par Tahir et al. (2015). Ils indiquent une amélioration de l’utilisation des trois stratégies parentales chez le couple et un maintien des apprentissages un mois après le programme. La généralisation des apprentissages était toutefois variable chez les deux parents. En somme, le programme The Family Game montre des résultats encourageants auprès des parents présentant une DI. Cependant, des stratégies supplémentaires, comme la rétroaction par vidéo, devraient être intégrées au programme afin de favoriser la généralisation des apprentissages. / Unlike parents in the general population, parents with an intellectual disability (ID) are more at risk of being referred to youth protection as well as losing custody of their child. Although several parental intervention programs are available to support parents, most are not adapted to the learning functioning of individuals with ID. The Family Game is a training program designed specifically for parents with ID for improving the cooperation of the child by teaching positive behavior management strategies. The program uses a board game format to teach three parenting strategies: a) providing clear instructions, b) reinforcing cooperative behaviors, and c) correcting inappropriate behaviors. A first experimental study evaluated The Family Game program with two mothers with ID and children aged 10 and 14 (Tahir et al., 2015). The results suggest an improvement in the parenting strategies taught and variable results regarding the generalization of learning. Thus, further experimental studies are needed to measure the effects of this program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of The Family Game program on positive parenting strategies of parents with an ID. A couple of parents with mild and moderate ID with a 3-year-old child participated in the study. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to assess program effects. The results of the study are similar to those reported by Tahir et al. (2015). We observed improvements in the use of the three parenting strategies by the father and the mother as well as maintenance of learning one month after the program. However, the generalization of learning remained variable for both parents. In sum, The Family Game program shows promising results with parents with ID. However, additional strategies, such as video feedback, should be integrated into the program to support generalization.