The problem is to determine whether there exists a common body of procedures being followed by labor/management arbitrators in the United States. The agreement to arbitrate grievance disputes is the quid pro quo for an agreement not to strike. Currently some 95 per cent of all United States labor agreements provide for arbitration as the final step in the grievance procedure. Arbitration has increased at a steady pace over the years. The American Arbitration Association reports a 330 per cent increase in the number of cases between 1966 and 1975. A study, by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, has found a 300 per cent increase in cases closed between 1968 and 1978. This increase in the use of arbitration to resolve industrial disputes shows the need to analyze the hearing procedures. The results of a study of this type are useful to all concerned in the labor arbitration process.

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Yes / Angiography is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in endovascular interventions. Training interventional procedures is a big challenge, due to the complexity of the procedures with the changes of measurement and visualization in blood flow rate, volume, and image contrast. In this paper, we present a novel virtual reality-based 3D interactive training platform for angiography procedure training. We propose a multi-fluid flow approach with a novel corresponding non-slip boundary condition to simulate the effect of diffusion between the blood and contrast media. A novel syringe device tool is also designed as an add-on hardware to the 3D software simulation system to model haptics through real physical interactions to enhance the realism of the simulation-based training. Experimental results show that the system can simulate realistic blood flow in complex blood vessel structures. The results are validated by visual comparisons between real angiography images and simulations. By combining the proposed software and hardware, our system is applicable and scalable to many interventional radiology procedures. Finally, we have tested the system with clinicians to assess its efficacy for virtual reality-based medical training. / National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 61402278, the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 14ZR1415800, Research Program of Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Motion Picture Special Effects grant number 16dz2251300, Shanghai University Film Peak Discipline, and Shanxi Natural Science Technology Foundation grant number 2016JZ026.

The purpose of this study was to analyze a nonunion grievance procedure and its relationship to employee attitudes toward their jobs and toward unionization. The analysis had three main focuses of concern. First, an investigation was made of the underlying dimensions of grievance procedures. Second, an assessment was made of employee satisfaction with a unique grievance procedure established for their use. Areas of inquiry were selected based on the concept of procedure multidimensionality. Third, the relationship between employee perceptions of the grievance procedure, job satisfaction, and employee attitudes toward union representation were investigated. This line of inquiry was based on the proposition that the availability of a grievance procedure in a nonunion setting reduces the likelihood that employees will perceive a need for union representation, and that the strength of this association depends on the procedure's acceptability to the employees. The findings show the presence of five salient subdimensions of grievance procedures, that is, critical elements necessary for such a system to be judged acceptable for use by employees for resolving work related problems. Moreover, the data lends strong support for the belief that satisfaction with a grievance procedure available for use is strongly associated with an individual's intention to vote for representation by a labor union if given the opportunity to do so. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

"Just cause" legislation, refers to any local, state, or national law which would provide, to all workers, protection from arbitrary and capricious termination from employment. Under such a law, employers could be required to establish just or reasonable cause for discharging an employee. Such legislation has been proposed, but not enacted, in several states. The purpose of the research was to determine the probable impact of just cause legislation on the discipline and discharge procedures of nonunion, private sector employers if such legislation is enacted. A review of just cause legislative proposals was conducted in order to determine what standards of just cause would be required under such laws. Since every proposal favored the use of arbitration to resolve discharge disputes, model standards of procedural just cause were derived from arbitration decisions and literature written by arbitrators and other labor authorities. A sample of nonunion, private sector manufacturing firms in Virginia was surveyed with a mailed questionnaire in order to identify employers' current procedures for disciplining and discharging employees. After an analysis of the results of the survey, conclusions were drawn based on a comparison of the survey results to the model standards of just cause. In general, it was concluded that if just cause legislation is enacted employers would need to: undertake a better investigation of mitigating circumstances prior to taking disciplinary action, provide more consistent enforcement and application of rules, and improve the overall formality and documentation of discipline and discharge procedures and actions. / M.S.

The purposes of this study were threefold. The first was to describe the policies and procedures currently in place in the Commonwealth of Virginia for evaluating the superintendent in Virginia's school divisions. The second purpose was to examine and compare the evaluation practices reported by the superintendent with those considered "best practices" nationally as developed from a review of the literature. The last purpose of the study was to determine whether Virginia school superintendent evaluation policies and procedures vary according to the selected variables of size and expenditures per pupil of the school division. This descriptive study was designed to describe the policies and procedures currently used in the Commonwealth of Virginia to evaluate public school superintendents. A questionnaire was used to survey the public school superintendents to get their perspective on the evaluation policies and procedures utilized by school boards to evaluate their performance. Data were reported in frequencies and percentages. / Ed. D.

Na aviação, os procedimentos para situações anormais e de emergência, geralmente organizados em checklists compilados no Quick Reference Handbook (QRH), são elaborados e revisados como mecanismos de controle organizacional. Esta abordagem, no entanto, tem mostrado limitações em servir como solução para todos os tipos de situações, principalmente para problemas não estruturados. Neste cenário, o conceito ‘procedimentos como recursos para a ação’ tem sido visto como uma abordagem alternativa, embora tenha sido desenvolvida apenas de forma incipiente. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi propor um protocolo para revisão dos procedimentos disponíveis em cockpits de aviões comerciais como apoio aos pilotos durante a gestão de anomalia. Para atingir o objetivo, a pesquisa adotou a Design Science Research e foi dividida em quatro etapas: compressão do problema, sugestão e desenvolvimento, avaliação e conclusão. Um estudo etnográfico cognitivo conduzido em uma companhia aérea brasileira propiciou melhor entendimento do problema por meio de observações participantes, entrevistas retrospectivas, entrevistas em grupo, dados secundários e documentos técnicos. Os resultados mostraram como fatores contextuais fora do escopo do QRH geraram demandas extras e requereram estratégias de adaptação dos sistemas cognitivos correlacionados. Fragmentos do QRH e de recursos adicionais foram intercalados para apoiar essas estratégias. As sugestões de melhorias envolveram a reorganização do QRH, dos checklists e dos recursos adicionais, a fim de melhor apoiar o reconhecimento de anomalias, o diagnóstico de problemas e o curso de ação. As sete etapas do protocolo foram desenvolvidas com base nos princípios teóricos e empíricos derivados do estudo e, em seguida, o protocolo foi avaliado de acordo com cinco critérios. Enquanto o artefato teve um bom desempenho em dois critérios, três deles revelaram a necessidade de ajustes, que podem ser superados com novas aplicações em diferentes contextos. Em conclusão, o estudo atingiu os objetivos geral e específicos, contribuiu para a classe de problemas ao operacionalizar o conceito ‘procedimentos como recursos para a ação’ e contribuiu para solucionar o problema prático ao proporcionar um artefato para ajudar as companhias aéreas a revisar seus procedimentos e outros recursos de modo a melhor apoiar os pilotos na gestão de anomalias. / In aviation, procedures for abnormal and emergency situations, generally organized in checklists compiled in the Quick Reference Handbook (QRH), are designed and redesigned as mechanisms of organizational control. This approach, however, has shown some drawbacks as a solution for any situation, specially for unstructured problems. In this scenario, the concept ‘procedures and resources for action’ has been seen as an alternative approach, although it has been incipiently developed. Thus, the general objective of this thesis was to propose a protocol for redesigning the procedures available in commercial aircraft cockpits as means of supporting pilots during anomaly management. To achieve the objective, the research adopted the Design Science Research approach and was divided into four stages: awareness of the problem, suggestion and development, evaluation and conclusion. A cognitive ethnographic study conducted in a Brazilian airline provided better understanding of the problem through participant observations, retrospective interviews, group interviews, secondary data and technical documents as sources of data. The results showed how contextual factors beyond the QRH scope generated extra demands and required adaptive strategies from the joint cognitive systems. Fragments from the QRH and from additional resources were interleaved to support these strategies. The design implications involved the reorganization of the QRH, the checklist and the additional resources in order to better support the anomaly recognition, the problem diagnosis and the course of action. The seven steps of the protocol were developed based on the theoretical and empirical principles derived from the study and, then, the protocol was evaluated according to five criteria. While the artefact performed well in two criteria, in three of them revealed opportunities of improvement, which can be overcame with more applications in different settings. In conclusion, the study achieved general and specifics objectives, contributed to the class of problems by operationalizing the concept ‘procedures as resources for action’ and contributed to solve the practical problem by providing an artefact that help airlines to redesign procedures and other resources in order to better support pilots during anomaly management.