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The Clinch and Powell Rivers located in Southwestern Virginia contain some of the most diverse freshwater mussel assemblages found throughout North America. However, in recent decades mussel species decline has been documented by researchers. The presence of coal mining activity in the watersheds has been hypothesized to be linked to the decline of numerous species and the extirpation of others. The effects of various discharges from an active coal preparation plant facility located in Honaker, Virginia were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity using field and laboratory tests. The results of the study suggested that the primary effluent from the coal preparation facility had acute and chronic toxicity; however, the settling pond system utilized at this plant mitigated the impacts of the plant from reaching the Clinch River. Along with active mine discharges, acid mine drainage (AMD) has been documented as another potential stressor. Ecotoxicological recovery was evaluated in two acid mine drainage impacted subwatersheds (Black Creek and Ely Creek) in the Powell River watershed following remediation. The results in Ely Creek suggested that successive alkalinity producing systems were effective in mitigating the harmful impacts of AMD as previously impacted sites had decreased water column aluminum and iron levels in conjunction with increased survival in laboratory toxicity tests conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. Corbicula fluminea (Asian clam) in-situ tests confirmed the results in the laboratory tests as all sites located below the remediated areas had improved survival. However, active AMD influences and loss of quality habitat seemed to be hindering the recovery of the benthic macroinvertebrate community located in Ely Creek. In Black Creek, re-mining and outlet control pond construction have not resulted in a successful remediation in the lower subwatershed. A decrease in Ecotoxicological Ratings at some of the lowest mainstem sites compared to pre-remediation data was observed. Furthermore, decreased survival in sediment associated toxicity tests with D. magna in 2007-08 was supported by 100% Asian clam mortality at the LBC-5 and LBC-6 sites in 2007, while growth impairment in 2008 was observed at the LBC-6 site. / Master of Science

Les Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (EPH) sont la plus grande famille de récepteurs tyrosine kinase. Leurs ligands, les éphrines (EFNs), sont aussi des molécules exprimées à la surface cellulaire. Les EPH/EFNs sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus biologiques. L'hypertension artérielle (PA) est une maladie chronique qui, aujourd'hui, est devenue un problème médical critique dans le monde entier et un enjeu de santé publique. La découverte de nouvelles thérapeutiques de l'hypertension sont d'une grande importance pour la santé publique. Jusqu’à tout récemment, il existe seulement quelques études concernant le rôle de l’axe EPH/EFNs sur la fonction des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV). Dans nos études précédentes, nous avons montré qu'EPHB6 et EFNB1, de concert avec les hormones sexuelles, régulent la PA. Dans la présente étude, nous avons constaté que les différents membres de la famille EPH/EFN peuvent réguler soit positivement, soit négativement, la contractilité des CMLV et la PA: tandis que EPHB4 et EFNB2 appartiennent à la première catégorie, EFNB1, EFNB3 et EPHB6 appartiennent à la deuxième. In vivo, des souris males, mais non pas des femelles, porteuses d’une mutation EPHB4 (KO) spécifique du muscle lisse présentent une PA diminuée, comparée aux souris témoins (WT). Les CMLV de souris EPHB4 KO, en présence de testostérone, ont montré une contractilité réduite lors de la stimulation par la phényléphrine (PE). Au niveau moléculaire, la phosphorylation de la protéine kinase II dépendante de Ca2+/calmoduline et de la kinase de la chaine légère de la myosine (CLM) est augmentée, tandis que la phosphorylation de la kinase de la CLM est réduite dans les CMLV KO lors de la stimulation par PE, par rapport au WT CMLV. Cela fournit une base moléculaire à la réduction de la PA et de la contractilité des CMLV chez les souris EPHB4 KO. EFNB2 est le ligand majeur de l’EPHB4. Comme attendu, les souris EFNB2 KO spécifique du muscle lisse avaient un phénotype de PA semblable, quoique non identique, aux souris EPHB4 KO. Les souris mâles EFNB2 KO, mais pas femelles, sous régime régulier ou riche en sel, présentent une PA réduite, par rapport à leurs homologues WT. Au niveau cellulaire, les CMLV des souris KO ont montré une contractilité réduite lors de la stimulation par PE par rapport aux témoins WT. Une région de l’acide aminé (aa) 313 à l’aa 331 dans la partie intracellulaire d’EFNB2 est essentielle pour la signalisation inverse qui régule la contractilité des CMLV, selon des études de mutation-délétion. Dans une étude de génétique humaine, nous avons identifié, dans le gène EFNB2, six SNP qui étaient associées significativement au risque d'hypertension artérielle, de façon dépendante du sexe, ce qui corrobore nos résultats chez les souris. En revanche, la délétion du gène EFNB3 (KO) chez les souris femelles aboutit à une PA élevée et à une augmentation des résistances des petites artères in vivo, améliore la contractilité des petites artères ex-vivo et augmente la contractilité des CMLV in vitro. Les souris mâles KO ont une PA normale, mais la castration conduit à une augmentation significative de la PA dans les souris KO, mais pas dans les souris WT. Les CMLV des souris KO femelles ont montré une phosphorylation accrue de la CLM et une phosphorylation réduite de la kinase de la CLM, ce qui fournit à nouveau une base moléculaire aux phénotypes de PA et de contractilité des CMLV observés. Ce changement de signalisation est attribuable à une protéine adaptatrice Grip1. En effet, dans une étude d'association pan génomique par le Consortium International pour la Pression Sanguine, un SNP dans le gène GRIP1 a approché le seuil de significativité de la valeur p pour son association avec la pression diastolique. Nos recherches, pour la première fois, ont révélé que EPH/EFNs sont de nouveaux composants dans le système de régulation de la PA. Les membres de la famille EPH/EFN peuvent agir comme des forces Yin et Yang pour régler finement le tonus des vaisseaux pour assurer l'homéostasie de la PA et de sa régulation. Ces effets de EPH/EFNs dépendent du sexe et des niveaux d’hormones sexuelles. À partir de ces nouvelles connaissances, nous pourrions développer une nouvelle thérapie personnalisée pour l’hypertension artérielle, utilisant des antagonistes d'hormones sexuelles ou des thérapies de remplacement d'hormones sexuelles, selon les niveaux d'hormones sexuelles des patients et les mutations dans les gènes de l'EPH/EFN. / Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (EPH) kinases are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), are also cell surface molecules. Ephs/EFNs are implicated in many biological processes. Hypertension is a chronic medical condition of high arterial blood pressure (BP). New hypertension therapeutic treatments are of great importance for public health. Until recently, there are only a few studies related to the role of EPHs/EFNs in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. In our previous studies, we have found that EPHB6 and EFNB1 function in concert with sex hormones to regulate BP. In the present investigation, we found that different EPH/EFN family members can either positively or negatively regulate the VSMC contractility and BP: while EPHB4 and EFNB2 belong to the former category, EFNB1, EFNB3 and EPHB6, the latter. In vivo, male but not female smooth muscle-specific EPHB4 knockout (KO) mice presented decreased BP, compared to WT controls. VSMCs from EPHB4 KO mice in the presence of testosterone showed reduced contractility. EFNB2 is the major ligand of EPHB4. As expected, smooth muscle-specific EFNB2 KO mice had a similar although not identical BP phenotype as EPHB4 KO mice. Male but not female EFNB2 KO mice on regular or high-salt diet presented reduced BP, compared to WT counterparts. At the cellular level, the KO VSMCs showed reduced contractility compared to WT controls. In a human genetic study, we identified in the EFNB2 gene six SNPs that were significantly associated with hypertension risk in a sex-dependent way, corroborating our findings in mice. On the other hand, EFNB3 gene KO in female mice resulted in elevated BP and small artery resistance in vivo, enhanced small arterial contractility ex vivo, and augmented VSMC contractility in vitro. Male KO mice had normal BP, but castration led to significant BP elevation in KO but not in WT mice. VSMCs from female KO mice showed heightened MLC phosphorylation and reduced MLC kinase phosphorylation. This signaling change was mediated through an adaptor protein Grip1. Indeed, in a genome-wide association study by the International Consortium for Blood Pressure, an SNP in the GRIP1 gene approached the significant threshold p-value for its association with diastolic BP. Our research for the first time revealed that EPHs/EFNs are novel components in the BP regulation system. Members of the EPH/EFN family may act as Yin and Yang forces to finely tune the vessel tone for BP homeostasis and regulation. Such effects of EPHs/EFNs depend on sex and sex-hormone levels. Based on this new knowledge, we could develop novel personalized hypertension therapy using sex hormone antagonists or sex hormone replacement therapy, depending on the sex hormone levels of the patients and mutations in EPH/EFN genes.

Die Effizienz von Biogasreaktoren hängt im wesentlichen Maße von der Substratverwertung durch die beteiligte Mikroflora ab. Die genaue Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft ist jedoch bislang nur oberflächlich charakterisiert. In dieser Studie wird daher eine Übersicht über die mikrobielle Diversität in verschiedenen Biogasreaktorentypen (Rührkesselreaktor, Leach-bed-Reaktor, Festbett-Anaerobfilter) während der Fermentation verschiedener pflanzlicher Substrate (Mais-, Rüben-, Triticum-Ganzpflanzensilage, teilweise in Kofermentation mit Rindergülle) gegeben. Die Charakterisierung der Mikrobiologie erfolgte mittels der Entwicklung und nachfolgenden bioinformatischen Analyse von 16S rDNA Bibliotheken. Es wurden insgesamt sechs 16S rDNA Bibliotheken konstruiert. Insgesamt umfassten diese sechs 16S rDNA Bibliotheken 627 Klone. Mittels der zugehörigen fingerprint-Muster (amplified rDNA restriction analysis, ARDRA) wurden innerhalb der sechs 16S rDNA Bibliotheken 223 taxonomische Gruppen (operational taxonomic units, OTU) detektiert. Zur Erfassung der Archaea wurden 402 Klone analysiert. Für die Erfassung der Bacteria wurden 283 Klone untersucht. Damit wurden 114 Archaea OTU sowie 109 Bacteria OTU detektiert. Die Dominanz von hydrogenotrophen Methanbildnern in den Archaeaspezifischen 16S rDNA Bibliotheken sowie deren große Diversität sind Indizien für eine verstärkte Bildung von Methan durch Oxidation von CO2. In diesem Falle würde die Verwertung des Acetats überwiegend durch syntrophe Bacteria erfolgen. Die Analyse der Diversität innerhalb der Domäne Bacteria ergab für den Rührkesselreaktor bei der Kofermentation von Maissilage und Gülle im Normalzustand eine hohe Diversität unter den Vertretern der Phyla Firmicutes mit dem Genus Clostridium. / The efficiency of biogas reactors depends on the substrate utilisation by the involved microbial community. However, the exact composition of the microbial biocoenosis was rudimental characterized. In this study an overview of the microbial diversity in different anaerobic biogas reactor types (completly stirred tank reactor, leach bed reactor, fixed bed anaerobic filter) is given for the fermentation of different substrates (corn-, carrots-, triticale whole crop silage as renewable raw materials, partly in co-fermentation with cattle liquid manure). The characterisation of the microbial community was conducted via the construction of 16S rDNA libraries for both, methanogenic Archaea and fermentative Bacteria. Individual taxonomic groups within the 16S rDNA libraries were determined by means of amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). The taxonomic classification of these groups was performed via a phylogenetic analysis of representative 16S rDNA sequences. In total six 16S rDNA libraries with 627 clones were developed. Together 223 taxonomic groups were detected; from these 114 was assigned to the domain Archaea and further 109 was assigned to the domain Bacteria. Within the examined biogas reactors a high diversity was found within the hydrogenotrophic methane producing Archaea, acetotrophic methane producing Archaea appears only with a comparatively small diversity. From the domain Bacteria fermentative species of phylum Firmicutes especially of the genus Clostridium were found to be dominant in the microbial community.

Swedish companies have invested a lot of time, effort and resources into becoming moreenvironmentally friendly. The primary focus of this on-going process has been to implementenvironmental management systems and to develop more environmentally friendlytechnologies. Measuring the effects of these actions has proven more difficult. Theintroduction of environmental indicators is emerging as a simple, yet effective way forcompanies to measure their environmental performance, increase the control of theirenvironmental activities and help the decision making process when developing new productsand processes. The aim of the project is to study to what extent eight Swedish companies in three differentbranches of industry use environmental indicators, if there are any similarities and differenceswithin and between branches and if any conclusions can be drawn. The companies chosen arethree companies within the pulp- and paper producing industry, three companies within theiron- and steel producing industry and two companies within the car manufacturing industry.The primary method of analysis is to study the environmental report from one factory of eachcompany, the environmental section of the financial report and/or the environmental report ofthe entire company or business group and environmental information on each company’s website. No interviews were conducted with any of the companies, since it was deemed that therewas not enough time if they were to be meaningful. Before the evaluation, the concept of environmental indicators needs further examination. Theindicators are comparative, comparing an environmental quantity to a financial one. Examplesof common indicators are energy use per quantity of produced product or emissions of CO2-equivalents per tonne of produced product. Since the denominator is the same, companieswith significantly different sizes of production can easily be compared to each other. Today itis hard if even possible to compare companies within the same branch to each other and evenharder to compare ones in different branches to each other or to branch indexes. The lack ofcommon guidelines for measuring, processing and presenting the results of environmentalperformance data is the biggest problem when using environmental indicators today. The environmental indicators can be used in a number of different roles. Today they are usedto measure and compare the environmental performance of a company as well as tools forcommunication to various stakeholders. If the companies continue to develop the indicators,they can be used pro-actively in the decision making process as well as to highlight problemareas and to track the progress towards goals set by the company. Some of the companies inthis report are already using indicators in one or more of the advanced roles. All the companies were evaluated in two different ways, qualitatively and quantitatively atthree levels of reporting. The three levels were the environmental report from a single factory,the environmental report for the entire company/business group and the environmentalinformation on the Internet from each company. The qualitative evaluation analysed how the companies used environmental indicators, if thecompanies used them explicitly, if they used them to track goals and if there were differencesbetween the different levels of reporting. The analysis showed that only a few companies usedenvironmental indicators at the single factory level, but that all companies used them in thebusiness group reports and on the Internet. There was also a much higher degree of coherencybetween the companies financial reporting than there was in their environmental one. Thequalitative evaluation also showed that the pulp- and paper companies used the mostenvironmental indicators, the iron- and steel companies used them most effectively and thatthe car companies used them to their fullest extent. The quantitative evaluation analysed each company by itself to examine how each individualcompany used the environmental indicators. The differences between the use of indicators atthe different levels of reporting also became more evident. The pulp- and paper companieswere the most consistent while the iron- and steel companies had the biggest differences withthe car companies somewhere in between. The analysis also showed that companies that werepart of bigger business groups had bigger differences, especially if they were not part of themother company. There are two major conclusions that can be drawn from the report. The first one is thatcompanies use environmental indicators to measure and present their environmentalperformance because they see them as effective tools. The second one is that commonguidelines are necessary to develop the indicators further. The first conclusion can be drawn from the fact that all the companies use environmentalindicators as a tool for reporting their environmental performance in their primary channels ofinformation, the business group reports and on the Internet The second conclusion can be drawn from the fact that even though the companies werechosen because they produced different products, they turned out to have very similar types ofemissions but very different environmental indicators. Since all the companies are verysincere in their efforts to limit their impact, on the environment and the fact that they have allchosen environmental indicators to measure their impact the need for coherency is great forfurther development. It is doubtful that the companies themselves can develop the indicatorson their own which means that the authorities and possibly the branch organisations have towork together to develop common guidelines. The biggest challenges are to decide on thecommon rules of reporting and to put financial values on the environment. If these problemscan be resolved, environmental indicators can be used to their fullest potential in the future. / www.ima,kth.se

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maria lima.pdf: 7699169 bytes, checksum: 2f4620ca48e855a7ad983ffe9199d258 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-24 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The present work is related to the field research of the reading, writing and teaching Portuguese language and has as objective to study the limits of the writing textual producing in the school context. It intends to suggest some didactic procedures related to producing dissertative texts, which could help teachers to improve their pedagogical practice. For in such a way, we carry through a research-pilot with six teachers and sixty pupils, in six secondary grade schools of the state public net, situated in the region of Jundiaí, São Paulo. These schools were chosen due their results of the SARESP, 2004 edition and we had as a objective to draw a now existing picture of the producing text classes. The dissertation is based upon of the Textual Linguistic Theory, specifically in the principles of textuality considered by Beaugrande and Dressler (1994) and Beaugrande (1997), as well as in the guidance of the National Curriculum Parameters, given our concern with a textual production guided by the sociointeracional conception of text. The results gotten in the research-pilot point out to the necessity of considering procedures that propitiate the production of texts in effective communication situations, taking in to sideration, among others factors, the objectives of the production and interlocutors, as well as the aspects of textual organization. Bearing in mind such results, we present, in the end of the work, some procedures of dissertative text production, that could be used by the teachers in classrooms of Portuguese language / Este trabalho insere-se na linha de pesquisa Leitura, Escrita e Ensino de Língua Portuguesa e consiste no estudo dos limites da produção textual escrita no contexto escolar, no intuito de sugerir alguns procedimentos didáticos para o tratamento da produção de textos dissertativos, os quais podem auxiliar o professor a aprimorar sua prática pedagógica. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa-piloto com seis professores e sessenta alunos, em seis escolas de ensino médio da rede pública estadual, situadas na região de Jundiaí, São Paulo, considerando os resultados obtidos na avaliação SARESP, edição 2004, com o objetivo de retratar o quadro atual das aulas de produção de texto. A dissertação fundamenta-se em aportes teóricos da Lingüística Textual, especificamente nos princípios de textualidade propostos por Beaugrande e Dressler (1994) e Beaugrande (1997), bem como nas orientações dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, dada nossa preocupação com uma prática de produção textual orientada pela concepção sociointeracional de texto. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa-piloto apontam para a necessidade de se considerar procedimentos que propiciem a produção de textos em situações efetivas de comunicação, observando-se, entre outros fatores, os objetivos da produção e os interlocutores possíveis, bem como os aspectos de organização textual. Diante de tais resultados, apresentamos, no final do trabalho, alguns procedimentos de produção de texto dissertativo, que podem ser utilizados por professores em salas de aula de língua portuguesa

With the current state of climate change and world peak oil on the horizon, it is important to focus our research efforts on alternative sources of energy. Ethanol obtained from the digestion of biomass (bioethanol) and oil harvesting from algae (biodiesel) are two promising fields of study for transportation fuel production. However, in their current state of development, neither option is capable of reasonably replacing the transportation fuel demand for this country. The land demand needed is too large for either process to become a viable option, albeit the land demand for biodiesel is considerably smaller than that of bioethanol. Therefore, when moving forward with alternative transportation fuel, harvesting oil from algae is a more promising option. Therefore, I investigated oil producing green algae to better understand algal growth, the algal cytoskeleton, and tried to establish a methodology to genetically manipulate algae. I developed a microgrowth assay in order to investigate algal growth and proliferation, while at the same time using considerably less material and space. This assay can directly monitor algal growth in response to media contents, and overcomes many of the limitations of existing microassays due to its use of solid media agar and fluorescent imaging. I also investigated algal genetic manipulation with the intention of creating a standard operating procedure, which could lead to further investigation of how to increase lipid output and increase lipid harvesting cycles through studying lipid production and cell division. Electroporation and PEG mediated transformation were the two chief methods investigated for nuclear transformation. Lastly, I performed an algal kinesin phylogenetic study to characterize the currently available algal kinesin superfamily, providing insight to proteins that are important for cell division as well as other functions within this superfamily. Kinesins 5, Kinesin 7s Class II and Class V, and Kinesin 14 Class I were identified to be important for algal cell division, while Kinesin 8, 12, 11, and some orphan kinesins will require further investigation due to their unknown plant function. Overall, this research provides a foundation for future algal studies required for optimal oil production necessary for a more sustainable future.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-08-22T20:22:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) VICTORIA MOTTIM GAIO.pdf: 2549233 bytes, checksum: 17a4f68b2bd0f9f792bab0d1b8c3c55f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) VICTORIA MOTTIM GAIO.pdf: 2549233 bytes, checksum: 17a4f68b2bd0f9f792bab0d1b8c3c55f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-18 / O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é a formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico. Tem como objetivo desvelar como vem se constituindo a formação continuada para o coordenador pedagógico da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Ponta Grossa, Paraná e como objetivos decorrentes identificar o movimento realizado para a formação continuada do coordenador pedagógico e analisar as possibilidades e os limites da formação continuada para a realização do trabalho pedagógico. Parte-se de questões emergentes da prática, ao se considerar a complexidade do trabalho do coordenador pedagógico e a necessidade de formação continuada. O eixo epistemológico que norteia a pesquisa é a teoria como expressão da prática (MARTINS, 1998) e os conceitos de produção e distribuição do conhecimento, discutidos por Santos (1984), questionando-se se a formação tem como ponto de partida a prática dos coordenadores e se ela se define no campo da produção ou distribuição do conhecimento. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e a coleta de dados contou com a utilização de documentos e entrevista semiestruturada. Os sujeitos de pesquisa são 10 coordenadores pedagógicos que atuam nas escolas e 8 profissionais da educação, sendo eles formadores e sujeitos que fizeram parte da Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Autores como Pinto (2011), Kuenzer (2007), Placco (2012), Orsolon (2002) e outros foram utilizados para embasar a formação inicial e o papel do coordenador pedagógico; e para fundamentar o conceito de formação continuada, Camilo Cunha (2015), Marcelo (1999), Mizukami et al. (2002), Nóvoa (1995), Demailly (1995), Formosinho (2009), Imbernón (2011), com destaque a Martins (2006), que define, de acordo com o eixo epistemológico da teoria como expressão da prática, quatro momentos para a formação continuada, iniciando com a descrição da prática no plano empírico; a explicação da prática mediatizada pelas tendências da educação; a compreensão da prática pedagógica no nível da totalidade; e a elaboração coletiva de propostas alternativas. Os resultados apontam o movimento da formação continuada relacionado aos acontecimentos de âmbito nacional e às perspectivas presentes, e que a concepção da formação reflete no trabalho do coordenador pedagógico. Identificaram-se as possibilidades e os limites referentes à formação para o coordenador pedagógico iniciante na função; para a definição do papel do coordenador para atuar como formador no interior da escola; nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento; para a troca de experiência; para a realização do planejamento; para resultados; e, por fim, para as necessidades da escola. Identificou-se que as formações não privilegiam a produção e sistematização do conhecimento, mas estão voltadas a interesses particulares de sujeitos que pensam para a escola e não com a escola. / It has been taken for study in the current research the continuing education of pedagogical coordinators. It aims at unveiling how this continuing education has been occurring to pedagogical coordinators in the Municipal Elementary School from Ponta Grossa, Paraná. As the objectives it is possible to mention: identifying the actions taken concerning the continuing education of pedagogical coordinators; analyzing the possibilities and limits of continuing education regarding the achievement of the pedagogical work. The research starts from questions that emerge from practical work, taking into account the complexity of such work and the necessity for a continuing education, thus, the main question is to know how the continuing education has been happening in the Municipal Elementary School from Ponta Grossa concerning the pedagogical coordinator. The epistemological axis taken to guide this search is theory as practical expression (MARTINS, 1998) and the concepts of producing and distributing knowledge, expatiated on by Santos (1984). Accordingly, it has been asked whether the education starts from the coordinators practices and whether the formation is defined in the producing and distributing knowledge field. This is a qualitative research and the data has been collect by documents and semi-structured interview. The interviewed were ten pedagogical coordinators and eight education professionals, which worked for the Municipal Department of Education. Authors such as Pinto (2011), Kuenzer (2007), Placco (2012), Osolon (2002) and others have been used to base the initial formation and the role of the pedagogical coordinator. The concept of continuing education was substantiated by author such as Camilo Cunha (2015), Marcelo (1999), Mizukami (et al., 2002), Nóvoa (1995), Demailly (1995), Formosinho (2009), Imbernón (2011), with higher relevance for Martins (2006) that defines four moments for the continuing education, starting with the description of the practical work; the explanation of the practical work mediated by education trends; the comprehension of the pedagogical practice in totality and the collective elaboration of alternative suggestions (MARTINS, 2006). The results point that continuing education is related to events that occur in a national scale, and related to current perspectives, showing that the conception of formation reflects on pedagogical work. It has been identified the limits regarding the formation of coordinators beginning in their work; to defining the role of the coordinator, acting as a trainer; in different areas of knowledge; to exchanging experiences; to planning; to results; to the school necessities. It has been identified that the continuing education serves more for particular interests and not the production and systematization of knowledge.

Diese Doktorarbeit hatte den institutionellen Ansatz als theoretische Grundlage, und Studienobjekt waren die Beziehungen der Institutionen in der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Familien der Tabakbauern in Rio Grande do Sul. Institutionen beziehen sich in diesem Sinne auf informelle Einschränkungen (Sanktionen, Tabus, Gewohnheiten, Traditionen und Verhaltenskodexe) und formelle Regeln (Verfassungen, Gesetze, Eigentumsrechte). Der Tabakanbau ist ein umstrittenes Thema, denn es gibt gleichzeitig formelle und informelle Einschränkungen, die sich seinem Anbau und Konsum widersetzen, und Institutionen und Organisationen, die ihn beträchtlich fördern. Zwischen diesen Mächten stehen die Bauernfamilien, die sowohl von Fragen der Außenwelt wie auch von den Folgen betroffen werden, was in ihrer sozialen Organisation festgestellt werden kann. Deshalb ist es das allgemeine Ziel der Forschungsarbeit, die Rolle der Institutionen in der Entwicklung der Produktions- und Organisationswandlungen der Familien, die in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) Tabak anbauen, zu analysieren. Die Forschung weist sich als qualitativ und quantitativ sowie beschreibend aus, um durch die geschichtliche Methode die Entwicklung der Institutionen im ländlichen Raum des Tabakanbaus in Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien, zu verstehen. Um die spezifischen Ziele zu erreichen, erfolgte die Datenerhebung anhand von primären und sekundären Quellen. Als primäre Datenquellen wurden geschichtliche Angaben, bibliografische Daten und die Feldforschung eingesetzt, und als sekundären Quellen, die Angaben, die von Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und politischen Indikatoren in Bezug auf den Tabakanbau und seine Entwicklung um Laufe der Zeit eingesammelt wurden. Die Feldforschung umfasste die Familien der Tabakbauern in den Landkreisen von Agudo und Paraíso do Sul, die sich in den zentral-nördlichen Gegenden der Kreise, in denen die Mehrheit der Tabakbauern lebt, befinden. Die Forschungssubjekte waren 68 absichtlich, zweckmäßig ausgewählte Familien, die aus insgesamt 241 interviewten Personen bestanden. Die Analyse und Interpretation der Daten erfolgte historisch und statistisch, gemäß den Forschungsmethoden. Durch eine Synthese der wichtigsten primären Daten, die bei den Familien der Tabakbauern in den Kreisen Agudo und Paraíso do Sul eingesammelt wurden, erkennt man, dass ihr Werdegang durch das institutionelle Umfeld, welches aus fernen Zeiten, von Raum- und Kulturwandlungen herstammt, geprägt wird; diese Wandlungen werden in den Erinnerungen und sozialen Zügen der Generationen festgehalten und durchziehen die Geschichte der kolonisierten Gemeinden. Ein institutionelles komplexes Umfeld, bestehend auf Rechten und Pflichten, die das Leben der Menschen beeinflussen und betreffen, die in die Produktions- und Organisationswandlungen der Familien der Tabakbauern eingreifen. Sie bestimmen das Verhalten, die Auswahl der Anbausorten, die Zugänge zu den Märkten, die Bildung von spezifischen Aktiva und den Einschluss in einen global integrierten Markt, den Tabakmarkt. Es wird wahrgenommen, dass die Institutionen untereinander verbunden sind und es besteht kein offenkundiger Beweis, wer was bestimmt, das heißt, der Aufbau der formellen Institutionen ergibt sich aus informellen Änderungen der Gewohnheiten, des Glaubens, der persönlichen Werte; anderseits werden diese durch die Wandlungen der Vorschriften, Konventionen, Regeln, die das menschliche Verhalten eingrenzen, beeinflusst. Es ist vorstellbar, dass die formellen und informellen Institutionen zu einer Art Entwicklung der erforschten Landkreise beitragen, die Einflüsse und die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit des Staates, des Marktes und der Familien sind Bestandteil der wirtschaftlichen, politischen, sozialen und ökologischen Entwicklungsgeschichte der Familien der Tabakbauern. / A tese teve como fundamento teórico a abordagem institucional e objeto de estudo as a relação das instituições na trajetória das famílias produtoras de tabaco no Rio Grande do Sul. Referenciando-se instituições como restrições informais (sanções, tabus, costumes, tradições e códigos de conduta), e regras formais (constituições, leis, direitos de propriedade). O cultivo do tabaco é um tema controverso, pois ao mesmo tempo que existem restrições formais e informais de resistência a sua produção e consumo, há instituições e organizações que o incentivam substancialmente. Em meio a essas forças estão inseridos os agricultores familiares, que são atingidos tanto com as questões do ambiente externo, bem como com as consequências que podem ser verificadas na sua organização social. Para tanto, o objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar o papel das instituições na trajetória das transformações produtivas e organizacionais das famílias produtoras de tabaco no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa-quantitativa e descritiva, e procurou compreender, por meio do método histórico, a evolução das instituições no espaço rural do plantio de tabaco, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para o alcance dos objetivos específicos, o levantamento dos dados foi realizado a partir de fontes primárias e fontes secundárias. Para as fontes primárias, foram utilizados os dados históricos, os bibliográficos e a pesquisa de campo, e para as fontes secundárias, os dados foram coletados partir de indicadores econômicos, políticos e sociais relacionados com a produção do tabaco e sua evolução ao longo do tempo. A pesquisa de campo teve como o escopo famílias produtoras de tabaco dos municípios de Agudo e Paraíso do Sul, localizadas em regiões centro-norte dos municípios onde concentra-se a maioria dos fumicultores. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 68 famílias selecionadas intencionalmente, por conveniência, constituídas de 241 pessoas entrevistadas. A análise e a interpretação dos dados, considerando os métodos da investigação foi o histórico e o estatístico. Percebe-se por meio de uma síntese dos principais dados primários coletados nas famílias produtoras de tabaco nos municípios de Agudo e Paraíso do Sul, que sua trajetória de vida marcada pelo ambiente institucional provindo de tempos longínquos de mudanças de espaços e culturas, que permanecem nas memórias e traços sociais das gerações que perpassam pela história das comunidades de colonizadas. Um ambiente institucional complexo constituído de direitos e obrigações que influenciam e afetam as vidas das pessoas, que interferem nas transformações produtivas e organizacionais das famílias produtoras de tabaco. Determinando o comportamento, as opções de culturas, os acessos aos mercados, a formação de especificidades de ativos e a inclusão em um mercado integrado globalmente, o mercado do tabaco. Percebe-se que as instituições são interligadas, e não há uma clara evidência de quem é determinante de qual, ou seja, a constituição das instituições formais advém de mudanças informais, dos costumes, crenças, valores das pessoas, por outro lado, estas são influenciadas por transformações das normas, convenções, leis que delimitam o comportamento humano. O que é concebível é que as instituições formais e instituições informais contribuem para um tipo de desenvolvimento dos municípios pesquisados, as influências e a interdependência do Estado, do mercado e das famílias são componentes na história de desenvolvimento econômico, político, social e ambiental das famílias produtoras de tabaco. / The thesis had as its theoretical support the institutional approach and as the object of study the relations of the institutions in the path of the tobacco-producing families in Rio Grande do Sul. Referencing institutions as informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct) and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights).Tobacco farming is a controversial topic, because while there are formal and informal restrictions of resistance to its production and consumption, there are institutions and organizations that substantially encourage it. Amid these forces the family farmers are inserted, who are afflicted with both the issues of the external environment, as well as the consequences that can be seen in their social organization. Therefore, the overall objective of the research is to analyze the role of institutions in the trajectory of the productive and organizational transformations of tobacco-producing families in Rio Grande do Sul (RS).The research is characterized as qualitative and quantitative and descriptive, which sought to understand, through the historical and statistical method, the evolution of institutions in rural areas of tobacco plantation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To achieve the specific objectives, the data collection was carried out from primary and secondary sources. For primary sources, historical data, bibliographic and field research were used and for the secondary sources, data were collected from economic, political and social indicators related to tobacco production and its evolution over time. The field research had as its scope tobacco-producing families from the municipalities of Agudo and Paraíso do Sul, located in the north-central region of the municipalities which concentrates most tobacco growers. The study subjects were 68 families intentionally selected, for convenience, consisting of 241 interviewed people. Analysis and interpretation of data, considering the research methods, were historical and statistical. It is noticed by a summary of the main primary data collected in the tobacco-producing families in Agudo and Paraíso do Sul, their life trajectory was marked by the institutional environment coming from distant times of space and culture changes, which remain in the memories and social traits of the generations that pervade the history of colonized communities. A complex institutional environment, consisting of rights and obligations that influence and affect the lives of people, which interfere in the productive and organizational transformations of tobacco-producing families. Determining the behavior, crop options, access to markets, the formation of specific assets and inclusion in a globally integrated market, the tobacco market. It is noticed that the institutions are interconnected, and there is no clear evidence of who is determinant of which, namely, the establishment of formal institutions comes from informal changes, customs, beliefs, people's values, on the other hand, these are influenced by changes in the standards, conventions, laws that limit human behavior. What is conceivable is that formal institutions and informal institutions contribute to a type of development of the municipalities surveyed, the influences and the interdependence of the state, the market and families are components in the economic, political, social and environmental history of tobacco-producing families.

A partir de extratos aquosos e não aquosos das meliáceas Trichilia pallida e Trichilia pallens, objetivou-se fazer o isolamento e identificação de substâncias com atividade inseticida sobre a traça-do-tomateiro Tuta absoluta. Para tanto, extratos aquosos liofilizados (EAL) a 3 % de folhas e ramos de ambas as espécies de Trichilia foram ressuspendidos em água e aplicados, por meio de mini-atomizador, sobre folíolos de tomateiro, os quais foram infestados com lagartas recém-eclodidas. Com base nos resultados de mortalidades aos 5 e 10 dias após a infestação (DAI), consideraram-se os EAL de folhas de ambas Trichilia mais eficientes que os respectivos extratos de ramos. Numa segunda etapa, foram obtidos por maceração, extratos de folhas de T. pallida e T. pallens em hexano (HEX), diclorometano (DIC) e metanol (MET), os quais foram avaliados, a 1%, como descrito anteriormente, incluindo-se acetona e água como controles. Dentre os referidos extratos, o em DIC de ambas Trichilia foi o mais promissor como fonte de substância(s) com atividade inseticida sobre lagartas de T. absoluta. Na seqüência, através de partição líquido líquido do extrato DIC de folhas, obtiveram-se as frações em HEX, MET, acetato de etila (AET), n-butanol (NBU) e aquosa (AQ) para T. pallida e T. pallens. Destas frações, a AET a 0,15 % e a AQ a 0,1 % do extrato em DIC de T. pallida e de T. pallens respectivamente, foram as mais promissoras como fontes de substâncias com atividade inseticida sobre T. absoluta. A partir do extrato em DIC de folhas de T. pallida foram isolados os triterpenos 24-metilenocicloarta-3β-ol (TRIT-1), 24-metilenocicloarta-3β-26- diol (TRIT-2) e cicloarta-23-eno-3β,25-diol (TRIT-3), os esteróides 24- etileno-3,22-diidroxi-colesterol (EST-1), 24-metileno-colesterol (EST-2) e 24-metileno-3β,4β,22-triidroxi-colesterol (EST-3), além do limonóide gedunina (LIM) obtido de frutos dessa planta. Estas substâncias foram avaliadas a 0,1 % sobre lagartas de T. absoluta conforme metodologia de bioensaio descrita anteriormente, avaliando-se a mortalidade de lagartas aos 5 e 9 DAI, duração e viabilidade das fases larval e pupal, peso de pupas e porcentagem de adultos deformados. Dentre as substâncias avaliadas, a TRIT-1, a EST-1 e a LIM foram as mais eficientes, alongando a fase larval e reduzindo a viabilidade dessa fase. / Organic and aqueous extracts of the Meliaceae Trichilia pallida and Trichilia pallens were produced for the isolation and identification of substances with insecticidal activity against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta. Leaf and twig freeze-dried aqueous extracts (FDA) of both Trichilia species were resuspended in water at a concentration of 3% and sprayed over tomato folioles with the aid of a mini-atomizer, which were infested with newly-hatched larvae. Larval mortality at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI) were higher for leaf extracts of both Trichilia species. In a second set of experiments, 1% leaf extracts of T. pallida and T. pallens were produced by maceration in hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DIC) and methanol (MET), and tested as described above using acetone and water as control. DIC extracts were the most promising as a source of substances with insecticidal activity against larvae of T. absoluta. DIC leaf extracts of T. pallida and T. pallens were further processed and subjected to partition assays, producing fractions in HEX, MET, ethyl acetate (ETA), n-butanol (NBU) and water (WA). After testing, 0.15% ETA and 0.1% WA fractions obtained from the partition assay of DIC extracts of T. pallida and T. pallens, respectively, showed the highest insecticidal activity against T. absoluta. Leaf extracts of T. pallida in dichloromethane (DIC) yielded six compounds, the triterpenes 24-methylene-cycloarta-3β-ol (TRIT-1), 24-methylene-cycloarta-3β-26- diol (TRIT-2) and cycloarta-23-en-3β,25-diol (TRIT-3) and the steroids 24-methylene-3,22-dihidroxi-cholesterol (EST-1), 24-methylenecholesterol (EST-2) and 24-methylene-3β,4β,22-trihidroxi-cholesterol (EST-3); the limonoid gedunine (LIM) was obtained from fruits of this plant. The insecticidal activity of all these substances against T. absoluta larvae were tested at 0.1% as previously described, assessing larval mortality at 5 and 9 DAI, larval and pupal developmental time and survivorship, pupal weight and adult malformation. TRIT-1, EST-1 and LIM were the most effective against T. absoluta by arresting larval development and reducing larval survivorship.