Deadwood has increased over the last 25 years, but it remains unclear to what extent this is driven by forestry practices or storms. Therefore, I wanted to study the change in volume, decay stage and tree species during a 22-year period, to see if there was a correlation between increase of deadwood and storm. This study included data from southern Sweden, collected by the Swedish National Forest Inventory between 1994-2016. Deadwood in production forest have doubled over the last 25 years and almost quadrupled in protected forest. The increase does not depend on storm since much of the fallen wood was probably removed following year. In protected forest there was an increase in deadwood of broadleaved trees and a drastic decrease in Pinus sylvetstris. While in production forest, conifer trees dominate and there was no lasting effect due to the storm Gudrun (2005) on Picea abies. Hard deadwood decreased in production forest, possibly due to increased removal of branches and treetops, used as forest fuel in forest management. Possible reasons for the increase in deadwood could be the awareness in forestry, especially certification system and voluntarily set asides. Though, there is still necessary to increase the volume of deadwood in production forest, since it covers the largest parts of Swedish forests and does not seem to reach the national environment objective in 2030.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Död ved är en viktig del i ekosystem och har många olika funktioner. Många arter är beroende av att ha tillgång till död ved, exempelvis som födokälla, bo-/växtplats eller skydd. I kalhyggen, där den naturliga produktionen av död ved inte längre finns kvar, är det därför viktigt att det lämnas kvar en viss mängd, så att området bibehåller sina biologiska förutsättningar. I undersökningen jämfördes kalhyggen med produktionsskog för att se om det fanns någon skillnad i mängd död ved. Detta gjordes genom att inventera 5 lokaler av 70–100 årig gran- och tallskog där varje lokal innehöll ett kalhygge som sammanhängde med ett område produktionsskog. Resultatet visade att det inte fanns någon skillnad i volym död ved mellan kalhyggen och produktionsskog. I inventeringen kunde man dock se att mycket av den döda veden som uppmättes i kalhyggena hade en diameter runt 10 cm medan skogsområdena hade mer varierande omkretsar. En högre volym av död ved uppmättes i granskog än i tallskog. Således kan man dra slutsatsen att slutavverkning av en produktionsskog inte verkar ha någon större påverkan på hur stor volym död ved som finns tillgängligt. De uppmätta värdena ligger dock långt under vad som finns i naturskogar, vilket indikerar att man behöver göra insatser för att öka mängden död ved i många av våra skogar. / Woody debris is an important part in many ecosystems and has several different functions. Many species depend on the existence of woody debris, where it is used for example as a food source, nesting site, growing site or as a refuge. In clearcut areas, where the natural production of woody debris no longer exists, it is therefore important that a certain amount of woody debris is left behind to make sure that the area continues to have good biological function? In this investigation, I compared clearcut areas with production forest to see if there was a difference in the volume of woody debris. Five sites with 70–100-year-old spruce- and pine forests were inventoried. Every site consisted of one clearcut area that was adjacent to an area with production forest. No difference in volume of woody debris was found between the areas. The inventory showed that many of the measured trunk diameters that were found in the clearcut areas were around 10 centimeters, whereas in the areas with production forest the diameter varied more. Larger volumes of woody debris were found in spruce forests then in pine forests. Thus,the conclusion is that clearcutting an area with production forest does not seem to have a big impact on the volume of woody debris. Nevertheless, the measured amounts of woody debris are far less then what are found in natural forests, which indicates management needs to see what improvements can be done to increase the amount of woody debris in many of our forests.

Dead wood in forests are essential habitat for a wide range of fungal, insects, lichens and bryophyte species. The main threat to dead wood dependent species is lack of substrate, which aggravates their ability to reach and colonize a new substrate. Inventories of woodland key habitats (WKHs) is a method to map forests with high biological value in Sweden, and these areas may benefit dead wood dependent species. The aim of this study was to compare spruce dominated WKHs with adjacent production spruce forests (APFs), regarding (1) log diversity, (2) log characteristics and (3) abundance of selected species on logs. The study was conducted in Östergötland County in Sweden, seven spruce WKHs (≥ 60% spruce) and seven APFs of three different types (two clear-cuts, two dominated by trees < 20 cm and three dominated by trees > 20 cm) were investigated. Data of eight wood dependent species (three bryophytes and five bracket fungi), log diversity, six log characteristics and two environmental factors were collected. In a total area of 4.27 ha, 210 logs (105 logs in WKH and APF each) were studied and the results show that there were significantly higher amount of coarse logs, distribution area of species, number of logs/ha, diameter, decay class and humidity inside WKHs compared with APFs. The total distribution area of species was approximately 85% larger in WKHs. Bark cover was slightly less in WKHs and sun exposure was significantly higher and humidity was lower in clear-cuts. According to the current study, WKHs are important for conservation of wood depending species due to the higher amount and diversity of coarse dead wood. Furthermore, it is necessary to put aside larger amount of coarse dead wood inside production forests, together with changed logging techniques to increase the suitable substrate for dead wood dependent species.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

För klimatet spelar skogen en viktig roll eftersom den binder in koldioxid från atmosfären. Genom fotosyntes binds kolet in i biomassan och när organiskt material bryts ned bidrar det till kolinlagringar i marken. Idag finns det många studier om skogens kolinlagringar, men de undersöker endast nettoinbindningen av kolet i skogen och få studier visar hur mycket kol som totalt är inlagrat i en skog. Det finns inga studier om hur det ser ut i Sverige och det finns få studier som visar på skillnaden i kolinlagring mellan en produktionsskog och en urskog. I den här litteraturstudien presenterar jag hur mycket kol som är inbundet i den svenska skogen och hur det skiljer sig mellan produktionsskog och urskog. Genom att applicera data från en studie som undersökte hur mycket kol som är inbundet i skogen i Kanada på den svenska skogen kom jag fram till att det finns totalt mellan 5 413 och 6 798 miljoner ton kol inlagrat i den svenska skogen, men mer kol skulle kunna lagras. Medelåldern för när träd slutavverkas är i Sverige 101 år. Jag kom fram till att det lagras in ungefär 53 till 75 ton mer kol per hektar i en skog som är äldre än 140 år än i en skog som är mellan 101 och 120 år. Resultatet visar att det binds in mer kol i en urskog än i en produktionsskog och att det är viktigt att bevara de urskogar som idag finns för att kunna möta de klimatproblem vi står inför. / For the climate, the forest plays an important role because it binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis, carbon is bound into the biomass and degradable organic material contributes to carbon storage in the soil. There are many studies on the forest carbon deposits, but they only examine the net binding of carbon, and few studies show how much carbon is stored in total. There are no studies on what carbon storage looks like in Sweden and few studies that show the difference in carbon storage between production forests and old-growth forests. In this literature study, I present how much carbon is bound in Swedish forests and how it differs between production forest and old-growth forest. By applying data from a study that examined how much carbon is bound in Canadian forests on Swedish forests, I concluded that there is a total of between 5 413 and 6 798 million tonnes of carbon stored in Swedish forests, but more carbon could be stored. In Sweden, the average age for when trees are felled is 101 years. I concluded that approximately between 53 and 75 tonnes more carbon per hectare is stored in a forest that is older than 140 years than in a forest that is between 101 and 120 years. The results show that more carbon is bound in an old-growth forest than in a production forest and that it is important to preserve the old-growth forests to reduce the climate problems we face.

[pt] A reabilitação de áreas rurais degradadas no Brasil tem como principal obstáculo a revitalização de seus aspectos socioeconômicos e ambientais. Nesse sentido, a partir de um diagnóstico do processo de degradação florestal ocorrido no estado de São Paulo, com ênfase na região do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, este trabalho propõe a concepção de Sítios Florestais de Produção (SFP) como alternativa estratégica para recuperação desses espaços. A característica desta proposta é a reabilitação da vegetação nativa com posterior exploração econômica por meio de Plano de Manejo Florestal Sustentável (PMFS). Nessa perspectiva, a metodologia utilizada nesta pesquisa consiste na apresentação de um estudo de caso que descreve as fases de implantação dos SFP, com respectivo levantamento de custos para sua aplicação no município de Cunha – SP, cujo território abarca vastas extensões de terras com baixa produtividade e uma emergente demanda por reabilitação econômica e ambiental. Os resultados previstos sugerem que o emprego desta proposta na região do estudo é uma opção tecnicamente viável para recuperação produtiva e ambiental de seu território, bem como um mecanismo eficiente para o cumprimento do disposto na Lei nº 12.651 de 2012 que regula a recomposição de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e Áreas de Reserva Legal Florestal (ARLF) em propriedades rurais do Brasil. Por fim, esta pesquisa pretende colaborar de forma direta para o desenvolvimento econômico, social e ambiental de áreas rurais degradadas do território brasileiro, assim como servir de referencial teórico para futuros trabalhos nesta temática. / [en] The deforestation that occurred in the state of São Paulo-SP, throughout its history, had as its main cause the intense exploitation of forest resources. In addition, the constant expansion of agricultural frontiers and the effects of urban growth over the last decades on their rural areas have also contributed to the reduction of forested areas. Meanwhile, in the Vale do Paraíba Paulista, large areas of native vegetation were replaced by agricultural practices and extensive cattle ranching. These activities were responsible for a wide process of degradation and loss of local biodiversity, with direct consequences for important forest remnants of the Mata Atlântica Biome. In this sequence, in addition to environmental losses, the low productivity of the traditional farming and livestock practices adopted in this region caused the economic and social decline of its population. In this place, the deterioration of land due to land misuse and the process of migration of individuals from the countryside to the city, in search of better living conditions, reinforced the socioeconomic stagnation of their rural areas. In this new scenario, a significant portion of this region presents large extensions of degraded land, with little or no productive applicability. This fact indicates a growing demand for solutions that are responsible for the rehabilitation of the economy of its territory, as well as for the recovery of its environmental quality. In this sense, the use of strategic actions capable of consorting the economic revitalization and the environmental recovery of degraded rural areas in the Vale do Paraíba Paulista represents an important initiative to solve this growing problem. In this way, this research discusses a proposal that seeks to equate these aspects in the municipality of Cunha-SP, as well as to promote in this region the rehabilitation of forest fragments, their conservation and sustainable use.

Biologisk mångfald minskar kraftigt i hela världen som ett resultat av mänskliga handlingar. Den biologiska mångfalden hos svenska boreala skogar hotas av det moderna skogsbruket där trakthyggesbruk som är en vanlig skogsbruksmetod skapar en miljö som är svår att överleva i för naturvårdsarter. I denna studie är syftet att undersöka om observationer av sex stycken naturvårdsarter är högre i skyddade värdekärnor bestående av gammal barrskog än i produktionsbarrskog i Dalarnas län, Sverige. Detta genom att analysera andelen av de totala observationerna i proportion till andelen av den totala arealen för respektive skogstyp samt andelen observationer av varje naturvårdsart för sig i proportion till andelen av den totala arealen för respektive skogstyp. Då tidigare studier visat att artantalet och den biologiska mångfalden är högre i skyddade områden, inkluderat gammal skog, förväntades det att resultatet för denna studie skulle följa samma trend. Rumsliga data för skyddade värdekärnor och produktionsskog erhålls från Naturvårdsverket, Skogskarta från Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) och rumsliga data för artobservationer från SLU Artdatabanken. Den rumsliga analysen utfördes i QGIS och en statistisk analys genom ett Pearson Chi square-test i SPSS. Resultatet i studien visade att det inte finns en signifikant skillnad i proportionen mellan andelen observationer och andelen areal för respektive skogstyp vilket är skyddade värdekärnor och produktionsskog. För varje enskild naturvårdsart var det endast för rynkskinn (Phlebia centrifuga) som det fanns en signifikant skillnad i proportionen mellan andelen observationer och andelen areal för respektive skogstyp vilket indikerar på att den arten föredrar skyddade värdekärnor över produktionsskogar. Studiens resultat överensstämmer inte med tidigare studier men trots detta är bevarandet och främjandet av gamla skogar som är skyddade en viktig del i arbetet mot att stoppa minskningen av den biologiska mångfalden. / Biodiversity is declining rapidly worldwide as a result of human actions. The biodiversity of Swedish boreal forests is threatened by modern forestry, where clearfelling, which is a common forestry practice, creates an environment that is difficult for conservation species to survive in. In this study, the aim is to investigate whether observations of six conservation species are higher in protected high conservation value forests consisting of old coniferous forest than in production coniferous forest in Dalarna County, Sweden. This by analyzing the share of total observations in proportion to the share of the total area for each forest type, and also the share of observations of each conservation species separately in proportion to the share of the total area for each forest type. As previous studies have shown that species numbers and biodiversity are higher in protected areas including old-growth forests, it was expected that the results of this study would follow the same trend. Spatial data for protected high conservation value forests and production forests were obtained from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Forest Map from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and spatial data for species observations from the SLU Swedish Species Information Centre. The spatial analysis was performed in QGIS and a statistical analysis through a Pearson Chi square test in SPSS. The results of the study showed that there is no significant difference in the proportion of observations to area for each forest type that is protected high conservation value forests and production forests. For each individual conservation species, only for Phlebia centrifuga fungus was there a significant difference in the proportion between the share of observations and the share of area for each forest type which indicates that this species prefers high conservation value forests over production forests. The results of the study are not consistent with previous studies, but despite this the conservation and promotion of protected old-growth forests is an important part of efforts to halt biodiversity loss.